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1.
Psicol. USP ; 28(2)maio-ago. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-877066

ABSTRACT

A partir de questionamentos levantados pelo filme Sinédoque, New York (2008), pretende-se discutir a articulação da angústia hipocondríaca com a temporalidade. Observa-se que no filme o recurso do flashback não é utilizado; a temporalidade, que se instaura diante da angústia relacionada a sintomas hipocondríacos do personagem, calca-se em um presente absoluto. A hipocondria foi considerada por Freud uma neurose atual e a angústia a ela articulada opera como a contrapartida afetiva do encontro com o desamparo gerado pelo desfacelamento da imagem corporal. Estamos, portanto, diante da face traumática desse afeto que torna a ser discutido no contexto das neuroses traumáticas e mediante o conceito de angústia automática em 1926. A partir de então, a questão da atualidade dos sintomas, já indicada nas neuroses atuais, ganha um novo sentido: trata-se de uma problemática que não pôde ser representada e, por isso, insiste, instaurando eterno retorno do presente.


À partir des questions soulevées par le film Synecdoque, New York (2008), nous prétendons discuter l'articulation de l'angoisse hypocondriaque avec la temporalité. On observe que dans le film la fonction flashback n'est pas utilisée ; la temporalité, qui est établie sur l'angoisse liée à des symptômes hypocondriaques du personnage, installe un présent absolu. L'hypocondrie a été considérée par Freud une névrose actuelle et l'angoisse qu'elle articule fonctionne comme une contrepartie affective de la rencontre avec la détresse générée par la fragmentation de l'image corporelle. Nous sommes donc devant la face traumatique de cette affection qui est reprise comme objet de discussion dans le contexte des névroses traumatiques et à travers le concept d'angoisse automatique en 1926. Depuis lors, la question de l'actualité des symptômes, déjà soulignée quant aux névroses actuelles, obtient une nouvelle signification : il s'agit d'une problématique qui n'a pas pu être représentée et qui, de ce fait, insiste, tout en instaurant l'éternel retour du présente.


A partir de cuestiones surgidas de la película Synecdoche, New York (2008), en este texto se pretende discutir la articulación de la angustia hipocondríaca con la temporalidad. Se observa que en la película no se utiliza el mecanismo de flashback; la temporalidad que se establece relacionada con los síntomas hipocondríacos del personaje se articula a un presente absoluto. La hipocondría fue considerada por Freud una neurosis actual y la angustia articulada a ella una contrapartida afectiva del encuentro con la impotencia generada por la fragmentación de la imagen corporal. Estamos, por consiguiente, frente a la faceta traumática de este afecto que vuelve a ser discutido en el contexto de las neurosis traumáticas y a través del concepto de angustia automática en 1926. Desde entonces, el tema de la actualidad de los síntomas, como señalan en las neurosis actuales, logra un nuevo significado: es un problema que no puede ser representado, por lo tanto, insiste, estableciendo un eterno retorno al presente.


It's the intention of this article, based on questions raised by the film Synecdoche, New York (2008), to discuss the articulation of hypochondriacal anxiety with temporality. It is noteworthy that the flashback feature is not used in the film; temporality, presented in light of the anxiety related to the hypochondriacal symptoms of the character, is fixed in an absolute present. Freud considered Hypochondria to be an actual neurosis and the anxiety articulated with it operates as an affective counterpart to the encounter with helplessness generated by the fragmentation of body image. We are, therefore, before the traumatic face of this affection that would once again be discussed, in the context of traumatic neurosis and through the concept of automatic anxiety, in 1926. Since then, the issue of the actuality of the symptoms, as indicated in the actual neurosis, gains a new meaning: it is a problem that could not be represented and therefore persists, establishing an eternal recurrence of the present.


Subject(s)
Hypochondriasis/psychology , Stress, Psychological , Psychoanalysis
2.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390125

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La característica fundamental del trastorno de ansiedad por enfermedad (antes conocido como hipocondría) es la preocupación, no por los síntomas, sino por la creencia que tiene un paciente de padecer una enfermedad. Esta creencia, basada en una interpretación errónea de signos y sensaciones corporales, genera en el paciente un intenso malestar clínicamente significativo, con disfunción notable de sus actividades de la vida diaria y con un uso exagerado de recursos de salud. El paciente recorre varios servicios médicos y es atendido por varios profesionales, incluidos especialistas en Medicina Interna, Medicina Familiar y Psiquiatría. No obstante, la creencia de estar enfermo persiste a pesar de adecuada evaluación médica y reaseguramiento. A veces, la atención médica resulta en un aumento paradójico de la ansiedad, sin soslayar la posibilidad de complicaciones derivadas de pruebas y procedimientos diagnósticos a los que el paciente es sometido. Los pacientes afectados se sienten frustrados e insatisfechos con la atención médica recibida y la consideran inútil, sintiendo que los médicos no les prestan debida atención. Con base en lo anterior, en este artículo de revisión se hace una puesta al día del concepto, la etiopatogenia, la clínica y el diagnóstico del trastorno de ansiedad por enfermedad, así como de los principios que rigen su tratamiento.


ABSTRACT The fundamental characteristic of illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondria) is the concern not for the symptoms, but for the patient's belief that he or she is suffering from a disease. This belief, based on a misinterpretation of bodily signs and sensations, generates intense clinical discomfort in the patient, with marked dysfunction of his or her daily activities, and with an exaggerated use of health resources. The patient visits several medical services and is attended by many health professionals, including internal medicine specialists, family medicine physicians and psychiatrists, nevertheless, the belief of ​​being sick persists despite adequate medical evaluation and reassurance. Sometimes, medical attention results in a paradoxical increase in anxiety, without overlooking the possibility of complications arising from tests and diagnostic procedures to which the patient is subjected. Affected patients are frustrated and dissatisfied with the medical care they receive and they find it useless, feeling that doctors do not give them proper attention. Based on the above, this review article updates the concept, etiopathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms and diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder, as well as the principles governing its treatment.

3.
Rev. psicanal ; 24(1): 13-27, 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-913051

ABSTRACT

O autor oferece reflexões sobre a importante mudança que tem realizado o pensamento atual no que diz respeito à consideração da relação do corpo com o psiquismo desde a clássica dissociação cartesiana entre res cogitans e res extensa como entidades diferentes até a compreensão atual de dois aspectos funcionais de um mesmo organismo. Enfatiza a importância da obra freudiana nesta evolução, assim como nas contribuições da filosofia fenomenológica do século XX e das considerações atuais da neurociência. Da mesma maneira, reflete sobre as origens da citada dissociação ainda prevalente em certos modos de pensamento. Descreve, brevemente, as formas com que aparecem na clínica as alterações da organização psicossomática(AU)


The author reflects upon the important shift that has taken place within current thinking regarding the relationship between the body and the psyche, from the traditional Cartesian dissociation between res cogitans and res extensa as different entities, to the current understanding of two functional aspects of the same organism. He stresses the importance of Freud's work in this evolution, as well as in the contributions of phenomenological philosophy in the 20th century and of current neuroscience. Likewise, the author reflects upon the origins of the mentioned dissociation, which is still prevalent in certain ways of thinking. He also briefly describes the alterations in the presentation of psychosomatic organization that appear in the clinical practice(AU)


El autor ofrece algunas reflexiones sobre el importante cambio que ha efectuado el pensamiento actual respecto a la consideración de las relaciones del cuerpo con el psiquismo desde la clásica disociación cartesiana entre res cogitans y res extensa como entidades distintas hasta la comprensión actual de dos aspectos funcionales de un mismo organismo. Hace hincapié en la importancia de la obra freudiana en esta evolución, así como en las aportaciones de la filosofía fenomenológica del siglo XX y de las consideraciones actuales de las neurociencias. Asimismo reflete sobre los orígenes de la citada disociación aún prevalente en ciertos modos de pensamiento. Describe someramente las formas(AU)


Subject(s)
Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical , Psychoanalytic Therapy , Psychophysiologic Disorders/therapy
4.
Psicol. USP ; 27(3): 473-481, set.-dez. 2016.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-835146

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a singularidade da dimensão de memória na hipocondria. A angústia corporal que lhe é característica constitui um dos modos mais arcaicos de vivência da experiência de morte, projetando-se na concretude e no imediato do corpo. Na hipocondria, o caráter persecutório que incide sobre o corpo do sujeito implica uma “atualização” no sentido de um retorno demoníaco do mesmo, de um vivido traumático primordial. O perigo iminente de morte, apresentado pela doença grave da qual esses sujeitos estão convencidos de terem sido acometidos, expressa a contínua percepção que eles têm dos estados do corpo. Isso resulta da permanência na vida psíquica de um tempo presentificado, tempo do arcaico, mais próximo do registro da percepção. Desse modo, o ego atualiza seu modo de existência mais elementar e primordial, protegendo-se, paradoxalmente, dos efeitos do traumático.


L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser le caractère unique de la dimension de la mémoire dans l’hypocondrie. La détresse corporelle caractéristique est l’un des modes les plus archaïques du vécu de l’expérience de la mort, qui se reflète dans la matérialité et l’immédiateté du corps. Dans l’ hypocondrie, le caractère de persécution qui se concentre sur le corps du sujet implique une ® mise à jour ¼ dans le sens d’un retour démoniaque du même, un vécu traumatique primaire. Le danger imminent de mort, présenté par la maladie grave dont ces sujets sont convaincus qu’ils ont été touchés exprime la percepcion continué qu’ils ont de ses états de corps. Ceci résulte de la permanence dans la vie psychique d’un temps présentifié, temps de l’archaïque, plus proche du champs de la perception. Ainsi, le moi met à jour son mode d’existance le plus primordial et fondamental, tout en se protégeant, paradoxalement, des effets traumatisants.


El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la singularidad de la dimensión de la memoria en la hipocondría. La angustia corporal que es su característica es uno de los modos más arcaicos de la experiencia demuerte, que se proyecta en la concretud y en el inmediato del cuerpo. En la hipocondría, el carácter persecutorio que incide en el cuerpo del sujeto implica una “actualización”, en el sentido de un retorno demoníaco de lo mismo, un vivido traumático primario. El riesgo inminente de muerte, presentado por la enfermedad grave que estos sujetos están convencidos de que les afectan, expresa la continua percepción que tienen de sus estados corporales. Esto resulta la permanencia en la vida psíquica de un tiempo presentificado, tiempo del arcaico, más cerca del registro de la percepción. Así, el ego actualiza su modo de vida más básico y primordial, mientras paradójicamente protege a sí mismo de los efectos del trauma.


The aim of this article is to analyze the uniqueness of the dimension of memory in hypochondria. Its characteristic body distress is one of the most archaic modes of death experience, projecting itself into the concrete and into the immediate of the body. In hypochondria, the persecutory character that affects the subject’s body implies an “updating” in the sense of a devilish return of the same, a primary traumatic experience. The imminent danger of death, presented by the serious illness these subjects are convinced to have been affected by, expresses the continuing perception they have of body states. This comes from how long the time made present, an archaic time, stayed in the psychic life, closer to the level of perception. Thus, the ego updates its most basic and primordial mode of existing, paradoxically protecting itself from the effects of trauma.


Subject(s)
Hypochondriasis/psychology , Memory , Perception
5.
Tempo psicanál ; 48(1): 45-64, jun. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-962750

ABSTRACT

Schreber, um dos mais notáveis casos clínicos de Freud, mencionou nas Memórias sua crise de hipocondria em um momento que antecedeu o desencadeamento de sua psicose. Suas queixas apontavam toda a atenção para o corpo: duvidava de seu peso, acreditava estar morto e em decomposição e afirmava que seu cérebro estava amolecendo a partir da crença de que conseguiram enlouquecê-lo. Segundo Freud, na hipocondria há a retirada do investimento libidinal dos objetos, concentrando-se no corpo a atenção quanto às sensações aflitivas e penosas. No narcisismo, da mesma forma, a libido é afastada do mundo externo e direcionada para o eu. O presente trabalho analisa a hipocondria na paranoia de Schreber a partir da hipótese de uma inflação narcísica. Para tanto, os conceitos hipocondria e narcisismo são apresentados, sob a ótica dos textos freudianos. Fragmentos do livro Memórias de um doente dos nervos, escrito por Daniel Paul Schreber e publicado em 1903, ilustram a hipocondria a partir da introdução ao narcisismo. Na teoria freudiana, o narcisismo denota uma retirada da libido dos objetos do mundo externo e direcionamento deste investimento para o eu. Com relação à libido do eu e à libido objetal, quanto mais uma delas é inflacionada, mais a outra se esvanece. De acordo com Freud, no caso do paranoico a condição da libido do eu parece ser inflacionada, ao passo que a libido objetal é esvaziada.


Schreber, l'un des plus remarquables cas cliniques de Freud, a décrit dans les mémoires d'un névropathe sa crise d'hypochondrie au moment qui a précédé le déclenchement de sa psychose. Ses plaintes ont souligné toute l'attention pour le corps: doutant de son poids, croyant qu'il était mort et en état de décomposition, il affirmait que son cerveau se ramollissait et croyait qu'ils avaient réussi à le rendre fou. Selon Freud, dans l'hypocondrie il y a un retrait de l'investissement libidinal des objets en concentrant sur le corps les sensations pénibles et douloureuses. Dans le narcissisme, de la même manière, la libido est éloignée du monde extérieur et dirigée vers le moi. Le présent travail analyse l'hypocondrie dans la paranoïa de Schreber à partir de l'hypothèse d'une inflation narcissique. Par conséquent, les concepts de l'hypochondrie et du narcissisme sont présentés du point de vue des textes freudien. Fragments du Livre des mémoires d'un névropathe, écrit par Daniel Paul Schreber et publié en 1903, illustrent l'hypocondrie à partir de l'introduction au narcissisme. Dans la théorie freudienne, le narcissisme indique un retrait de la libido des objets du monde extérieur et le routage de cet investissement pour le moi. Pour ce qui a trait à la libido du moi (narcissique) et à la libido objectal, plus l'une s'intensifie plus l'autre disparaît. Selon Freud, dans le cas d'un paranoïaque, la libido narcissique se déclenche au fur à mesure que la libido objectal diminue.

6.
Tempo psicanál ; 45(2): 287-301, dez. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-717800

ABSTRACT

O artigo desenvolve a hipótese de que, na teoria freudiana, a dor pode ser concebida como um sinal que indica a presença do corpo para o ego. Para demonstrar esta relação, propomos três vias teóricas nas quais as duas noções encontram-se entrelaçadas: na formação do ego na segunda tópica, no quadro clínico da hipocondria e na forma que podemos entender o órgão em psicanálise. Assim, tal associação é considerada importante no que concerne à formação do ego na proposição da segunda tópica porque, nesse contexto, o componente da dor comparece nas elaborações teóricas acerca do ego em sua articulação com a ordem corporal. O segundo assinalamento será feito a partir da hipocondria, articulando-a à compreensão que ela pode trazer para a hipótese proposta. Em terceiro lugar, destaca-se como a conexão entre a dor e o corpo é inerente à especificidade do registro do órgão em psicanálise.


The article develops the hypothesis that, in the Freudian theory, pain can be conceived as a sign that adverts the ego to the presence of the body. To establish this relationship, three theoretical approaches are proposed in which those two notions intertwine: the formation of the ego in the second topic; the hypochondriacal clinical condition; and the way the organ can be understood in psychoanalysis. Thus, this association is important for the formation of the ego as proposed in the second topic because, in this context, the pain is present in theoretical considerations about the ego in its relation to the body. The second indication comes from hypochondria, due to the understanding it can bring to the proposed hypothesis. Thirdly, the article shows that the connection between pain and body is inherent to the specificity of the organ to psychoanalysis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Human Body , Pain/psychology , Ego , Hypochondriasis/psychology , Psychoanalysis
7.
Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam ; 15(2): 350-358, jun. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-639540

ABSTRACT

Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens foi o vencedor do concurso da Sociedade Real de Medicina de Bordeaux em 1830, graças à apresentação da sua tese intitulada "História filosófica da hipocondria e da histeria". De um ponto de vista existencial, sistemático e por meio de um método histórico-filosófico, ele propõe uma descrição inédita da hipocondria, pois descreve passo a passo a constituição do sujeito afetado, revolucionando assim as concepções médicas e psicopatológicas dessa doença. Apesar das diversas críticas que lhe são apontadas, Dubois d'Amiens reconhece à hipocondria, desde 1830, um sofrimento psíquico e físico específico e vê nela uma forma de pensar, enquanto que Freud a classificará mais tarde como uma neurose atual.


In 1830, Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens won a selection process at the Royal Medical Society of Bordeaux with his thesis entitled "Philosophical history of hypochondriasis and hysteria." From an existential and systematic point of view and based on historical-philosophical methodology, the author presents an unpublished description of hypochondriasis by describing, step-by-step, the constitution of the individual suffering from this affection, thus revolutionizing medical and psychopathological conceptions of the disease. Despite severe criticism of his positions, in 1830 Dubois d'Amiens recognized hypochondriasis as a specific psychological and physical disturbance and described it as a way of thinking. Only much later did Freud classify it as an actual neurosis.


En 1830, Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens remporte le concours de la Société Royale de Médecine de Bordeaux en soutenant son Mémoire intitulé "Histoire Philosophique de l'Hypochondrie et de l'Hystérie". Sous l'angle existentiel et systématique et en s'appuyant sur une méthode historico-philosophique, il propose une description inédite de l'hypocondrie en décrivant pas à pas la constitution de l'individu hypocondriaque, révolutionnant ainsi les conceptions médicales et psychopathologiques de cette affection. Malgré les nombreuses critiques qui lui ont été adressées, Dubois d'Amiens reconnaît à l'hypocondrie dès 1830 une souffrance psychique et physique spécifique et voit en elle une manière de penser, tandis que Freud verra en elle des années plus tard une névrose actuelle.


Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens es el ganador de la competencia de la Real Sociedad de Medicina de Burdeos en 1830, con la presentación de su tesis intitulada "Historia filosófica de la hipocondría y de la histeria". Desde un punto de vista existencial, sistemático y a través un método histórico-filosófico, propone una descripción inédita de la hipocondría, pues describe paso a paso la constitución del individuo afectado, revolucionando así las concepciones médicas y psicopatológicas de esa enfermedad. A pesar de las varias críticas que le son apuntadas, Dubois d'Amiens reconoce la hipocondría desde 1830 como un sufrimiento psíquico y físico específico y la ve como una forma de pensar, mientras que Freud la clasificará mas tarde como una neurosis actual.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hypochondriasis/history , Hysteria/history , Psychiatry/history
8.
Vertex rev. argent. psiquiatr ; 20(85): 221-227, mayo-jun. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-540192

ABSTRACT

Después de haber considerado la historia de la hipocondría desde la era antigua hasta la actualidad, el autor propone, a la luz de las obras de Freud y Lacan, una lectura psicopatológica de los fenómenos hipocondríacos.


After having studied the history of hypochondria from antiquity until today, the author proposes a psychopathological reading of hypochondriac fenomena, in the light of Freud and Lacan's works.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis , Hypochondriasis/history , Psychoanalysis , Psychopathology , Attitude to Death , Hypochondriasis/complications
9.
Rev. para. med ; 22(2): 45-52, abr.-jun. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-521080

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: identificar possíveis atitudes, medos e dificuldades apresentados por estudantes de medicina de uma universidade pública da região norte. Método: aplicado questionário padronizado "Escalas de atitudes perante a doença" (EAPD) a 240 alunos do Curso de Medicina da Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), período de outubro 2006/março de 2007. Resultados: verificou-se que todos os alunos entrevistados demonstraram algum tipo de preocupação com a sua saúde e que, dentre os itens pesquisados, as escalas que obtiveram uma maior pontuação se referem à "preocupação com o adoecer" e com "os hábitos de saúde ", não havendo diferença estatística entre as séries pesquisadas. COnclusão: tais resultados indicam que se torna importante uma maior preocupação pela obtenção de um melhor equilíbrio entre aspectos informativos e formativos, que ocorrem durante o curso, com a finalidade de maior humanização na formação médica, tornando-os mais aptos a lidar com a morte e com as doenças em geral.


Objective: identify possible attitudes, fears and difficulties presented by Medicine's students of a public university in the North Region. Method: the study was accomplished with 240 medicine students of the Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA). The information was collected in a standardized questionnaire named "Scales of attitudes about the illness" (EAPD), in the period between october of 2006 and march of 2007. Results: it was verified that ali the interviewed students demonstrated some type of fear about his health and about the things researched, the scales that gotten a higher punctuation were about "fear of his health" and "the habits of health", not having difference statistics between the searched series. Conclusion: these results indica te that a balance between informative and formative aspects becomes important during the course, with the purpose of a better humanization in the medical formation, making them more apt to deal with the death and general illnesses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Attitude to Death , Stress, Psychological , Students, Medical , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hypochondriasis , Fear , Surveys and Questionnaires , Universities
10.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 34(4): 191-195, 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-467568

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: A conceituação cognitiva do transtorno de pânico (TP) realça os medos de sensações corporais (SC) em conseqüência de avaliações distorcidas pelo indivíduo, que interpreta erroneamente as SC de forma catastrófica. OBJETIVO:A importância desse relato de caso é apresentar um trabalho intensivo de indução dos sintomas de ataque de pânico, com técnicas da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) relacionadas às SC. MÉTODO: O caso de E., feminino, 56 anos, foi retirado de uma pesquisa realizada no Laboratório de Pânico e Respiração do IPUB (UFRJ), com um grupo de pacientes com diagnóstico de TP que se tratou com medicação e sessões de TCC (16), com enfoque em exercícios de indução de sintomas, comparados com grupo controle que usou apenas medicação. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram controlados por questionários e escalas aplicados antes e após as intervenções. A paciente apresentava sintomas de hipocondria, queixas de falta de ar, taquicardia e medo de perder o controle, especialmente ao estar em ônibus, metrôs ou túneis. Ela recebeu prescrição do antidepressivo tricíclico, imipramina, 75 mg/dia, e 16 sessões de TCC. CONCLUSÃO: Ao final, a paciente obteve remissão dos ataques de pânico e apresentou melhora significativa do comportamento agorafóbico.


BACKGROUND: The current cognitive conceptualization for the panic disorder (PD) enhances the fears of body sensations (BS) in consequence of evaluations distorted by the individual who interprets in an erroneous form the BS as catastrophic. OBJECTIVE: The importance of this study is to emphasize the importance of an intensive work of induction of panic symptoms, with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques related to the BS. METHOD: The case of E., woman, 56 year-old, was selected from a research carried through in the Laboratory of Panic and Respiration - IPUB (UFRJ) with a group of patients with PD diagnosis treated with medication and 16 CBT sessions targeted in panic symptoms induction exercises, compared with a control group that used only medication. RESULTS: The results had been controlled through questionnaires and scales applied before and after the interventions. The patient presented hypochondriac symptoms, sensation of shortness of breath, palpitations and fear or loosing control, especially when inside of buses, subways or tunnels. She received a tricycle antidepressant, imipramina, 75 mg/day and 16 CBT sessions. CONCLUSION: At the end of the trial, the patient had panic free status and presented significant improvement of the agoraphobic behavior.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Behavior Therapy , Panic Disorder/psychology , Anxiety/therapy , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use , Panic Disorder/therapy
11.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 55(1): 82-84, jan.-mar. 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-525805

ABSTRACT

A hipocondria é associada a diversos transtornos de ansiedade, sobretudo ao transtorno de pânico (TP). Estima-se que 50 porcento a 70 porcento dos pacientes com TP tenham sintomas hipocondríacos e que 13 porcento a 17 porcento dos hipocondríacos tenham TP associado. Considera-se que há co-morbidade com hipocondria no TP quando as preocupações com saúde não se restringem aos sintomas das crises de pânico. Relatamos um caso de uma paciente que, durante seu acompanhamento, evoluiu com hipocondria e transtorno de pânico associado. Discutimos as manifestações psiquiátricas manifestadas pela paciente, assim como analisamos aspectos conceituais, diagnósticos e prognósticos.


Hypocondriasis is associated with several anxiety disorders, including panic disorder. The available estimates of panic disorder patients with identified hypochondriacal symptoms are 50% to 70%. Complimentary, 13% to 17% of hypochondriac patients were associated with panic disorder. Comorbidity and hypocondriasis occur when health care issues are not delimited by panic disorder symptoms. We reported a patient that, during the follow-up-period, has evolved to an associated hypocondriasis and panic disorder scenario. The psychiatric symptoms were properly addressed and discussed, as well the associated conceptual aspects, diagnoses and prognosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Comorbidity , Diagnosis, Differential , Hypochondriasis/diagnosis , Hypochondriasis/therapy , Panic Disorder/diagnosis , Panic Disorder/therapy
12.
Salud ment ; 28(3): 13-21, may.-jun. 2005.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-985892

ABSTRACT

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract: Introduction. Diverse studies llave demonstrated the relationship between psychopathology and sleep alterations. Data proceeding from the ambulatory psychiatric field show that 70-75% of the patients experience sleep problems. The most frequent complaints refer to nighttime sleep alterations, excessive daytime sleep, difficulty with morning waking, and disturbances in the circadian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle. Many studies, most of which use patient samples, have associated psychopathological personality traits and sleep disorders. All of these studies reveal that subjects with sleep disorder tend to be characterized by psychopathological traits (anxiety, psychasthenia, depression, etc.). There is some evidence that the structure of some dream dysfunctions (such as insomnia) is similar among general population and psychiatric samples; differences are more quantitative than qualitative. In samples of university students, the percentage of individuals who report bad sleep quality has been similar to the percentage of insomniacs in general population. With the aim to delve more deeply into the analogy between the sleep quality of normal subjects and clinical samples, and given the shortage of studies relating psychopathological traits of personality and sleep quality in normal population, this study intends to explore the relationship between the psychopathological personality variables included in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the sleep quality evaluated with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index in a sample ofsubjects who have no diagnosed sleep disorder. The psychopathological variables included in the MMPI-2 which predict sleep quality in a non-clinical sample are also determined. Methodology. A sample of 222 individuals (186 women and 36 men) with a mean age of 21.65 years (SD=2.81) completes the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which provide an overall sleep quality measure and seven partial scores for different dimensions: Subjective sleep quality, Sleep latency, Sleep duration, Sleep habit efficiency, Sleep alterations, the use of hypnotic medication, and daytime dysfunction. Results. Some psychopathological traits (hypochondria, anxiety, and depression) correlate positively with almost all of the sleep quality dimensions comprising the PSQI. From a logistic regression model developed to predict the probability of being a good or bad sleeper, hypochondria and anxiety are the only statistically significant predictors. Discussion and conclusions. Human sleep, from a behavioral perspective, would be explained from four different dimensions: Circadian time (sleep-wake cycle situation on the nictemero), Organism (intrinsic factors such as age, sleep patterns, emotional states, etc.), Behavior (facilitating or inhibiting behaviors), and Environment (temperature, light, noise, etc.). Psychopathological personality traits, the main objective of this study, can also be included within the second component (organism). Previous studies using the MMPI have associated insomnia to high anxiety levels, depression, hypochondria, hysteria, and psychasthenia. The MMPI has also been considered to be a useful instrument in identifying different personality profiles ininsomnia subjects. There are, however, only a few studies focusing on the relationship between these personality traits and sleep quality in normal subjects. The results indicate that this study sample the subjects do not present serious sleep disorders. All of the components pertaining to the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index present mean scores below the middle response range, situated in 1.5. However, if we consider the total score and bear in mind that a score of five is the cut-off point used to differentiate good sleepers from bad sleepers, we can classify 45.94% of the sample as bad sleepers. In considering the scores for the different MMPI-2 clinical scales, we should mention that none of them reached the typical score of 60; therefore no trait was found to be clinically significant. Some psychopathological traits are linked to almost all of the sleep quality dimensions. Hypochondria, anxiety, and depression are present in the associations with subjective sleep quality, disturbances, or daytime sleepiness. Though no stronger relations between use of hypnotic medication and psychopathological traits have been found (none of them above 0.30), a similar trend on patients dependent on benzodiazepines (predominating traits as depression, psychasthenia and schizophrenia) has been showed. It is also important to point out the relationship between daily dysfunction and the WRK scale (work interferences), which reveals the negative effects of daytime sleepiness, even in subjects who do not present important sleep disorders, as in this sample. On the other hand, the relationship between daily dysfunction and hypochondria, depression, and schizophrenia found in this study has previously been verified in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. When considering the global score, we can clearly inform that health concerns (reflected in the Hs, HEA, and Hy scales) and the negative emotional states (D, ANX, and DEP scales) are related to sleep quality. These two factors (health concerns and anxiety) are part of the regression model, revealing that an increase in hypochondria and anxiety scores significantly increases the probability of being a bad sleeper, that is to say, of having a poor sleep quality. This explicative model presents a good predictive capacity which allows us to correctly classify 68.50% of the sample. We can correctly predict 78.30% of the good sleepers and 53.90% ofthe bad sleepers (scores higher than 5 on the Pittsburg global index), which grants the model an adequate specificity and sensibility. It is, however, necessary to consider that data used for the estimation respond to a range of restricted scores, causing any effect to be much less important than if we had worked with a more heterogeneous group of subjects. For example, global sleep quality scores can oscillate between 0 and 21, but in our sample they are comprised between 0 and 15. It is possible that, in including subjects who present high scores on the scales used in this study, a greater number of significant sleep quality predictors with greater magnitudes would be emphasized. Nevertheless, our interest resides in exploring the relationship between health concerns, anxiety and depression levels, and sleep quality in a non-clinical sample. So far, this relationship has not been explored in depth. One common limitation of these non-randomized studies is the difficulty to generalize findings to the normal population. Nevertheless, we assume higher possibilities to generalize findings if our study results are similar to those obtained from other non-clinical samples. In conclusion, health concerns and anxiety levels are the psychopathological traits most related to sleep quality and which hold a certain capacity to determine this quality in a sample of normal subjects. Both variables are clearly related to insomnia, as has been revealed in many insomnia patient studies. Therefore, we can verify that the pattern followed in the relationship between psychopathological traits and sleep quality in a non-clinical sample is similar to that found in sleep disorder patient samples, supporting that relationship between psychopathological traits and sleep quality in normal subjects opposite to patients with dream disorders can be drawn more easily from a quantitative than a qualitative approach.

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