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OBJECTIVE@#To identify the representative attributes of the five elements of a person with a qualitative methodology and provide the basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of "people with the five elements in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)."@*METHODS@#Data collected from the literature review, two sessions of brainstorming of experts with related experience in "people with the five elements in TCM" from October 2020 to December 2020, and six rounds of in-depth interviews with 30 participants who had various attributes of the five elements from March 2021 to October 2021 were analyzed. Triangulation was used in this study, and theming and synthesizing were used to analyze the data.@*RESULTS@#A total of 31 experts and 30 interviewees participated in this study. The median age of the experts and interviewees were 48.0 and 38.5 years, respectively; 51.66% and 54.8% of experts and interviewees, respectively, were men. The descriptors of facial diagrams of "people with the five elements in TCM" were complexion, shape, distribution state of facial bones, convergence trend of facial muscles, and facial expression. A theoretical model of "people with the five elements in TCM" was shaped based on these findings.@*CONCLUSION@#The study suggests a possibility for bridging the gap between personality and bodily state, identifying an avenue for personality research from the perspective of TCM.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods , Diagnosis , Projective TechniquesABSTRACT
Abstract Moral hazard clearly exists among doctors, and it has a dramatic impact on doctor-patient relationships, medical costs and medical risks. This study explored the factors that lead to doctor moral hazard, as well as the interrelationships and internal regularity of these factors. This study takes doctor moral hazard as the research content and the inducing factors as the core theme, conducting grounded theory research on the causes of doctor moral hazard. Scientific understanding of doctor behavior would facilitate the prevention and control of doctor moral hazard behavior. This study used the principles and methodology of Glaser and Strauss's grounded theory. Theoretical and snowball samplings were used to identify 24 subjects. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with each subject. Themes were identified through substantial (open) coding and theoretical coding. The factors that lead to doctor moral hazard were categorized into five dimensions, i.e. motivation, opportunity, self-rationalization, exposure and punishment. These five factors influence each other, forming the inducing mechanism of doctor moral hazard. This will provide useful theoretical support and method guidance for the follow-up prevention and control of moral hazard for doctors.
Resumo O risco moral existe claramente entre os médicos e tem um impacto dramático nas relações médico-paciente, custos e riscos médicos. Este estudo explorou os fatores que levam ao risco moral por parte do médico, bem como as inter-relações e a regularidade interna desses fatores. Este estudo considera o risco moral do médico como o conteúdo da pesquisa e os fatores indutores como o tema central, conduzindo pesquisas de teoria fundamentada sobre as causas do risco moral do médico. A compreensão científica do comportamento do médico facilitaria a prevenção e o controle do comportamento de risco moral do médico. Este estudo usou os princípios e a metodologia da teoria fundamentada de Glaser e Strauss. Amostragens teóricas e em snowball foram utilizadas para identificar 24 sujeitos. Entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade foram realizadas com cada sujeito. Os temas foram identificados por meio de codificação substancial (aberta) e codificação teórica. Os fatores que levam ao risco moral do médico foram categorizados em cinco dimensões: motivação, oportunidade, autorracionalização, exposição e punição. Esses cinco fatores influenciam-se mutuamente, formando o mecanismo indutor do risco moral médico. Isso fornecerá suporte teórico útil e orientação metodológica para o acompanhamento da prevenção e controle de risco moral para os médicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Physician-Patient Relations , Physicians , Risk Factors , Interview , Clinical Coding , Moral Risk in Supplementary Health InsuranceABSTRACT
Objective:Medical post-doctors are important young talents in the field of medical research, to whom the management and training play an important roles in promoting the development of medical research. To improve the academic capacity and training quality of medical post-doctor, this article analyzed the status and problems of post-doctor management, and put forward countermeasures in a grade A tertiary pubic hospital in Beijing.Methods:Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview were used to survey the source, training mode, stress and satisfaction among 17 postdocs from 2016 to 2020.Results:The source of postdocs was limited, and there were a few interdisciplinary postdocs. After scientific research training, many postdocs can significantly improve their scientific research capacity; Most of the postdocs were under great pressure, which is mainly caused by scientific research and economic pressure. Key disciplines and cooperative supervisors are scientific research talents, which have high academic requirements for postdocs. Most postdocs are satisfied with their salary. Cooperative supervisors generally give full play to scientific research and clinical guidance, but lack of mental health guidance; Most postdocs have a low sense of belonging.Conclusions:The article proposed following measurements, including intensity propaganda, strengthen three-level management, enhance the sense of belonging, strengthen the management of cooperative supervisors, pay more attention to psychological counseling, relieve pressure, to improve the scientific research capacity and quality of medical postdocs.
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Doctor moral hazard has a significant effect on the doctor-patient relationship, increases the cost of healthcare, and introduces medical risks. It is a global concern. Doctor moral hazard behaviour is evolving in response to China's healthcare reform program which was inaugurated in 2009.A scientific understanding of doctor behaviour would facilitate the prevention and control of doctor moral hazard behaviour. This study used the principles and methodology of Glaser and Strauss's grounded theory. Theoretical and snowball samplings were used to identify 60 subjects. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with each subject. Themes were identified through substantial (open) coding and theoretical coding. Six types of doctor moral hazard behaviour were extracted from the data. A behavioural model was described and diagrammed to provide a conceptual framework of current doctor moral hazard behaviour. The conceptual model of doctor moral hazard behaviour can be used in several ways to correct or prevent undesirable actions. Rules governing hospital procedures can be strengthened and enforced by supervision and punishment; the asymmetry of information between doctor and patient can be reduced; patient participation in treatment decisions can be increased; the effectiveness of medical ethics education can be improved.
Para un médico, el riesgo moral tiene un efecto significativo en la relación médico-paciente, incrementa el costo de la atención de salud e introduce riesgos en la salud. Se trata de una preocupación global. El riesgo moral del comportamiento médico ha evolucionado en respuesta al programa de reforma de atención de salud del gobierno de China, inaugurado en 2009. Un entendimiento científico del comportamiento de los médicos facilitaría la prevención y el control del riesgo moral. El presente estudio usa los principios y metodología de la teoría fundamentada de Glaser y Strauss. Se usaron muestras teóricas y multiplicativas para identificar 60 sujetos y realizar entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad. Los temas se identificaron mediante codificación sustancial abierta y teórica. De los datos se extrajeron seis tipos de riesgo moral del comportamiento médico. Se describió y diagramó un modelo de comportamiento para proporcionar una estructura conceptual del riesgo moral del comportamiento médico actual. El modelo conceptual de riesgo moral del comportamiento médico puede usarse de varias maneras para corregir o prevenir acciones no deseadas. Las normas procedimentales de los hospitales pueden fortalecerse y exigirse mediante supervisión y castigo; se puede reducir la asimetría de la información que se da entre el médico y el paciente, incrementar la participación del paciente en decisiones de tratamiento y mejorar la efectividad en la educación en ética médica.
Risco moral médico tem um efeito significativo na relação médico-paciente, aumenta o custo dos cuidados à saúde e introduz riscos médicos. É uma preocupação global. Comportamento de risco moral médico vem se desenvolvendo em resposta ao programa de reforma de cuidados à saúde da China, que se iniciou em 2009. Uma compreensão científica do comportamento médico facilitaria a prevenção e controle do comportamento de risco moral médico. Este estudo utilizou os princípios da metodologia da Teoria Fundamentada de Glaser e Strauss. Amostragem teóricas e por bola de neve foram utilizadas para identificar 60 participantes. Entrevistas detalhadas semi-estruturadas foram realizadas com cada participante. Temas foram identificados através de codificação (aberta) substancial e codificação teórica. Seis tipos de comportamento de risco moral médico foram obtidos dos dados. Um modelo comportamental foi descrito e diagramado de forma a fornecer um enquadre conceitual do comportamento de risco moral médico. O modelo conceitual de comportamento de risco moral médico pode ser utilizado de diversas formas para corrigir ou prevenir ações indesejáveis. Regras que governam procedimentos em hospitais podem ser fortalecidas e reforçadas por supervisão e punição; a assimetria de informações entre médicos e pacientes pode ser reduzida; a participação dos pacientes nas decisões sobre tratamento pode ser aumentada; e a efetividade da educação ética médica pode ser melhorada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Physicians/psychology , Health Care Reform , Morale , Physician-Patient Relations , Physicians/ethics , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Health Behavior , China , Choice Behavior , Risk , Interviews as Topic , Grounded Theory , Medical OveruseABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the health seeking behavior, utilization of health services and the economic burden of the elderly patients with diabetic foot ulcer ( DF) , with aim to provide policy evidence for improving their DF prevention and treatment outcomes. Methods: The purposive sampling method was applied to recruit 15 elderly DF patients treated in the 454 th Hospital of Chinese PLA from December 2013 to January 2014. After informed con-sent, they were in-depth interviewed. Results: The elderly with DF had a higher demand for the health services. They emphasized on treatment and neglected prevention. The utilization and efficiency of health services were affected by patients' economic level, medical insurance, capacity of community services, and so on. Conclusion:In order to improve the treatment outcome and quality of life for the elderly DF patients, it's necessary to strengthen patients' health education, to build a community-based and integrated health care system on DF prevention, treatment and management, and to develop the policies for reducing DF related economic burden.
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Este estudio exploratorio ha sido emprendido con la finalidad de investigar, partiendo de los testimonios de personas homosexuales, el proceso de desarrollo de la identidad homosexual en el marco familiar heteroparental. Desde un criterio socioeducativo, se examina la respuesta del microsistema familiar ante este hecho, además de estudiar cómo se vive la homosexualidad en la familia de origen y otras cuestiones afines. En la investigación participan cuatro familias homoparentales españolas. A partir del empleo de una metodología cualitativa, apoyada en entrevistas en profundidad, efectuamos el pertinente análisis discursivo. Los resultados apuntan que la familia actúa como un factor de riesgo en la construcción de la identidad homosexual de los jóvenes, detectándose necesidades educativas que son discutidas al término del artículo.
This exploratory study has been undertaken with the aim of carrying out a research project, departing from the testimonies of homosexual people, the process of development of the homosexual identity in the hetero-parental family context. From a socio-educational criterion, the response of the family micro-systemto this situation, in addition to studying how homosexuality is experienced in the family of origin and other related issues. Four Spanish homo-parental families participate in the research. From the use of a qualitative methodology, supported by in-depth interviews, we make the pertinent discursive analysis. Results point out that the family acts as a risk factor in the construction of the homosexual identity of the young, and we detected educational needs that are discussed at the end of the article.
Este estudo exploratório foi realizado com a finalidade de investigar, com base em testemunhos de pessoas homossexuais, o processo de desenvolvimento da identidade homossexual no âmbito familiar heteroparental. A partir de um critério sócio-educativo, foram examinadas as respostas do micros sistema familiar para este fato, além de estudar como as pessoas vivem a homossexualidade na família de origem e outras questões conexas. Essa pesquisa contou com a ajuda de quatro famílias homoparentais espanholas. A pesquisa possui metodologia qualitativa, realizada pela análise do discurso, a qual se apoia em entrevistas em profundidade. Os resultados indicam que a família é um fator de risco na construção da identidade homossexual de jovens, detectando necessidades educacionais que são discutidas ao final do artigo.
Subject(s)
Education , Homosexuality , Identity CrisisABSTRACT
Objective To probe into the nursing experts' perspectives on the clinical training of master of nursing specialist which was newly set up in our country,and to provide reference for the clinical training model of the master of nursing specialist.Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with thirteen nursing experts from five universities and three affiliated hospitals in our country.The data were analyzed by phenomenological procedures.Results Nursing experts proposed some suggestions on the clinical training of master of nursing specialist from the following aspects:clinical training goal,training content,training mode.Conclusions It is important to explore suitable clinical training pattern for the master of nursing specialist from the national education policy,the different requirements for enrollment,the development requirement of students' clinical competence and the effective operation of cultivating mode,in order to promote the further development of master of nursing specialist education.
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Objective To investigate the feasibility of implementing the 24 hours treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai,in order to provide a set of effective and saving manpower,material and financial rehabilitation and management model for children with cerebral palsy.Methods Firstly,the 10 exports engaged in cerebral palsy rehabilitation were selected as the in depth interviewees by the sampling method of grounded theory.Secondly,applying in depth interviews,the 10 exports were interviewed by designing interview outline and subjects.Last,the interview data were collected and analyzed.Results By analyzing the interview data in three-stage coding mode,three factors affecting the feasibility of 24 hours treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai were obtained,including the favorable factors,obstacles and necessary factors.Conclusions The 24-hour treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai is feasible,but it will encounter some obstacles in the implementation process.Through the policy support for health care and education sectors,the feasibility of the pattern will be greatly enhanced.
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Objective To explore the training demand among clinical medical postgraduate students.Methods Focus Group Discussions and a research interview,two of the qualitative study methods were applied among medical students of a hospital.Results Different clinical medical postgraduate students need different levels training.The demand status related to the students' training styles.Students had desire to receive kinds of help of hospital administrative authority.Conclusion Training guide is importance during the growth of clinical medical postgraduate students.Hospital administrative authority should afford manifold ways to satisfy the demand of students for their training.
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Objetivo Describir el afrontamiento familiar a la drogodependencia en adolescentes atendidos en el Centro de Deshabituación de Adolescentes en La Habana, 2009. Métodos Investigación descriptiva de corte transversal realizada en el 2009 en el contexto de la mencionada institución, sitio donde se ofrece un servicio multidisciplinario e integral dirigido a tratar la drogodependencia y sus complicaciones en adolescentes y jóvenes. La exploración del afrontamiento familiar a la enfermedad se realizó mediante entrevistas en profundidad. La unidad de análisis en la investigación fue el grupo familiar de convivencia de los pacientes drogodependientes. La fuente de información fue primaria a partir de la selección de un informante clave de la familia. El amplio volumen de datos recolectados fue procesado siguiendo el algoritmo propuesto por Taylor-Bogdan. Resultados Emergieron categorías de análisis, conceptos y proposiciones a través de los cuales se perfiló la descripción de un afrontamiento familiar a la drogodependencia desde antes de ser confirmada la enfermedad, hasta el momento del estudio. Sobresalió la figura materna, como moderadora de la relación de los familiares con el hijo enfermo en diferentes momentos de la vida de este, comportamientos familiares de justificación y encubrimiento de conductas relacionadas con el consumo de drogas de los adolescentes, percepción familiar de pérdida de control así como comportamientos de negación de responsabilidad familiar con la enfermedad del paciente y su tratamiento. Conclusiones Se identificó un estilo de Afrontamiento Familiar Evasivo a la drogodependencia, comportamiento grupal predominante, manifiesto ante las situaciones relacionadas con la historia del consumo de sustancias en los adolescentes, en el tránsito de la salud a la enfermedad
Objective To describe the various ways in which the family faces up to drug dependency in teenagers seen at the Havana's Center for Treatment of Drug Dependency in Adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive research study conducted in this institution in 2009, a place where a comprehensive multidisciplinary service is offered to treat drug dependency and its complications in adolescents and young people. The exploration of the various ways in which the family faced up to this problem was based on in-depth interviews. The analytical unit was the group of relatives living with the drug-dependent patients. The primary source of information was the chosen family key informant. The wide range of data was processed by the Taylor-Bogdanïs algorithm. Results Several analysis categories, concepts and proposals emerged, which helped to make a description of the ways the family faced up to drug dependency before the confirmation of the disease up to the moment of the study. It could be observed that the mother prevailed as the regulator of the family relationships with the sick son/daughter at different times of his/her life; there were some family behaviours in favour of justifying and covering up actions associated to drug consumption by adolescents, the family perception of loss of control over them as well as the denial of family responsibility over the patient's disease and treatment. Conclusions This research identified a sort of evasive way of family facing up to drug dependency as well as predominant group behaviour before the situations linked to the history of substance consumption by adolescents in the process of transition from health to disease
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Family Conflict , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Substance-Related Disorders/psychologyABSTRACT
Introducción La infertilidad es el hecho que una vez vivenciado provoca la reformulación de las expectativas en relación con la maternidad y la paternidad. Objetivos Explorar la cultura existente en Cuba en relación con la maternidad y la paternidad, su repercusión en la concepción de la infertilidad y la manera en que esta es percibida por el individuo y la colectividad. Métodos Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a nueve expertos en reproducción humana y salud pública, seleccionados por un muestreo en cascada a partir de un informante clave. El número de entrevistas se definió según el criterio de saturación de la información. Resultados Se identificaron tres etapas: Cuba pre-revolucionaria, década del 60 y los últimos 20 años. Todos los entrevistados coincidieron en que en la actualidad el binomio mujer-madre persiste, solo ha cambiado lo culturalmente añadido que hace que la mujer razone cuándo es más conveniente ser madre y si desea tener un hijo o dos a lo sumo, lo que está tornando crítica la situación en cuanto al reemplazo poblacional. En relación con los hombres infértiles, dos expertos plantearon la descalificación y el cuestionamiento que sobre su virilidad hace la sociedad cubana. Se obtuvo escasa información referida a la percepción de la infertilidad por la pareja infértil y por la colectividad. Conclusiones Dentro del patrón sociocultural cubano, se reconoce a la mujer como principal responsable de la decisión de tener o no descendencia y de su cantidad. Lo anterior repercute en la concepción de la infertilidad, desde su atención médica regulada con exclusión de las vivencias de las parejas y la prácticamente ausencia del varón a los servicios de atención, hasta la poca información que se tiene sobre lo que experimentan los hombres, la pareja infértil y la familia cubana ante la infecundidad
Introduction Infertility is an event that whenever it occurs, it causes the re-shaping of the expectations about motherhood and fatherhood. Objectives To explore the existing culture in Cuba about motherhood and fatherhood and its impact on the concept of infertility, as well as to know how this is perceived by the individual and the community. Methods In-depth interviews were administered to 9 experts in human reproduction and public health, who were selected through a cascade-sampling from a key informant. The number of interviews was defined according to the saturation criterion of the information received. Results The first result was the identification of three stages: Cuba before the revolution, the 60ïs and the last 20 years up to the present. All the interviewed experts agreed that the woman-mother binomial persisted, it was just that the level of culture had increased, which made the woman decide the most suitable time for her to become a mother and the number of children -one child or two at most- leading to a critical situation in terms of the natural replacement of the Cuban population. Regarding infertile men, two experts pointed out that their virility is generally questioned by the Cuban society. Limited information on the perception of infertility by the infertile couple and the community as well was obtained. Conclusions Within the social-cultural pattern of the Cuban society, it is recognized that the woman is the responsible for making a decision of having offspring or not and of the number of children. The above-mentioned has an impact on the concept of infertility, starting from the controlled medical care with the coupleïs experience being excluded and the man being practically absent to the medical care appointments, to the limited information available regarding what the men, the infertile couple and the Cuban family feel in case of infertility
Subject(s)
Infertility , Reproductive HealthABSTRACT
Qualitative research has gained greater attention in medical research, but it might seem to be unscientific because qualitative and quantitative research methods are grounded in different paradigm.<BR>In this article, we introduce three major qualitative research methods frequently used in studies of patient-doctor communications: 1) in-depth interviews; 2) focus group interviews and, 3) semi-structured interviews.<BR>Each qualitative research method has different or common advantages and disadvantages, and which methods should be used depends on the study objectives. Qualitative research and quantitative research are complementary: while quantitative research explains the prevalence or variation of an issue, qualitative research explains the reasons or processes of that prevalence or variation. Combination of the two methods enables the gathering of more comprehensive and explanatory results.