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1.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 43: e249386, 2023. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1422400

ABSTRACT

A imitação facial é um comportamento involuntário capaz de facilitar a transmissão de informações não verbais relevantes em diferentes contextos sociais. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a capacidade de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais enquanto o observador tensiona a própria face ou imita a face-alvo. A hipótese utilizada foi a de que indivíduos que tensionam a própria face terão menor probabilidade de acertos na execução das tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais e aqueles que imitam a expressão terão uma maior probabilidade de acertos na execução das mesmas tarefas. A amostra foi composta por 30 participantes, divididos em dois grupos experimentais: o Grupo Imitação (GI) e o Grupo Ruído (GR), ambos com 18 participantes do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino. O experimento consistiu em apresentar fotos de atores expressando facialmente uma emoção básica por 10 segundos. Neste período, os participantes deveriam, então, observar ou intervir facialmente, imitando ou tensionando a própria face (de acordo com o grupo alocado, Imitação ou Ruído). Após os 10 segundos executando a instrução (observar, imitar ou interferir), o participante deveria responder - entre as opções alegria, tristeza, nojo, raiva, surpresa e medo - a emoção correspondente à imagem. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparadas as tarefas de tensionar ou imitar a face-alvo, sugerindo que a alteração da própria face do observador pode influenciar durante o desempenho de uma tarefa de reconhecimento de emoções em faces.(AU)


Facial mimicry is an involuntary behavior capable of facilitating the transmission of relevant non-verbal information in different social contexts. The present study aimed to analyze the ability to recognize emotional expressions while the observer tenses their own face or imitates the target face. The hypothesis used was that individuals who tension their own face or imitate the expression of facial emotion have less or greater probability of success in performing tasks to recognize emotional expressions on faces, respectively. The sample consisted of 30 participants, divided into two experimental groups: the Imitation Group - GI (18 female participants and 12 male participants) and the Noise Group - GR (18 female participants and 12 male participants). The experiment consisted of presenting pictures of actors facially expressing a basic emotion for 10 seconds; the participants should then observe or intervene facially, imitating or tensing their own face (according to the allocated group, Imitation or Noise). After 10 seconds of executing the instruction (observing, imitating or interfering), the participant should respond - among the options joy, sadness, disgust, anger, surprise and fear - the emotion corresponding to the image. The results showed significant differences when comparing the tasks of tensioning or imitating the target face, suggesting that the alteration of the observer's own face may influence during the performance of a facial emotion recognition task.(AU)


La imitación facial es un comportamiento involuntario capaz de facilitar la transmisión de información no verbal relevante en diferentes contextos sociales. Esto estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la capacidad de reconocer expresiones emocionales mientras el observador tensa su propio rostro o imita el rostro objetivo. Se utilizó la hipótesis de que los individuos que tensan su propio rostro tendrán menor probabilidad de éxito en la realización de tareas de reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales y los individuos que imitan la expresión tendrán una mayor probabilidad de éxito en la realización de las mismas tareas. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 participantes divididos en dos grupos experimentales: el Grupo de Imitación - GI (18 mujeres y 12 hombres) y el Grupo de Ruido - GR (18 mujeres y 12 hombres). El experimento consistió en presentar imágenes de actores expresando facialmente una emoción básica durante 10 segundos; los participantes deberían entonces observar o intervenir facialmente, imitando o tensando su propio rostro (según el grupo asignado, Imitación o Ruido). Después de 10 segundos de ejecutar la instrucción (observar, imitar o interferir), el participante debería responder - entre las opciones de alegría, tristeza, asco, ira, sorpresa y miedo - la emoción correspondiente a la imagen. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas al comparar las tareas de tensar o imitar el rostro objetivo, sugiriendo que la alteración del propio rostro del observador puede influir durante la realización de una tarea de reconocimiento de emociones en rostros.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Emotions , Facial Expression , Facial Recognition , Psychology , Sensory Receptor Cells , Autistic Disorder , Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms , Neurosciences , Artificial Intelligence , Nuclear Family , Communication , Expressed Emotion , Program for Incentives and Benefits , Mirror Neurons , Physical Appearance, Body , Social Cognition , Handling, Psychological , Interpersonal Relations , Language Development , Noise , Nonverbal Communication
2.
Interdisciplinaria ; 35(2): 291-305, dic. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019908

ABSTRACT

Con el objetivo de estudiar las pautas adultas de imitación y entonamiento afectivo que ocurren en las situaciones de juego social temprano entre adulto y bebé, se realizó un estudio longitudinal de caso único, con una díada adulto-bebé. La edad del bebé en la primera sesión, según la convención piagetiana [año; mes (día)], fue: 00; 3 (05) y en la última sesión: 00; 6 (28). Se filmaron 8 sesiones de interacción espontánea de la díada, en su hogar, cada 15 días. De cada sesión se seleccionaron los primeros 10 minutos de juego social temprano. Con este material se generó una video-secuencia de juego social temprano a la que se le aplicó un código observacional con categorías para las pautas de actividades de coincidencia maternas (imitación y entonamiento afectivo). Los datos obtenidos en este estudio indican que las actividades de coincidencia maternas de imitación y entonamiento afectivo aparecen en todo el período estudiado, con una frecuencia de dos eventos de coincidencia por minuto de juego social temprano. Se observó que las pautas de entonamiento afectivo materno casi duplican a las de imitación entre los 3 y 6 meses de vida del bebé. Asimismo, se registró que la mayoría de los entonamientos afectivos fueron transmodales y que la madre utilizó su voz como modalidad conductual privilegiada para establecer coincidencias comportamentales con su bebé, ya sea a través de la imitación o del entonamiento. Las imitaciones maternas más frecuentes ocurrieron como respuesta a las vocalizaciones del bebé y los entonamientos afectivos fueron provocados principalmente por los movimientos del bebé.


This paper focuses on two specific matching activities of maternal behavior in early social play: imitation and affect attunement. Imitationis a pattern of frequent interaction between adult and baby, providing a pleasant experience to both participants. In that context, imitation is not only bi-directional, but it is the adult who imitates more frequently. Affect attunement is an intuitive and fleeting interaction pattern, through which the adult attunes to the baby's affective state. It is a matching activity, where the amodal features of the infant's behavior (intensity, temporal organization, spatial pattern and / or quantity) are reflected through a different conduct. Previous research indicates that during the first 6 months of the baby's life, the adult very often uses imitation as well as affect attunement for interacting (which involves performing a different behavior than the baby's in which the adult matches the intensity, temporal pattern, spatial pattern, and / or the amount of the child's original behavior). Maternal affect attunement events have been observed from 2 months of age, and the frequency ratio between affect attunement and maternal imitation has been observed to change in ontogenetic development: between the baby's 2nd and 6th months the adult's imitative activity occurs at higher rates; while in the second half of the first year of life, the relationship is reversed. This paper presents the results of a longitudinal case study on a mother-infant dyad, about maternal imitation and affect attunement behaviors in early social play situations between the 3rd and 6th months of the baby's life. According to Piaget's convention [year; month (day)], the baby's age was 00; 3(05) in the first session, and 00; 6 (28) in the last session. Every 15 days, a total of 8 sessions of the dyad's spontaneous interaction, were filmed in their home. From each session, the first 10 minutes of early social play were selected. With this material a video-sequence of early social play was generated to which an observational code with categories for maternal matching activity patterns (imitation and affect attunement) was applied. The percentage of each category's occurrence in each evolutionary period was calculated. The data obtained in this study indicate that maternal matching activities of imitation and affect attunement appear from the beginning of the studied period. These results confirm those previously obtained in other studies that show the early emergence of adult imitation and affect attunement behavioral patterns. The data also indicate that matching activities of imitation and affect attunement appear throughout the studied period with a frequency of two events perminute of early social play. These results partially confirm those previously obtained in other studies. The new information obtained in our study concerns the frequency of both reciprocity patterns, and the type of behavior of the mother and baby involved in these matching activities. Patterns of maternal affect attunement almost double those of imitation between the baby's 3rd and 6th months. It was also reported that most affect attunements were transmodal and that the mother used her voice as a privileged way to establish a behavioral match with her baby, either through imitation or affect attunement. The most frequent maternal imitations occurred in response to the baby's vocalizations, and affect attunements were caused mainly by the baby's movements. Without detracting from the dyad's intense vocal activity already registered in the field's literature, the high frequency of affect attunements in response to infant movement highlights a trait less noticed in previous research: the adult's mastery in reading the baby's body and movement.

3.
Interdisciplinaria ; 35(1): 119-136, jul. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-984535

ABSTRACT

En el ámbito de la Psicología del Desarrollo, la imitación infantil ha sido un tema ampliamente estudiado, fundamentalmente, por su vinculación con la capacidad simbólica. Sin embargo, en los últimos 50 años su abordaje teórico y metodológico se ha diversificado profundamente. Se ha provocado un giro en cómo conceptualizar la imitación, desde un enfoque individual que destaca su valor en el desarrollo cognitivo y simbólico, hasta uno que entiende que la imitación infantil y los efectos de ser imitado están estrechamente vinculados con el desarrollo de las habilidades sociales y de la comunicación. El presente artículo recorre este giro partiendo de una breve presentación de la perspectiva de la imitación en la teoría piagetiana, la cual destaca el valor epigenético de esta capacidad en la formación simbólica del niño. Luego, se sintetizan los resultados obtenidos en los estudios sobre imitación neonatal, imitación en interacciones espontáneas adulto-bebé, interacciones entre pares y los efectos de ser imitado. En conjunto, estos datos permitieron reconceptualizar la capacidad de imitación, destacando su aspecto social y su función en el establecimiento de las primeras conexiones interpersonales entre el bebé y sus congéneres. Con vistas a construir una teoría integradora, se propone concebir a ambos enfoques como complementarios y entender a la imitación como una actividad que permite establecer coincidencias interpersonales, las cuales generan algún tipo de encuentro intersubjetivo que sirve para vehiculizar distintas funciones de acuerdo al contexto de interacción.


Infant imitation is a controversial topic that has been widely studied in the field of developmental psychology. In the last decades, since Piagetian theory of infant imitation, the research on it has been revolutionized. This article intends to review a set of studies on imitation in early infancy that have caused a change in the understanding of this phenomenon. In this review, Piaget's description of the development of imitation and its relationship to symbolic formation are set as a starting point. Piaget's theory has made an essential contribution to the study of imitation: it highlights its importance in development of symbolic function; it stimulated the realization of numerous longitudinal studies, promoted the development of techniques and observation systems for its evaluation in psychology labs, and led to the generation of different assessment scales of psycho-motor child development. However, experimental studies that demonstrated the ability of imitation in newborns have questioned Piagetian developmental theory of imitation and they revolutionized the understanding of the phenomenon. Data on neonatal imitation, which have received different theoretical interpretations, bring out that certain intra and intersensory coordination exist from the first month of life; that the capacity for imitation is selective; that its sequence of development is different from that proposed by Piaget and shows different evolutionary paths depending on the act in question. Beyond experimental studies, early imitation has also been studied in natural contexts. The data show that during the first two years of life, imitation is a frequent pattern of social interaction between adult and baby, providing a pleasant experience to both participants. In that context, imitation is not only bi-directional, but it is the adult who imitated more frequently. Such data suggest that the ability to imitate actions does not appear in development as a product of an exclusively individual process; but, on the contrary, is a capacity that gradually emerges in the context of social patterns of baby-adult reciprocity as a result of the communicative intentions of the latter. Also, imitation is an important relationship tool when the participants interacting are similar in age. There are several studies showing that young children use imitation as a basic way to interact and develop social and communication links between them, as well as to coordinate playful actions. Finally, experimental studies on the effects of being imitated indicate that adult imitation facilitates social interaction with the baby during the first two years of life. It causes greater visual attention from the baby, and more frequent smiles than a spontaneous interaction. Even it has been observed that babies are able to monitor adult imitation, testing it by modulating their behavior (for example, sudden stops or sudden changes in the direction of their behavior). Data from studies on neonatal imitation, spontaneous imitation in adult-baby interactions, peer interactions and the effects of being imitated have allowed reconceptualizing imitation, highlighting the social aspect and its role in the establishment of the first interpersonal connections between the baby and its congeners. All these new empirical evidence highlights the value of imitation in the establishment of social interactions in the early years of a child´s life, beyond their cognitive function of accommodation. In order to construct an integrative theory of imitation, it is proposed to conceive imitation as a matching activity through which emerges a social engagement that might serve to convey different functions according to the context of social interaction. It is suggested to carry out new longitudinal studies that investigate the contexts of interaction in which imitation events emerge, as well as the integration of the results of neurocognitive studies and Comparative Psychology.

4.
Motrivivência (Florianópolis) ; 28(49): 176-194, dez. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-827333

ABSTRACT

Os jogadores de futebol atuam de forma semelhante. Observamos que a maioria deles domina, passa, finta, chuta de forma muito homogênea; temos a impressão que os gestos são sempre os mesmos e os lances de ousadia são cada vez mais escassos. Realizamos um estudo junto à Escolinha de Futebol da FEF-UFMT, apoiada na teoria do "Se-movimentar", utilizando, nas aulas da modalidade, as atividades ritmadas, a "imitação da intenção" bem como o incentivo à imaginação e criatividade como pontos de partida para uma possível transformação desse modelo hegemônico. Observamos as possibilidades e contribuições dessas experiências alternativas de prática na melhoria das habilidades específicas dos alunos e quanto à possibilidade da escola de futebol poder se tornar um espaço de liberdade, de criatividade e de inclusão dos alunos "comuns". Os resultados da experimentação foram surpreendentes e promissores.


Football players act in a similar way. We observed that most of them dominates, passes, dribbles, shoots very homogeneously; we have the impression that the gestures are always the same and the boldness bids are increasingly scarce. We conducted a study with the Football Little School FEF-UFMT, based on the theory of "If-move", using the lessons of the sport, the rhythmic activities, the "imitation of intent" and encouraging imagination and creativity as points departure for a possible transformation of this hegemonic model. We note the possibilities and contributions of these alternative experiences of practice in improving specific skills of the students and the possibility of the school football can become a space of freedom, creativity and inclusion of students 'common'. The results of the trial were amazing and promising


Los jugadores de fútbol actúan muy parecido. Hemos observado que la mayoría de ellos domina, pases, regates, dispara de forma muy homogénea; tenemos la impresión de que los gestos son siempre los mismos y las ofertas audacia son cada vez más escasos. Hemos llevado a cabo un estudio con el fútbol escuelita FEF-UFMT, basado en la teoría de "si-movimiento", utilizando las lecciones de este deporte, las actividades rítmicas, la "imitación de intención" y fomentar la imaginación y la creatividad como puntos partida para una posible transformación de este modelo hegemónico. Tomamos nota de las posibilidades y las contribuciones de estas experiencias alternativas de la práctica en la mejora de las habilidades específicas de los estudiantes y la posibilidad de que el fútbol de la escuela puede convertirse en un espacio de libertad, la creatividad y la inclusión de los estudiantes "común". Los resultados del estudio fueron sorprendentes y prometedores.


Subject(s)
Soccer/education , Sports/education , Creativity , Sports and Recreational Facilities , Interpersonal Relations
5.
Estud. Interdiscip. Psicol ; 7(1): 20-37, jun. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-832655

ABSTRACT

O artigo investiga a imitação entre jovens e crianças cegas. A pesquisa foi realizada como um mosaico no tempo já que as considerações de campo foram extraídas de dois domínios: da experiência profissional com a estimulação precoce de bebês cegos e de dispositivo de intervenção com jovens cegos e com baixa visão, com idades entre 13 e 18 anos. Afirmando o caráter situado do conhecimento, a pesquisa indica que a imitação entre jovens cegos pode ser uma das vias de criação de um mundo comum entre cegos e videntes. A imitação entre jovens cegos é um processo que envolve múltiplas sensorialidades, exige experimentação do corpo e redunda numa transformação recíproca, tanto do cego quanto do vidente. O trabalho conclui com a indicação do caráter singular da imitação e, ao mesmo tempo, com a afirmação da sua pertinência ao processo de inclusão e desenvolvimento tanto da criança quanto do jovem cegos.


This article investigates the imitation among young and blind children. The survey was conducted as a mosaic in the time since the field considerations were taken from two areas: a professional experience with early stimulation of blind babies and a workshop with blind and low vision young between 13-18 years. By stating the situated trace of knowledge, the research indicates that imitation among blind young people can be one of the ways of creating a common world among young blind and sighted people. Imitation among blind young is a multi-sensory process that requires a body experience, including both blind and people who see. The paper concludes with an indication of the unique character of imitation and at the same time, with the affirmation of its relevance to the development and inclusion process of both the child and the young blind.


El artículo investiga la imitación entre jóvenes y niños ciegos. La investigación se realizó como un mosaico en el tiempo, las consideraciones de campo fueron tomadas de dos áreas: la experiencia profesional de la estimulación temprana de los bebés ciegos y el dispositivo de intervención con jóvenes ciegos y con baja visión, con edades entre 13 y 18 años. Afirmando el conocimiento como práctica situada, la investigación indica que la imitación entre los jóvenes ciegos puede ser una forma de creación de un mundo común entre ciegos y videntes. La imitación entre los jóvenes ciegos es un proceso que implica múltiples sensorialidades, requiere experimentación del cuerpo y equivale a una transformación recíproca del ciego y del que ve. El documento concluye con una indicación del carácter único de la imitación, con la afirmación de su relevancia para el proceso de inclusión y desarrollo para el niño y el joven ciego.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Blindness , Education, Special , Vision, Low
6.
Rev. bras. psicanál ; 49(3): 130-150, jul.-set. 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1149780

ABSTRACT

Discutem-se os fenômenos de imitação neonatal e de imitação recíproca mãe e bebê para a promoção de sintonia em relação ao senso de self em desenvolvimento e à vivência de pertencimento do bebê. Formulam-se vínculos com o conceito psicanalítico de identificação primária, bem como com as teorias psicanalíticas de espelhamento, imitação e identificação introjetiva. Propõe-se que essa imitação evolutiva [developmental imitation] pressupõe o equilíbrio entre a posição do bebê real e a de suposto ocupante interno da mãe. Considera-se que esse equilíbrio forneça o alicerce para a identificação projetiva e a assimilação da experiência, conduzindo ao enriquecimento do senso de identidade. Em contraposição, pode ocorrer a identificação adesiva ou a identificação projetiva na imitação que envolve mimetização. Ilustram-se essas hipóteses com material proveniente de observações de bebê e do tratamento de duas crianças do espectro autístico.


The phenomena of neonatal imitation and of mutual imitation by mother and baby in the service of attunement are discussed in relation to the infant's developing sense of self and experience of belonging. Links are proposed to the psychoanalytic concept of primary identification, as well as to psychoanalytic theories of mirroring, imitation and introjective identification. It is suggested that developmental imitation presupposes a balance between the position of the actual baby and that of the mother's supposed internal occupant. This balance is seen as underlying introjective identification and the assimilation of experience, leading to an enriched sense of identity. In contrast, in the kind of imitation involving mimicry, adhesive or projective identification may be operative. These hypotheses are illustrated with material from infant observation and from the treatment of two children on the autistic spectrum.


Se discuten los fenómenos de imitación neonatal y de imitación recíproca madre y bebé para promover la sintonía en relación al sentido del self en el desarrollo y la vivencia de pertenencia del bebé. Se formulan vínculos con el concepto psicoanalítico de identificación primaria, así como con las teorías psicoanalíticas de reflejo, imitación e identificación introyectiva. Se propone que esta imitación evolutiva [developmental imitation] presupone el equilibrio entre la posición del bebé real y la de supuesto ocupante interno de la madre. Se considera que este equilibrio ofrece la base para la identificación proyectiva y la asimilación de la experiencia, llevando al enriquecimiento del sentido de identidad. En contrapartida, puede ocurrir la identificación adhesiva o la identificación proyectiva en la imitación que involucra la mimetización. Se ilustran estas hipótesis con material proveniente de observaciones de bebé y del tratamiento de dos niños del espectro autístico.

7.
Psicol. Caribe ; 31(2): 243-279, may.-ago. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-729524

ABSTRACT

A partir de una investigación descriptiva y analítica, con un diseño metodológico cualitativo, se describen y analizan la coocurrencia entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y los comportamientos agresivos y violentos en miembros de algunas de las barras de fútbol de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Mediante la técnica de observación participante se muestra que el consumo de drogas, junto con los fenómenos de la identificación, la sugestión y el contagio social, pueden promover la alteración de la conciencia y la abolición temporal de los patrones de pensamiento y comportamiento típicos de los individuos, así como de los preceptos morales y éticos que regulan la actuación en sociedad. Se explica por qué los individuos de la masa (barra de fútbol) se vuelven irreflexivos, impulsivos, iracundos y violentos, desde perspectivas de la psicología social, el psicoanálisis y la etología.


Based on a descriptive and analytical research carried out under a qua-litative methodological design the co-ocurrence of the consumption of psychoactive substances and aggressive and violent behaviors in the members of some of the football supporting groups of the city of Medellin, Colombia were described and analyzsed. Using the participant observation technique we were able to show that drug use, together with the identification, suggestion and social contagion phenomena, promote the disturbance of consciousness and the temporary abolition of patterns of thought and behavior typical of individuals, as well as the moral and ethical precepts regulating action in society. This explains why the individuals of the mass (football supporter groups) become reckless, impulsive, angry, and violent from the scope of social psycho-logy, psychoanalysis and Ethology.

8.
Pensar prát. (Impr.) ; 17(3): 849-864, jul/set.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-847757

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo apresenta uma discussão referente à imitação e à criação de movimentos no contexto do ensino da dança. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico que fundamenta-se na fenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty (1991, 1999, 1974), na teoria do "semovimentar" humano de Kunz (2001) e na concepção de mímesis de Wulf (2005). O estudo aponta a necessidade de se construírem estratégias pedagógicas para que haja espaço para uma "imitação criativa", uma aprendizagem que permita a busca de um estilo próprio na execução/experimentação dos movimentos. Alem disso, indica possibilidades de se estabelecer um diálogo que valorize as experiências trazidas do mundo vivido de cada sujeito ­ seu "mundo de movimentos" ­ e as diversas formas de dançar (AU).


This study presents a discussion about the imitation and creation of movements in the context of teaching dance. It is a theoretical essay which is based on MerleauPonty's phenomenology (1991, 1999, 1974), on Kunz's self-move theory (2001) and on Wulf's mimesis conception (2005). This study points out the need to build pedagogical strategies so that a "creative imitation" arises, a learning which allows the search for one's own style when performing the movements. Besides, it shows the possibilities of holding a dialogue which gives value to the experiences brought from the living world of each person ­ his or her world of movements ­ and the different ways of dancing (AU).


El estudio presenta una discusión referente a la imitación y a la creación de movimientos en el contexto de la enseñanza de la danza. Se trata de un ensayo teórico que se fundamenta en la fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty (1991, 1999,1974), en la teoría del "moverse" humano de Kunz (2001) y en la concepción de mimesis de Wulf (2005). El estudio apunta a la necesidad de construir estrategias pedagógicas para que haya espacio para una "imitación creativa", un aprendizaje que permita la búsqueda de un estilo proprio en la ejecución/experimentación de los movimientos. Más allá de eso, indica posibilidades de establecer un diálogo que valorice las experiencias traídas del mundo vivido de cada sujeto ­ su "mundo de movimientos" ­ y las diversas formas de danzar (AU).


Subject(s)
Dancing/education , Education
9.
Psicol. USP ; 22(4): 833-850, out.-dez. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-611196

ABSTRACT

Autismo é um transtorno cuja característica dominante é a falta de interação e comunicação com o semelhante. No final da década de 1970 e início da década de 1980, iniciou a efervescência por estudos que consideraram os déficits na área das relações sociais como primários ao surgimento da síndrome. A partir de pesquisas anteriores sobre a relação entre imitação precoce e o estabelecimento das relações sociais precoces, alguns pesquisadores passaram a supor que déficits de imitação apresentados pelos autistas pudessem estar relacionados aos déficits nas interações sociais que esses sujeitos apresentam. O presente estudo se propõe a revisar na literatura internacional as principais pesquisas que investigaram a presença de um déficit de imitação no autismo e seu possível papel determinante no surgimento desse transtorno.


Autism is a disorder whose hallmark is the lack of interaction and communication with the other. In the late 70’s and early 80’s, effervescence began by studies that considered deficits in the area of social relationships as primary to the emergence of the syndrome. From previous research on the relationship between early imitation and early establishment of social relations, some researchers have begun to assume that imitation deficits presented by the autistics could be related to deficits in social interactions that these individuals have. The present study proposes to review international literature on the major research that worked to verify the presence of an imitation deficit in autism and its possible role as well as the evolution of these surveys in order to verify the hypothesis that this imitative deficit be decisive in the nuclear appearance in regard specifically to the presence of autistic disorder.


L’autisme est un trouble dont la caractéristique principale est le manque d’intéraction et communication avec les autres. Vers la fin des années 70 et le début des années 80 du siècle passé un grand intérêt a été dirigé vers le rôle primaire du déficit des rapports sociaux dans la genèse de ce trouble. En partant d’études préalables sur l’imitation precoce et le développement des rapports sociaux precoces, quelques chercheurs ont formulé l’hypothèse d’une relation entre le déficit d’imitation et le déficit d’interaction sociale chez les enfants autistes. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons de faire une révision de la literature internationale spécialisée sur le rôle du déficit d’imitation dans le surgissement de l’autisme.


El autismo es un trastorno cuya principal característica es la falta de interacción y comunicación con similares. A finales de los años 70 y principios de los 80, comenzó la efervescencia por estudios que consideraran los déficits en el ámbito de las relaciones sociales como primaria a la aparición del síndrome. A partir de investigaciones anteriores sobre la relación entre la imitación temprana y el establecimiento temprano de las relaciones sociales, algunos investigadores empezaron a asumir que los déficits de imitación presentados por autistas podrían estar relacionados con el déficit en las interacciones sociales que tienen estas personas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la literatura internacional sobre los principales estudios que investigaron la presencia de un déficit de imitación en el autismo y su posible papel en la aparición de este trastorno.


Subject(s)
Imitative Behavior , Autistic Disorder/psychology
10.
Interdisciplinaria ; 28(1): 5-16, jul. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633478

ABSTRACT

En el contexto de evaluación de praxias, los gestos pueden clasificarse en tres categorías: transitivos, intransitivos y no familiares. Si bien ha sido reportada la disociación entre los distintos tipos de gestos, es usual que en la evaluación de praxias o en el análisis del desempeño de los pacientes no se consideren por separado estas tres categorías de gestos, o se varíe la definición de ellas. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue evaluar si en un mismo grupo de pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer se encuentran disociaciones entre gestos transitivos, intransitivos y no familiares, previamente descriptas en el rendimiento práxico de pacientes con lesiones focales (González Rothi, Mack, Verfaellie, Brown & Heilman, 1988; Negri et al., 2007). Se evaluaron 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer probable en imitación de praxias (gestos transitivos, gestos intransitivos y gestos no familiares) y uso de objetos. Los estímulos fueron tomados de la batería cognitiva de evaluación de praxias (Politis, 2003). Los gestos eran inicialmente realizados por el examinador, quien mantenía su ejecución durante la imitación del paciente. El grupo con diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer rindió significativamente peor que el grupo de los controles sanos. En el grupo de pacientes, las cuatro pruebas de praxias correlacionaron entre si. Sin embargo, se hallaron disociaciones en el rendimiento individual de cada paciente en esas mismas pruebas. La disociación entre gestos transitivos, intransitivos y no familiares apoya la posibilidad de que estos diferentes tipos de gestos involucren sistemas de procesamiento distintos.


Apraxia is classically defined as a difficulty or inability to imitate gestures, produce pantomimes of tool's use, or make gestures to verbal command. In apraxia assessment, gestures can be classified in transitives, intransitives, and non-familiars. The movements are classified according to the purpose of the motor act: if involves manipulation of an object, if serves to communicate ideas or feelings, or if it lack of any practical or symbolical value. Whilst the selective impairment for the processing of transitive gestures was widely reported, a deficit restricted to intransitive gestures was reported only exceptionally. Although it has been reported dissociation between different types of gestures, is usual in apraxia assessment that these three categories of gestures don't be considered separately or that varies the definition of these categories. The aim of this study was verify the presence of dissociations between transitives, intransitives, and non-familiars gestures in a same group of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, that was previously described in the praxias performance of patients with focal lesions (González Rothi, Mack, Verfaellie, Brown, & Heilman, 1988; Negri et al., 2007). It was assessed imitation of transitives, intransitives and non-familiar gestures, and the use of objects, in 50 patients of the Neurology Department of Eva Perón Hospital (Buenos Aires -Argentina) diagnosed with probable Alzheimer-type dementia, under the diagnostic criteria of NINCDS - ADRDA. The Alzheimer-type dementia group performed the tasks significantly worse than healthy controls. 72% showed deficit in the per formance of at least one of the praxis battery tests. In Alzheimer-type dementia group, each praxis subtest are significantly and positively correlated with the others. However, there were dissociations in the performances at the single-case level analysis. One patient (Case 3) showed a selective deficit in imitation of intransitives gestures, while retaining the imitation of transitives gestures and non-familiar gestures; five patients (Cases 16, 23, 31, 45, and 46) showed an exclusively impairment in the imitation of transitives gestures while retaining the imitation of intransitives gestures and non-familiar gestures; and five patients (Cases 2, 6, 12, 14, and 29) showed a deficit only in the imitation of non-familiar gestures, while retaining the imitation of transitives and intransitives gestures. The dissociation between transitives, intransitives, and non-familiar gestures supports the possibility that these different types of gestures implicate different processing systems. The presence of double dissociations points out that the processes underlying each task, at least, are partially independent, and can be affected in a differentiated way. The finding of alterations in the three types of gestures questions the hypothesis that ideomotor apraxia is a disorder in the representations underlying transitives gestures (Buxbaum et al., 2005). The double dissociation found in theimitation of familiar gestures and non-familiar gestures provides new evidence for a non-lexical path, exclusive for imitating non-familiar gestures (González Rothi, Ochipa, & Heilman, 1991) and contradicts the model of ideomotor apraxia that propose a common substrate for lexical path and non-lexical pathway, linked to body schema (Buxbaum, Giovannetti, & Libon, 2000). The results of this work show the value of the study of multiple cases for the validation of cognitive models in patients with brain injuries. It is transcendent the systematic exploration and analysis of the different types of gestures in apraxic patients, in theoretical terms and with a view to developing clinical advantages in identifying and potentially rehabilitate apraxia.

11.
Suma psicol ; 18(1): 67-81, ene.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-657168

ABSTRACT

Se presenta una breve semblanza de nociones conceptuales y evidencia empírica contemporánea acerca del proceso de aprendizaje por imitación en animales. Con base en esta información, se reportan dos experimentos que evalúan el proceso de aprendizaje por imitación en grupos de palomas, variando el número de sujetos que conforman el grupo. En el experimento 1 se varió el número de observadores expuestos a un modelo entrenado sobre la adquisición de una respuesta novedosa para obtener alimento, mientras que en el experimento 2 se varió el número de modelos entrenados en tal respuesta. Los datos de ambos experimentos muestran que la ejecución de los observadores fue sensible a la relación respuesta-reforzador, que sólo los grupos expuestos a un modelo entrenado ejecutaron la respuesta y que a mayor número de sujetos en la situación experimental hubo menor adquisición de la respuesta. Se finaliza argumentando si estos hallazgos permiten hablar de la presencia de un proceso imitativo en grupos animales y haciendo un contraste en el proceso de imitación en animales y humanos.


This article presents a brief portrait on conceptual traits and contemporary experimental evidence about learning by imitation processes in animals. Based on this information two experiments were designed to evaluate learning by imitation of a novel response to obtain food in groups of pigeons, varying the number of subjects in each group. In experiment 1 the number of observers per group on acquisition by imitation of response was varied, whereas in experiment 2 the number of trained demonstrators was varied. The data obtained in both experiments show that the observers performance was sensitive to the response-reinforcer relation. Only groups exposed to trained demonstrators perform the response, and increases in the number of subjects in the experimental situation produced minor acquisition of response. We discuss how the processes evaluated in these studies can be conceived as imitation and present a contrast of imitation processes in animal and human subjects.

12.
Psicol. educ ; (30): 175-200, jun. 2010.
Article in French | LILACS | ID: lil-591786

ABSTRACT

L'une des fonctions principales des représentations sociales consistant à transformer ce qui est non familier (c'est notamment le cas des théories scientifiques) pour le rendre familier, cette théorie à souvent été utilisée pour étudier comment les concepts scientifiques étaient recyclés pour entrer dans le sens commun. Ce schéma très simple ne reflète qu'un aspect de la construction des connaissances car, notamment dans le champ de la médecine psychologique, les allers-retours entre science et sens commun ou les échanges entre experts (médecin, psychologue...) et profanes sont constants. Or, par ces échanges, des formes de pathologies s'élaborent, se transforment et, ce faisant, les théories qui veulent coller à cette réalité se modifient elles aussi : en fonction du discours de la science, l'objet (pathologie) se transforme, obligeant ainsi à un réajustement du discours. C'est cette dynamique (et ses conséquences) de la co-construction sociale d'un discours scientifique, de représentations sociales et de formes pathologiques que je me propose d'analyser ici. De cette analyse, il ressort qu'à côté de l'imitation ou de l'influence, l'imaginaire, est déterminant dans l'élaboration des représentations partagées et notamment de leur efficacité à fabriquer et à représenter une réalité commune.


The theory of social representations is often used to study the relationship between science and common sense. One of the main functions of social representations consists in transforming what is not familiar (this is notably the case in scientific theories) to make it familiar: concepts elaborated by scientists would be recycled so as to become common sense. This reflects only a single aspect of the construction of knowledge, because, notably in the field of the psychological medicine, comings and goings between science and common sense or mutual exchanges between experts (doctor, psychologist...) and lay persons are permanents. With these exchanges, some forms of pathologies are elaborated or transformed. Consequently, theories, which want to stick on this reality, have to be modified: according to science's discourse, the object (pathology) is transformed, hence, afterwards science's speech has to be adjusted. These dynamics (and its consequences), the social co-construction of a science's speech, social representations and pathological forms which I suggest analyzing here. According to this analysis, it appear that next to the imitation or to the influence, the imaginary, is determinant in the elaboration of shared representations and notably in their efficiency in making and in representing a common reality.


Dado que uma funções principais das representações sociais é transformar o que é não familiar (o que é o caso, especialmente, das teorias científicas) para o tornar familiar, a teoria das representações sociais foi, muitas vezes, utilizada para estudar como os conceitos científicos foram reciclados e transformados em senso comum. Este esquema muito simples não reflete senão um aspecto da construção dos conhecimentos, pois, notadamente no campo da medicina psicológica, as idas-e-vindas entre ciência e senso comum ou os intercâmbios entre especialistas (médico, psicólogo...) e leigos são constantes. No entanto, nesses intercâmbios, as formas de patologias se elaboram, se transformam, e, com isso, as teorias que querem aderir a essa realidade se modificam também: em função do discurso da ciência, o objeto (patologia) se transforma, obrigando assim a um reajuste do discurso. É esta dinâmica (e suas consequências) da co-construção social de um discurso científico, de representações sociais e de formas patológicas que eu me proponho analisar aqui. Desta análise, pode-se depreender que, ao lado da imitação ou da influência, o imaginário é determinante na elaboração de representações partilhadas e, em particular, na sua eficácia em produzir e representar uma realidade comum.


Puesto que una de las principales funciones de las representaciones sociales es transformar lo que no es familiar (especialmente el caso de las teorías científicas) para volverla familiar, la teoría de las representaciones sociales ha sido, muchas veces, utilizada para estudiar cómo los conceptos científicos fueron reciclados y transformados en sentido común. Este esquema muy simple solo refleja un aspecto de la construcción de los conocimientos, pues, especialmente en el campo de la medicina psicológica, los trámites entre ciencia y sentido común o los intercambios entre especialistas (médico, psicólogo...) y legos son constantes. Sin embargo, en esos intercambios, las formas de patologías se elaboran, se transforman, y, por eso, las teorías que quieren adherir a esa realidad también se modifican: en función del discurso de la ciencia, el objeto (patología) se transforma, obligando, de esa manera, a un reajuste del discurso. Es esta dinámica (y sus consecuencias) de la co-construcción social de un discurso científico, de representaciones sociales y de formas patológicas que me propongo a analizar aqui. De este análisis, se puede inferir que, al lado de la imitación o de la influencia, el imaginario es determinante en la elaboración de representaciones compartidas y, particularmente, en su eficacia en producir y representar una realidad común.


Subject(s)
Humans , Knowledge , Mental Disorders
13.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 38(1): 87-102, mar. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637035

ABSTRACT

Concepts presented to explain social learning, observational learning and imitation were analyzed. Hogan’s (1994) model for behavioral development was used to organize them and to show that those concepts refer to different sources of stimulus control, rather than to different processes. Valence change and potentiation were named as associative factors that determine observational learning. The relation between observational learning and occasion setting was underlined. It is suggested that these three terms are variants of the conditional discrimination paradigm.


En este trabajo se analizaron los conceptos que se han presentado para explicar lo que ocurre en situaciones de aprendizaje social, aprendizaje observacional e imitación. Con el uso del modelo de desarrollo del comportamiento presentado por Hogan (1994b) para organizarlos se señaló que los conceptos analizados se refieren a diferentes fuentes de control del estímulo. Se revisaron, asimismo, los factores asociativos que determinan tanto el aprendizaje social como el cambio de valencia y la potenciación; se indicó, también, la relación del aprendizaje social con la disposición de la ocasión. Se sugiere que estos tres términos equivalen a un paradigma de discriminación condicional.

14.
Investig. psicol ; 2(3): 87-94, 19970000.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-755416

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un experimento que muestra la importancia de la imitación en la ejecución de una tarea que provoca miedo, dentro de un contexto educativo. A estudiantes se los dividió en dos grupos: con miedo y sin miedo (SM) a ratas de laboratorio. Al grupo con miedo se los dividió en dos al azar: expuestos a modelos (ME) y no expuestos (MnoE). Los resultados se analizaron con Chi Cuadrado y Análisis de Varianza. Los grupos SM y ME no se diferenciaron en la realización de la tarea y en el tiempo que tardaron en tomarla después de indicar la orden (T1) y en tenerla en la mano antes de colocarla en la jaula (T2). En cambio, la mayoría de los sujetos del grupo MnoE no hicieron la tarea. Los que la hicieron, tardaron significativamente más en T1 y significativamente menos en T2 que los otros dos grupos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Students/psychology , Learning , Fear/psychology , Research
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