Granulocyte colony stimulating factor in COS-IUI cycles

Background: An unresolved assisted reproductive technique problem is the unresponsive, thin endometrium. Approximately 0.6%-0.8% of patients do not reach the minimum thickness. Using endometrial co culture, G-CSF>130pg/mL was associated with significantly improved pregnancy rate in ART cycles. This is a retrospective study that included all unexplained infertility cycles with controlled ovulation stimulation –IUI protocols. Aim was to note the effects of G-CSF on thin endometrium and pregnancy rate in G-CSF administered COS-IUI cycles.Methods: This study was done in the IVF department of Dr D Y Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India. Thin endometrium was defined as ET<7mm on transvaginal ultrasound. Clomiphene citrate was used for ovulation induction in strengths of 100mg or 50mg on day 2 of their cycle based on the antral follicle count. Trigger used was injection 10,000µg urinary hCG. On the same day when the trigger injection was given, 300 units G-CSF was instilled into the uterus. Post 36 hours IUI was done under aseptic precautions .After 16 days β-hCG levels were done to determine whether there is a pregnancy.Results: In present study,200 COS-IUI cycles were analysed.50 cycles showed a thin endometrium and in them G-CSF was used. The chemical pregnancy rates was 32%, the intrauterine pregnancy rate was 28%, ectopic pregnancy rate was 4%.Conclusions: Present study concluded that G-CSF increases ET significantly in COS-IUI cycles in the event of thin endometrium. In view of small cohort size further larger randomized controlled trials may be required  to substantiate the above conclusions.

Preeclampsia en pacientes infértiles llevadas a inseminación homóloga y heteróloga en el Centro de Biomedicina Reproductiva del valle - Fecundar, Cali, Colombia / Preeclampsia in infertile patients subjected to homologous and heterologous insemination in the centro de Biomedicina Reproductiva del Valle - Fecundar, Cali, Colombia

Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y el riesgo de preeclampsia en pacientes infértiles a las que se les realizó inseminación con semen de donante o de su pareja. Materiales y métodos: cohortes históricas de pacientes a las cuales se les realizó inseminación intrauterina (IIU) homóloga o heteróloga y que lograron embarazo mayor de 20 semanas de gestación, entre enero del 2000 al 31 de diciembre del 2009 en el Centro de Biomedicina Reproductiva del Valle - Fecundar. Se excluyeron pacientes con trastornos endocrinos y metabólicos (Diabetes Mellitus, enfermedades del colágeno) o enfermedades crónicas (hipertensión arterial, trombofilias). El tamaño de la muestra fue de 155 pacientes expuestas a inseminación heteróloga y 310 a inseminación homóloga. Se evaluó la presencia preeclampsia y el resultado perinatal, así como el tipo de inseminación, edad, raza, nivel educativo, índice de masa corporal (IMC en kg/m²), indicación de la inseminación, número de ciclos previos y estrato socioeconómico. Se estimó la incidencia acumulada y se compararon las dos cohortes por medio del RR con su respectivo intervalo de confianza. Se estratificó por edad. Resultados: 428 mujeres cumplieron los criterios de selección. La incidencia de preeclampsia se presentó en un 6% (24/428), un 4% (11/264) en las IIU homólogas y 7,93% (13/164) de las IIU heterólogas. Se encontró que no hay diferencias en el riesgo de preeclampsia de acuerdo con el tipo de inseminación y al ajustar por edad RR: 1.18 (IC 95%: 0,54-2,58). Conclusiones: en la IIU heteróloga se encontró una incidencia mayor de preeclampsia. Sin embargo, no hay asociación con el desarrollo de preeclampsia.

Objective: Determining preeclampsia incidence and risk in infertile patients who have been inseminated with semen from a donor or from their partner. Materials and methods: This study dealt with historical cohorts of patients who had been subjected to homologous or heterologous intrauterine insemination in the Fecundar infertility centre and who had managed to become pregnant for more than 20 weeks gestation between January 2000 and 31st December 2009. Patients suffering endocrine and metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus, collagen diseases) or chronic diseases (arterial hypertension, thrombophilia) were excluded. Sample size was 155 patients regarding heterologous insemination and 310 for homologous insemination.The presence of preeclampsia and perinatal result were evaluated and type of insemination, age, ethnicity, educational level, body mass index (BMI in Kg/m²), indication of insemination, number of prior cycles and socioeconomic strata were also measured. Accumulated incidence was estimated and two cohorts were compared by RR with respective confidence intervals. Females were stratified by age. Results: 428 females fulfilled the selection criteria. There was 6% (24/428) preeclampsia incidence, 4% (11/264) homologous IUI and 7.93% (13/164) heterologous IUI. No differences were found regarding the risk of preeclampsia according to the type of insemination and after being adjusted for age (1.18 RR; 0.54-2.58 95%CI). Conclusions: Greater preeclampsia incidence was found in heterologous IUI; however, there was no association with the development of preeclampsia.

Inseminación intrauterina / Intrauterine insemination

La Inseminación Intrauterina (IIU) es un procedimiento utilizado para el tratamiento de la infertilidad. En la actualidad las dos principales indicaciones para la IIU son el factor masculino leve y la infertilidad de causa desconocida. Los resultados obtenidos de la medicina basa en evidencias recomiendan que la IIU se realice en ciclos estimulados, en los cuales se gatille la ovulación con Gonadotropina Coriónica humana (hCG) y se suplemente la fase lútea con progesterona. Igualmente, se recomienda una monitorización ecográfica del crecimiento folicular y la realización de dos inseminaciones por cada ciclo de tratamiento. Para realizar la IIU se requiere de la indemnidad anatómica de los genitales internos de la mujer y de una separación espermática > 1,0 - 1,5 millones de espermatozoides conmotilidad progresiva. Las evidencias muestran que las mejores probabilidades de embarazo se producen cuando la mujer es menor de 35 años y la infertilidad es menor a cinco años. Nuestra tasa global de embarazo por ciclo con IIU en parejas infértiles es de 14,1 por ciento. Por otro lado, la tasa cumulativa de embarazo con IIU no recomienda realizar más de 4 a 6 ciclos de tratamiento, ya que las posibilidades de éxito después de ese tiempo son mínimas.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is procedure used for the treatment of infertility. At present, there are two principal indications for IUI: mild male factor and unexplained infertility. Results obtained through evidence based medicine, recommend IUI to be performed in stimulated cycles, triggering ovulation with human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) and giving a luteal phase supplementation with Progesterone. Ultrasound monitoring of the follicular growth and two inseminations per treatment cycle, are also recommended. In order to perform an IUI, a normal woman internal genital tract and a sperm count > 1,0 - 1,5 million with progressive motility after sperm preparation, are required. Evidence suggests that pregnancy is more likely in women less than 35 years and with infertility of 5 years, at the most. Our overall pregnancy rate per cycle with IUI in infertile couples is 14.1 percent. On the other hand, the cumulative pregnancy rate with IUI does not recommend performing more than 4 to 6 treatment cycles, since the probability of success after that is minimal.

Comparision of Successive Two Ejaculation on Semen Quality in Normal Men / 医学研究杂志

0.05).Conclusions With the increase of the ejaculatory frequency,human semen volumes and the total counts decrease,while sperm viability and motility increase.Successive two ejaculation does not affect the quality of human semen.

A Comparison Study of Single with Double Intrauterine Insemination with Mild Ovarian Hyperstimulation for Infertility Patients / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of double intrauterine insemination with single intrauterine insemination in GnRH antagonist combined ovarian hyperstimulation (Mild ovarian hyperstimulation) MATERIALS AND METHODS: From Jan. 2001 to Jul. 2004, a retrospective clinical analysis was done of a total of 295 cycles in 170 patients who underwent ovarian hyperstimulation for ART (assisted reproductive technique). Subjects were divided into three groups; only clomiphene citrate ovarian hyperstimulation (n=55, 95cycles), GnRH antagonist combined ovarian hyperstimulation (soft ovarian hyperstimulation) (n=66 99cycles), and GnRH agonist combined ovarian hyperstimulation (short protocol) (n=49, 101cycles) Each group were randomly devided into two subgroups. One group underwent single IUI and the other group underwent double IUI. RESULTS: GnRH antagonist group and GnRH agonist group had similar pregnancy rate. In GnRH antagonist Group, pregnancy rate was 36.1% in single IUI subgroup and was 36.6% in double IUI subgroup. These finding were not statistically significant. And Pregnancy rate was 20.8% in single IUI subgroup and was 19.3% in double IUI subgroup in single clomiphene citrate group, and 36.3% in single IUI subgroup and was 33.3% in double IUI subgroup in GnRH agonist group. These finding were not statistically significant, too. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy rate of GnRH antagonist was high and complication rate such as OHSS and multiple pregnancy was lower. In GnRH antagonist group, to compare with single IUI and double IUI, the result do not statistically differ. So GnRH antagonist single injection with single IUI was relatively comparable ART in infertiliry patient.

Affecting Factors of Outcome of CC/hMG Ovarian Stimulation and Intrauterine Insemination / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: We have attempted to identify prognostic factors regarding CC/hMG ovarian stimulation and IUI in infertility and to seek factors valuable in planning infertility treatment and predicting the success rate of IUI therapy in individual couples. METHODS: The variables selected for initial analysis were female age, duration of infertility, type and diagnosis of infertility, number of pre-ovulatory follicles (>or=16 mm, >or=18 mm follicles), thickness of the endometrium, number of the treatment cycles, result of semen analysis, ovarian stimulation protocol, number of IUI. A logistic regression method was used to identify significant variables that contribute to the success of CC/hMG/IUI treatment. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed four predictive variables as regards pregnancy: duration of infertility (p=0.011), infertility etiology (p=0.049), number of IUI (p=0.004), method of ovarian stimulation (p=0.042). A cause of infertility, especially ovarian dysfunction other than tubal factor, a shorter duration of infertility (<6 years) and CC/hMG minimal ovarian stimulation protocol with double IUI resulted in better treatment success in CC/hMG with IUI cycles. CONCLUSION: We concluded that careful patient selection criteria coupled with successful ovarian stimulation and increased sperm count in female reproductive tract is the model for CC/hMG/IUI sucess.

The Predictive Value of a Single Serum Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Level in Pregnancies Achieved by Intrauterine Insemination and In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer Program / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To clarify specific serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels on 11 days after intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) that could predict live birth. METHODS: Three hundred ninety-two pregnancies resulting from IUI and IVF-ET procedures between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 were evaluated. Serum quantitative beta-hCG levels were measured 11 days after IUI or ET using standard immunoradiometric assays. Pregnancy outcomes were categorized as spontaneous abortion, biochemical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, singleton live birth, or multiple live birth. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variances, and Student's t-test. The sensitivity and specificity of serum beta-hCG level for predicting live birth were plotted using receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: The multiple live birth group has significantly higher serum beta-hCG level among the different pregnancy outcome groups. The beta-hCG level on the eleventh day after IUI and IVF-ET was significantly higher in the live birth group than the non viable pregnancy group. At a threshold level of 65 mIU/ml, the serum beta-hCG level on the eleventh day after IUI had a positive predictive value of 78.9% in predicting live birth with 95% specificity. At a threshold level of 115 mIU/ml, the serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin level on the eleventh day after ET had a positive predictive value of 92.1% with 95% specificity. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that serum beta-hCG level on 11 days after IVF-ET could be a reliable indicator predicting pregnancy outcome.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes according to the Catheters undergoing Intrauterine Insemination / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical outcomes of intrauterine insemination (IUI) according to the catheter used. MATERIALS AND METHOD: From March 1998 to September 1998, total 95 infertile patients were included in this study. Patients were randomly allocated to TomCat group (n = 39) and Mackler group (n = 56) according to the catheter for insemination. The controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) using luteal long protocol of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) was used in all patients. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and x2 test as appropriate. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: The total dose and duration of exogeneous gonadotropin required were similar between the two groups. There were also no significant differences in serum estradiol (E2) level, endometrial thickness and texture on the day of hCG administration between the two groups. However, the percentage of uterine souding due to failure of initial approach was significantly higher in TomCat group compared to Mackler group (23.1% vs. 0%, p < 0.01). The percentage of bleeding after IUI in TomCat group seemed to be higher than that in Mackler group (15.4% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.06), although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate per patient between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that using Mackler catheter might be effective for IUI, especially for the patients with cervical factor infertility.

Pregnancy Rate Following Superovulation with Intrauterine Insemination in Infertile Patients / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficiency of superovulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI) in infertile patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two cycles of superovulation with IUI in 48 infertile couples in which gonadotrophins were used for hyperstimulation were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Overall clinical pregnancy rate was 33.3% per cycle and 45.8% per patient. By the infertility factor, patients with endometriosis showed the lowest pregnancy rate (10%). Cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR), obtained by life-table analysis, increased as the number of cycles increased: 25.0% for one cycle, 33.3% for two cycle, 40% for three cycle and 50% for more than four cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Superovulation with IUI is an effective treatment modality in patients with subfecundity, and is worth while trying prior to in vitro fertilization procedure in those patients.

A Comparison of Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation with Intrauterine Insemination to in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in the Treatment of Male Infertility Caused by Sperm Surface Antibodies / 대한산부인과학회잡지

This prospective study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) with intrauterine insemination(IUI) versus in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET) in the treatment of male infertility caused by sperm surface antibodies. From March 1995 to August 1996, 29 couples with male immunologic infertility entered the trial. Only men with >or=40% motile spermatozoa with bound antibodies of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA or a combination of both in direct immunobead test(IBT) were included in this study. There was no evidence of other factors in infertility in any infertile couples. The couples were randomized to undergo either COH with IUI(IUI group), or IVF-ET(IVF group). IUI group and IVF group were similar with respect to female and male age, duration of infertility, and IBT results. There were no significant differences between two groups with regard to the amount of gonadotropins required, days of gonadotropins administration, serum estradiol concentration on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) administration, the number of mature (>or=14mm) follicles, or endometrial thickness. A total of 10 clinical pregnancies were obtained in IUI group, and 12 in IVF group. In 2 of 30 IVF cycles, intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) was performed because of fertilization failure. One patient became pregnant after ICSI. There were no significant differences between two groups in the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle (31.3% vs 40.0%), miscarriage rate(20.0% vs 8.3%), and multiple pregnancy rate(20.0% vs 16.7%). There were also no significant differences in pregnancy outcome between two groups according to the Ig isotype of sperm surface antisperm antibody(ASA)(GA group, IgG ASA >or= 40%, IgA ASA>or=40%; G group, IgG ASA >or=40%, IgA or=40%). This study suggests that it could be reasonable to offer COH with IUI to the patients with infertility caused by sperm surface ASA, prior to their referral for more expensive and invasive procedure, IVF-ET.