Dental Prosthesis Needs and Associated Factors in Native Brazilian Kiriri Indians: a CrossSectional Study / Necessidades de Próteses Dentárias e Fatores Associados em Índios Kiriri Nativos Brasileiros: um Estudo Transversal

This study evaluated the dental prosthesis needs and associated factors in indigenous Brazilian adults from Northeastern Brazil. Dental prosthesis needs were assessed in a representative sample of 225 Indians. Edentulous area and current indication for tooth extraction according to periodontal status or non-restorable condition were registered in a clinical chart. Bivariate and logistic analyses were applied to assess associations of dental prosthesis needs and prosthesis type with age, sex, income, education, smoking, moderate or severe periodontitis, plaque index, dental caries experience, and previous dental visit. Prosthetic treatment was necessary in 83% of the participants. These individuals required 339 dental prostheses, including removable partial dentures (60.2%), fixed (33.6%), and complete dentures (6.2%). Regression analysis showed that age ≥35 years [odds ratio (OR) 5.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97­17.91, p=0.002] and caries experience ≥3 [OR 4.01, 95%CI 1.78­9.02, p=0.001] were significantly associated with prosthesis needs. The type of prosthesis required was associated with sex, age, educational level, periodontitis, caries experience, and plaque index (p≤0.03). In conclusion, the need for prosthetic rehabilitation was high in this population, and sociodemographic factors, dental plaque level, caries experience, and periodontitis were associated with the required type of prosthesis. These data can be used to plan the allocation of resources to promote preventive and curative strategies in this population.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou as necessidades de prótese dentária e fatores associados em adultos indígenas brasileiros do Nordeste do Brasil. As necessidades de prótese dentária foram avaliadas em uma amostra representativa de 225 índios. A área edêntula e a indicação para extração dental, de acordo com o estado periodontal ou condição não restaurável, foram registradas em um prontuário clínico. Análises bivariadas e logísticas foram aplicadas para avaliar as associações das necessidades de prótese dentária e tipo de prótese com idade, sexo, renda, escolaridade, tabagismo, periodontite moderada ou grave, índice de placa, experiência de cárie dentária e consulta odontológica anterior. O tratamento protético foi necessário em 83% dos participantes. Esses indivíduos necessitaram de 339 próteses dentárias, incluindo próteses parciais removíveis (60,2%), fixas (33,6%) e próteses totais (6,2%). A análise de regressão mostrou que idade ≥35 anos [odds ratio (OR) 5,95, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) 1,97­17,91, p=0,002] e experiência de cárie ≥3 [OR 4,01, IC 95% 1,78­9,02, p=0,001] foram significativamente associados às necessidades de prótese. O tipo de prótese necessária foi associado ao sexo, idade, escolaridade, periodontite, experiência de cárie e índice de placa (p≤0,02). Em conclusão, a necessidade de reabilitação protética foi alta nesta população e fatores sociodemográficos, nível de placa dentária, experiência de cárie e periodontite foram associados ao tipo de prótese necessária. Estes dados podem ser usados para planejar a alocação de recursos para promover estratégias preventivas e curativas nessa população.(AU)

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and D markers in indigenous patients seen at the Native American Outpatient Clinic of Universidade Federal de São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective To detect and treat cases of viral hepatitis B, C and D in patients seen at the Native American Outpatient Clinic of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Methods This sample comprised 81 indigenous recruited between 2018 and 2020. Volunteers were aged 7 months to 70 years (mean age of 28±20 years), belonged to 26 ethnic groups spanning the Brazilian territory and answered a questionnaire, which was attached to their medical records. Peripheral blood samples (20mL) were collected, transported to the Clinical Laboratory of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, processed, and tested for markers of viral hepatitis B, C and D. Results In this study, 39 (48.1%) individuals were anti-HBs (+) only, 13 (16.0%) individuals were anti-HBs (+) and anti-HBc (+), and 28 (34.6%) individuals were negative for all markers. No anti-HBc IgM+ samples were found. No cases of hepatitis C and D were found. Conclusion This analysis provided evidence of previous infection by the hepatitis B virus. These findings led to prescription of vaccination against hepatitis B to all participants who were negative for all viral hepatitis B markers, given records of prior hepatitis B vaccination were unreliable.

Caries experience in children under 5 years old in the Xingu indigenous park in Brazil

Aim: The present study sought to investigate dental caries experience and its association with sociodemographic, postnatal and breastfeeding variables in children in the agerange from 6 to 71 months of age, in the Xingu Indigenous Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study that used secondary data pertaining to 402 indigenous children of the Low, Middle and Eastern Xingu regions, who participated in the Oral Health Epidemiological Survey in 2013. The dependent variable was dental caries, dichotomized by the median (dmf-t≤1 and dmf-t>1). The data of independent variables were obtained by means of instruments of the Local Health Information System of the Xingu Indigenous Special Sanitary District (DSEI). Raw analyses were performed to test the association of the independent variables with the dependent variable. The variables were tested in the multiple logistic regression model. Results: The mean value of the dmf-t index was 2.60 and the prevalence of affected children was 51%. In the multiple analysis, only children older than 36 months (OR: 6.64; CI95%: 4.11 to 10.73) and those that were breastfed for a longer period of time (OR: 1.88; CI95%: 1.16 to 3.02) showed significant association with the dmf-t>1 index. Conclusion: Childhood dental caries among indigenous children was associated with age and breastfeeding prolonged for over 26 months, therefore, pointing out the need to offer dental follow-up care at earlier ages

Diversidade alimentar de crianças indígenas de dois municípios da Amazônia Ocidental brasileira / Food diversity among indigenous children from two municipalities of the Brazilian Western Amazon

Resumo Objetivou-se explorar a prática alimentar das crianças indígenas de zero a dois anos, residentes nos municípios de Cruzeiro do Sul e Mâncio Lima no Acre. Realizou-se estudo transversal com crianças indígenas das etnias Katukina (Cruzeiro do Sul), Nukini, Nawa e Poyanawa (Mâncio Lima) em outubro de 2013. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado sobre o consumo alimentar do dia anterior à coleta, baseado nos indicadores alimentares propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Estudou-se 94 crianças (50% da etnia Katukina, 27% Poyanawa, 13% Nukini e 10% da Nawa). As crianças menores de 6 meses de idade, apesar da maioria receber leite materno, 42,1% delas consumiam água, 15,8% comida de sal e 11,1% preparados típicos da região. Nas faixas de idade de 6 a 12 meses e 13 a 23 meses identificou-se um alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (52,6% e 28,6% respectivamente) enquanto que o consumo de alimentos complementares relevou-se insuficiente (33% de frutas e 25% de comida de sal na faixa de 6 a 13 meses e 41,2% de frutas e 19,6% de comida de sal na faixa de 13 a 23 meses). O perfil alimentar das crianças indígenas mostrou-se inadequado para a idade, refletindo uma situação preocupante na saúde infantil desta população.

Abstract Our aim was to explore the feeding practices of indigenous children younger than two years old, living in Cruzeiro do Sul and Mâncio Lima, in Acre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with indigenous children of the Katukina (Cruzeiro do Sul), Nukini, Nawa and Poyanawa (Mâncio Lima) ethnicities in October 2013. We used a structured questionnaire on the food consumption of the day before the collection, based on the food indicators proposed by the Ministry of Health. A total of 94 children (50% Katukina, 27% Poyanawa, 13% Nukini, and 10% Nawa) were studied. Among children under 6 months of age, although the majority was breastfed, 42.1% drank water, 15.8%, savory food, and 11.1%, local cuisine. In the age groups of 6 to 12 months and 13 to 23 months, a high consumption of ultra-processed foods was identified (52.6% and 28.6% respectively), while the consumption of complementary food was insufficient (33% of fruits and 25% of savory food between 6 and 13 months, and 41.2% of fruits and 19.6% of savory food between 13 and 23 months). The feeding profile of these indigenous children was inadequate for their age, revealing a concerning situation for this population.

Evaluación de variables cardiovasculares en una población calchaquí de media y alta montaña de Tucumán / Evaluation of Cardiovascular Variables in a Calchaquí Population in the Middle and High Mountains of Tucumán

RESUMEN Introducción: La comunidad Quilmes (Tucumán) abarca 2400 habitantes de media y alta montaña (1800 a 4000 metros sobre el nivel del mar). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer su estado de salud cardiovascular. Material y métodos: Se efectuó una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva transversal en personas pertenecientes a dicha comunidad que asistieron voluntariamente en los días 27 a 29 de septiembre de 2018 a la evaluación prevista. Resultados: Se estudiaron 202 pobladores (125 mujeres y 77 varones; 48 ± 1,4 años). El 23% de ellos tenían hipertensión arterial (HTA); un 14% eran tabaquistas; el 4,9% tenían diabetes (DBT); el 18% presentaba dislipidemia (DLP); el 25% consumía alcohol rutinariamente (1,0 ± 0,4 L/día). Asimismo, el 29% presentaba sobrepeso y el 36% obesidad. Se registró presión arterial (PA) elevada en 48 personas al momento del estudio. La PA disminuyó en la tercera toma con respecto a la primera, pero la frecuencia cardíaca aumentó en la tercera toma (74 ± 1 latidos por minuto vs. 77 ± 1; p <0,01). La saturación de O2 (95,0 ± 0,2%) se correlacionó negativamente con la edad (Pearson r: −0,266; p <0,001). En los pobladores con PA normal, la relación E/A determinada ecográficamente fue mayor (1,2 ± 0,0) y el espesor de la pared posterior del ventrículo izquierdo fue menor (8,5 ± 0.5 mm) que en aquellos con PA elevada (0,92 ± 0,1 y 9,0 ± 0.3, respectivamente, p <0,001). El 24% presentó placas ateroscleróticas y 120 pobladores presentaron DLP. Conclusiones: La población Quilmes presenta una prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular similar a la de centros urbanos, los que podrían llevar en los próximos años a un incremento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en esta población

ABSTRACT Background: The Quilmes community includes 2,400 inhabitants of the middle and high mountains of Tucumán (1,800 to 4,000 meters above sea level). The purpose of the present study was to know their cardiovascular health status. Material and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative investigation was carried out in people belonging to the Quilmes community who voluntarily attended the planned evaluation on September 27-29, 2018. Results: Two hundred and two settlers were studied (125 women and 77 men; 48 ± 1.4 years), 23% of them had hypertension (HTN); 14% were smokers; 4.9% had diabetes; 18% had dyslipidemia (DLP) and 25% usually consumed alcohol (1.0 ± 0.4 L/day). Also, 29% were overweight and 36% obese. High blood pressure (BP) was recorded in 48 individuals at the time of the study. Blood pressure decreased in the third compared to the first measurement, whereas heart rate increased in the third assessment (74 ± 1 beats per minute vs. 77 ± 1; p <0.01). Oxygen saturation (95.0 ± 0.2%) was negatively correlated with age (Pearson r: −0.266; p <0.001). In individuals with normal BP, ultrasound E/ratio was higher (1.2 ± 0.0) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness was lower (8.5±0.5 mm) than in those with elevated BP (0.92±0.1 and 9.0 ± 0.3, respectively, p <0.001). Twenty-four percent of individuals had atherosclerotic plaques and 120 had DLP. Conclusions: The Quilmes population presents a prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors similar to that of urban centers, which could lead to an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the coming years

Antibioticoterapia em crianças indígenas e não indígenas desnutridas / Antibiotic therapy in indigenous and non-indigenous undernourished children

INTRODUÇÃO: A prevalência da desnutrição infantil vem diminuindo em todo o mundo, mas ainda acomete milhões de crianças, especialmente indígenas. Devido ao elevado número de doenças infecciosas associadas à desnutrição, a antibioticoterapia faz parte da terapêutica recomendada. OBJETIVO: Observar os casos de desnutrição entre crianças indígenas e não indígenas hospitalizadas e a terapêutica empregada durante o tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, farmacoepidemiológico, realizado com informações extraídas de prontuários arquivados do período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014 de um hospital público. RESULTADOS: Participaram 166 crianças, sendo o número de crianças indígenas aproximadamente seis vezes maior do que não indígenas. Houve maior prevalência entre lactentes e crianças com idade inferior a um ano apresentaram mais chances de serem internadas por desnutrição. Os diagnósticos de desnutrição mais vistos foram os inespecíficos, com uma proporção significativa de óbitos relacionados ao diagnóstico E43. As infecções mais comuns foram do sistema digestório e respiratório. Crianças indígenas tiveram quase cinco vezes mais chances de apresentarem infecção respiratória. A maior proporção recebeu até três antibióticos, havendo crianças que receberam mais que sete antibióticos diferentes durante o período de internação. CONCLUSÃO: A população infantil deve ser acompanhada por meio de inquéritos que possam subsidiar políticas de saúde que atendam suas necessidades. É necessária a capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos no cuidado da criança desnutrida, recursos materiais e financeiros, a fim diminuir o número de diagnósticos inespecíficos e evitar o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos, sendo imprescindível uma política de controle efetiva no uso da politerapia antimicrobiana.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of child malnutrition is declining worldwide, but still affects millions of children, especially indigenous people. Due to the high number of infectious diseases associated with malnutrition, antibiotic therapy is part of the recommended therapy. OBJECTIVE: To observe the cases of malnutrition among hospitalized indigenous and non-indigenous children and the therapy used during treatment. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, pharmacoepidemiological, carried out with information extracted from medical records filed from January 2012 to December 2014 of a public hospital. RESULTS: 166 children participated, with the number of indigenous children being approximately six times higher than that of nonindigenous children. There was a higher prevalence among infants and children under one year of age who were more likely to be hospitalized for malnutrition. The most frequent diagnoses of malnutrition were nonspecific, with a significant proportion of deaths related to diagnosis E43. The most common infections were of the digestive and respiratory system. Indigenous children were almost five times more likely to have respiratory infection. The highest proportion received up to three antibiotics, with children receiving more than seven different antibiotics during the hospitalization period. CONCLUSION: The child population must be accompanied by surveys that can subsidize health policies that meet their needs. It is necessary to train the professionals involved in the care of malnourished children, material and financial resources, in order to reduce the number of non-specific diagnoses and to avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, a policy of effective control in the use of antimicrobial polytherapy is essential.

Performance of diagnostic tests for pulmonary tuberculosis in indigenous populations in Brazil: the contribution of Rapid Molecular Testing / Desempenho de testes para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar em populações indígenas no Brasil: a contribuição do Teste Rápido Molecular

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of rapid molecular testing as a diagnostic tool and estimate the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis among the indigenous population. Methods: This is an epidemiological study based on secondary data. We calculated the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1st, 2011 and December 31, 2016, and the performance of bacilloscopy and rapid molecular testing in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis compared to sputum culture (standard test). Results: We included 4,048 cases of indigenous people with respiratory symptoms who provided sputum samples for analysis. Among them, 3.7%, 6.7%, and 3.7% had positive results for bacilloscopy, sputum culture, and rapid molecular testing, respectively. The mean incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 269.3/100 thousand inhabitants. Rapid molecular testing had 93.1% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity, compared to sputum culture. Bacilloscopy showed 55.1% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. Conclusions: Rapid molecular testing can be useful in remote areas with limited resources and a high incidence of tuberculosis, such as indigenous villages in rural regions of Brazil. In addition, the main advantages of rapid molecular testing are its easy handling, fast results, and the possibility of detecting rifampicin resistance. Together, these attributes enable the early start of treatment, contributing to reduce the transmission in communities recognized as vulnerable to infection and disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia do teste rápido molecular como ferramenta diagnóstica e estimar a incidência de casos pulmonares positivos entre a população indígena. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico baseado em dados secundários. Foi calculada a incidência de casos de tuberculose pulmonar positiva entre 1° de janeiro de 2011 e 31 de dezembro de 2016, e o desempenho da baciloscopia e do teste rápido molecular no diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar, em comparação à cultura de escarro (teste padrão). Resultados: Foram incluídos 4.048 casos de indígenas considerados sintomáticos respiratórios, que forneceram amostras de escarro para análise. Destes, 3,7%, 6,7% e 3,7% apresentaram resultados positivos para baciloscopia, cultura e teste rápido molecular, respectivamente. A incidência média de tuberculose pulmonar foi de 269,3/100 mil habitantes. A sensibilidade do teste rápido molecular, em relação à cultura, foi 93,1% e a especificidade foi 98,2%. A baciloscopia apresentou sensibilidade 55,1% e especificidade 99,6%. Conclusões: O teste rápido molecular pode ser útil em áreas remotas, com recursos limitados e incidência de tuberculose elevada, como as aldeias indígenas nas áreas rurais do país. Ademais, o teste rápido molecular apresenta como principais vantagens o fácil manuseio, os resultados rápidos e a possibilidade de identificar a resistência à rifampicina. Em conjunto, esses atributos facilitam o início do tratamento precoce, contribuindo para reduzir a transmissão em comunidades reconhecidamente vulneráveis à infecção e à doença.

Oclusão dentária em populações indígenas / Dental occlusion in indigenous population

As doenças bucais são grandes problemas de saúde pública em todas as regiões do mundo e o maior peso dessas doenças é vivenciado por grupos populacionais desfavorecidos. Dentro desses problemas, as oclusopatias apresentam elevada prevalência, ficando atrás apenas da cárie dentária e problemas periodontais. Estudos antropológicos apontam para uma menor exigência do sistema mastigatório nas populações de grandes cidades, resultando em dentições com menor função e eficiência mastigatória e um aumento na prevalência e severidade das oclusopatias. Os povos indígenas no Brasil têm passado também, nas últimas décadas, por uma mudança no modo de viver, na alimentação e no perfil epidemiológico. Os estudos sobre as condições de saúde bucal dos povos indígenas se concentram em doenças como a cárie dentária e a doença periodontal. Há poucos relatos de estudos sobre oclusopatias em indígenas, mas isso tem instigado pesquisadores desde 1964. Foi realizada a busca na literatura de artigos que relatassem aspectos sobre oclusão dentária de povos indígenas no Brasil. Nos estudos encontrados, observa-se a diversidade de padrões relacionados à oclusão dentária. A utilização de metodologias distintas dificulta a comparação entre a prevalência dos vários tipos de má oclusão nas diferentes regiões e grupos étnicos. Conclui-se que mais estudos são necessários para conhecer o perfil epidemiológico das populações indígenas no Brasil no que se refere às oclusopatias e deve-se buscar mecanismos para que os estudos utilizem uma mesma metodologia, de forma a facilitar a comparação entre dados de diferentes estudos.

Oral diseases are major public health problems in all regions of the world and the greatest burden of these diseases is experienced by disadvantaged population groups. Within these problems, the occlusopathies present a high prevalence, behind only dental caries and periodontal problems. Anthropological studies report a lower requirement of the masticatory system in the populations of large cities, resulting in dentitions with less function and masticatory efficiency and an increase in the prevalence and severity of the malocclusion. Indigenous population in Brazil, in the last decades, have also gone through changes in their way of living, in the diet and in the epidemiological profile. Studies on the oral health conditions of indigenous peoples focus on diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. There are few reports of studies on occlusion in indigenous people, but this has instigated researchers since 1964. A search was made in the literature for articles that reported aspects about dental occlusion of indigenous population in Brazil in the period from 1964 to 2015. In the studies the diversity of dental occlusion-related patterns was observed. The use of different methodologies makes it difficult to compare the prevalence of various types of malocclusion in different regions and ethnic groups. It is concluded that more studies are needed to know the epidemiological profile of the indigenous population in Brazil regarding the malocclusion; and mechanisms should be sought so that the studies use the same methodology, in order to facilitate the comparison of data from different studies.

El 'humor' de los indios en el saber médico de los siglos XVI-XVII / Indian 'humor' in medical knowledge during the 16th and 17th centuries

During the first Modern Era (15th-17th c.), bodily health and expressions of physiognomy were explained under the doctrine of humors. This doctrine -based on Corpus Hipocraticum-established a close relation between humors (blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile), qualities (dry, moist, warm, and cold) and the elements (water, air, earth, and fire). One of these humors -black bile-, commonly a hallmark of the melancholic temperament, was associated to the complexion and nature of American Indians. This accusation was legitimized by the empirical examination of the physiognomy of a subject that was melancholic, sad and pusillanimous. In this article, we describe, based on the analysis of colonial texts (16th-17th c.), how the essential premises of the humor theory were transferred to the New World and in particular and how the Indian complexion was defined through the examination of subjects plagued by black humor and phlegm. With this, we determine the way these individuals -referred as 'Indians'- were inscribed in medical knowledge, during the global spread of the Hippocratic-Galenic postulates.

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central / Anemia and hemoglobin levels among Indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de anemia, os níveis médios de hemoglobina e os principais fatores nutricionais, demográficos e socioeconômicos associados em crianças Xavante, em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se inquérito em duas comunidades indígenas Xavante na Terra Indígena Pimentel Barbosa visando avaliar todas as crianças com menos de dez anos. Foram coletados dados de concentração de hemoglobina, antropometria e aspectos socioeconômicos/demográficos por meio de avaliação clínica e questionário estruturado. Utilizaram-se os pontos de corte recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a classificação de anemia. Análises de regressão linear com hemoglobina como desfecho e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta com presença ou não de anemia como desfechos foram realizadas (intervalo de confiança de 95% -IC95%). Resultados: Os menores valores médios de hemoglobina ocorreram nas crianças com menos de dois anos, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. A anemia atingiu 50,8% das crianças, prevalecendo aquelas com menos de dois anos 2 anos (77,8%). A idade associou-se inversamente à ocorrência de anemia (razão de prevalência - RP - ajustada = 0,60; IC95% 0,38 - 0,95) e os valores médios de hemoglobina aumentaram significativamente conforme o incremento da idade. Os maiores valores de escores z de estatura-para-idade reduziam em 1,8 vez a chance de ter anemia (RP ajustada = 0,59; IC95% 0,34 - 1,00). A presença de outra criança com anemia no domicílio aumentou em 52,9% a probabilidade de ocorrência de anemia (RP ajustada = 1,89; IC95% 1,16 - 3,09). Conclusão: Elevados níveis de anemia nas crianças Xavante sinalizam a disparidade entre esses indígenas e a população brasileira geral. Os resultados sugerem que a anemia é determinada por relações complexas e variáveis entre fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e biológicos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia, mean hemoglobin levels, and the main nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors among Xavante children in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methods: A survey was conducted with children under 10 years of age in two indigenous Xavante communities within the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve. Hemoglobin concentration levels, anthropometric measurements, and socioeconomic/demographic data were collected by means of clinical measurements and structured interviews. The cut-off points recommended by the World Health Organization were used for anemia classification. Linear regression analyses with hemoglobin as the outcome and Poisson regression with robust variance and with the presence or absence of anemia as outcomes were performed (95%CI). Results: Lower mean hemoglobin values were observed in children under 2 years of age, without a significant difference between sexes. Anemia was observed among 50.8% of children overall, with the highest prevalence among children under 2 years of age (77.8%). Age of the child was inversely associated with the occurrence of anemia (adjusted PR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.38-0.95) and mean hemoglobin values increased significantly with age. Greater height-for-age z-score values reduced the probability of having anemia by 1.8 times (adjusted PR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.34-1.00). Presence of another child with anemia within the household increased the probability of the occurrence of anemia by 52.9% (adjusted PR = 1.89; 95%CI 1.16-3.09). Conclusion: Elevated levels of anemia among Xavante children reveal a disparity between this Indigenous population and the national Brazilian population. Results suggest that anemia is determined by complex and variable relationships between socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and biological factors.

Situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise com base nos dados do Sinan entre 2003 e 2012 com foco nos povos indígenas / Epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis about Sinan's data between 2003 and 2012 focusing on indigenous peoples

RESUMO: Objetivo: O trabalho analisa a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul, com enfoque na população indígena, com base no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), entre 2003 e 2012. Métodos: Os casos notificados de tuberculose foram analisados conforme faixa etária, sexo, zona de residência, tipo de entrada, meios de diagnóstico, forma clínica, realização do anti-HIV, acompanhamento, tratamento supervisionado (TDO), encerramento e raça/cor. Resultados: As maiores taxas de incidência no período foram descritas pelos grupos de raça/cor preta, amarela e indígena. Os casos acometeram principalmente homens adultos que residiam em zonas urbanas. Indígenas apresentaram maior percentual de notificações em menores de 10 anos (12%). Nas baciloscopias de controle, informações ausentes e exames não realizados somaram mais de 50% em todo o período e grupos. A cura foi mais prevalente entre brancos (66,2%); indígenas, pardos e pretos tiveram os menores índices de cura: 59,4, 58,4 e 60%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A tuberculose é um grave problema de saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, e as ações de diagnóstico, acompanhamento e tratamento dos casos não vêm ocorrendo como preconizadas. A situação indígena guarda semelhanças e diferenças em comparação com o observado em outras regiões do país, permanecendo contudo francamente desfavorável perante os demais grupos. Por fim, destacam-se marcantes desigualdades entre os grupos de raça/cor. Enquanto indígenas e pretos ocupam, em termos gerais, as piores posições no quadro, os brancos, a melhor.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This article analyzes the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, emphasizing the indigenous population. The data are based on the Information System of Grievance Notification (Sinan) between 2003 and 2012. Methods: The notified cases of tuberculosis were analyzed according to age, sex, zone of residence, input type, means of diagnosis, clinical form, anti-HIV exam, medical care, supervised treatment (in Portuguese, TDO), closure, and race. Results: The highest incidence rates in the period were among Afro-Brazilians, yellow, and indigenous peoples. The cases affected mainly adult men living in urban areas. Indigenous peoples showed the highest rates of notifications among people aged less than 10 years (12%). In the sputum test, missing information and not-performed exams reached more than 50.0% in all periods and groups. The cure was more prevalent among white people (66.2%); indigenous, brown, and Afro-Brazilian people presented the lowest cure rates: 59.4, 58.4, and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is one of the biggest problems in Rio Grande do Sul. The actions of diagnosis, clinical form, and treatment of the cases have not been implemented as proposed. The indigenous peoples' situation is similar and diverse at the same time in comparison with other peoples from different areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, it is unfavorable on a balanced evaluation of the whole scenario. Furthermore, the discrepancies among races are evident: the indigenous and Afro-Brazilian peoples fill the spread sheet, in general terms, on the worst situation, whereas the white people fill the data with the best health situation.

Assistência prestada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde de Teresina à população indígena do Maranhão, 2011: um estudo descritivo / Healthcare provided to Indigenous people from the Northeast Brazilian state of Maranhão by the Unified Health System in Teresina-PI in 2011: a descriptive study / Asistencia prestada por el Sistema Único de Salud de Teresina a la población indígena de Maranhão, noreste de Brasil, en 2011: un estudio descriptivo

OBJETIVO: descrever o acesso aos serviços de saúde pelos índios das etnias Kanela e Guajajara e sua satisfação com a assistência prestada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo sobre amostra não probabilística de indígenas do município de Barra do Corda, estado do Maranhão, assistidos em Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil, em 2011; foi utilizado um questionário sobre os serviços de saúde utilizados com frequência, e as formas, facilidades e dificuldades no acesso a esses serviços. RESULTADOS: responderam ao formulário 67 chefes de família; destes, 48 utilizaram hospital e 43 referiram satisfação com os serviços; entre aqueles que utilizaram internações hospitalares, 17 consideraram a alimentação oferecida no hospital diferente dos costumes ou ruim, e 28 não dormiram conforme o hábito em suas aldeias. CONCLUSÃO: o acesso aos serviços do SUS foi facilitado pelos profissionais e a maioria sentiu-se satisfeita com o atendimento recebido.

OBJECTIVE: to describe access to health services by Indians of Kanela and Guajajara ethnic groups and their satisfaction with care provided by the Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS: a descriptive study of a non-probabilistic sample of Indigenous people living in Barra do Corda, State of Maranhão, receiving SUS healthcare in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, in 2011; a questionnaire was administered on frequently used health services, forms of access and ease or difficultly in accessing them. RESULTS: 67 heads of family replied; 48 of them had used hospitals and 43 were satisfied with the services; among those admitted to hospital, 17 considered the meals offered there different to their customs or bad and 28 did not sleep as they traditionally did in their villages. CONCLUSION: access to SUS was facilitated by health professionals and the majority were satisfied with the care received.

OBJETIVO: describir el acceso a los servicios de salud por los indios de etnias Kanela y Guajajara, y su satisfacción acerca de la asistencia proporcionada por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de una muestra no probabilística de indígenas del municipio de Barra do Corda, Estado de Maranhão, y asistida en Teresina, Estado de Piauí, Brasil, en 2011; fue utilizado un cuestionario sobre los servicios de salud, formas de acceso, facilidades y dificultades de acceso. RESULTADOS: respondieron 67 jefes de familia, de estos, 48 utilizaron hospitales y43dijeronqueestaban satisfechos con los servicios recibidos; entre los que utilizaron los servicios hospitalarios, 17 refirieron que las comidas que se ofrecen en el hospital son diferente de la habitual o malay 28 no dormían como era el hábito en sus aldeas. CONCLUSIÓN: el acceso al SUS fue facilitado por los profesionales y la mayoríaestaba contento conla atención recibida.

Estimadores de mezcla amerindia basados en métodos serológicos y moleculares / Amerindian admixture estimation based on serological and molecular methods

Background: Amerindian admixture is an important parameter to consider in epidemiological studies in American countries, to make a proper selection of cases and controls. Aim: To compare Amerindian admixture estimates obtained using ABO*A and ABO*O blood group alleles and ancestral identity markers (AIMs) in the mixed Chilean population. Subjects and Methods: Amerindian admixture rates were determined in 720 Chilean volunteers residing in Arica and born in the 15 regions of the country, using ABO*O and ABO*A alleles and 40 AIMs selected from more than 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP´s). Results: Mean admixture estimates obtained using ABO*O and ABO*A alleles and AIM s were 35, 47% and 48% respectively. There was concordance in estimates, with the exception of the admixture based on ABO*O allele and AIMs. Conclusions: In Chile, Amerindian admixture estimates obtained using ABO*A could be used as an alternative to AIMs in justified cases provided the sample size is reasonably large.

Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en individuos de etnia Mapuche residentes en zonas rurales y urbanas de Chile / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mapuche individuals living in urban and rural environment in Chile

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) increases the risk of diabetes and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the prevalence of MS could differ by ethnicity and lifestyle factors. Aim: To determine the prevalence of MS in Mapuche individuals living in urban and rural environments in Chile and to investigate whether the prevalence and risk of MS in urban and rural environments differs by sex, age and nutritional status. Material and Methods: A total of 1077 Mapuche participants were recruited from urban (MU = 288) and rural (MR = 789) settings. Body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure serum glucose, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol. The prevalence of MS was determined using the unified IDF and ATP-III criteria. Results: An environment and sex interaction was found for the prevalence of MS (p = 0.042). The prevalence was significantly lower in male MR (13%) compared to other groups (22, 23 and 25% among female MR, female MU and male MU respectively). Also, the prevalence of central obesity and low HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in male MR. MU are at an increased risk of developing MS compared to MR, with an odds ratio of 1.59 (95% confidence intervals 1.1 to 2.2). This risk increases along with age or body mass index of the population. Conclusions: The adoption of an urbanized lifestyle increases the risk of developing MS in Mapuche individuals. This risk is enhanced by age and nutritional status.

Variables perinatales de recién nacidos de madres Aymara sugieren adaptación genética a la altura / Perinatal variables from newborns of Aymara mothers suggest a genetic adaptation to high altitude

Background: Studies performed in Andean populations living in high altitude, indicate that the reduced availability of oxygen could be associated to both a fetal growth retardation and a lower birth weight. These variables are predictive of morbidity and mortality during the first year of life. Aim: To study perinatal variables of newborns of mothers living at contrasting altitudinal levels, harboring different degrees of Aymara ancestry. Subjects and Methods: Review of medical records of 5,295 women whose deliveries occurred between February 2004 and August 2010. Information was obtained on place of residence, grouped into two categories: coast (150 to 3,000 m) and high plateau (3,000 to 4,300 m), ancestry was estimated using number of Aymara surnames that were homologated to percentages of Amerindian admixture, gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference and obstetric variables. Results: Gestational age showed a tendency to increase and birth weight, height and head circumference to decrease with altitude of residence. Only weight reached statistical significance. Women with Aymara ancestry gave birth to children with a significantly higher gestational age, weight and cranial circumference. Conclusions: Altitude of residence is related to a decrease in perinatal variables that proved to be less pronounced in newborns of mothers with a higher degree of Aymara ancestry. Results suggest a genetic adaptation to hypoxia that could be related to candidate genes linked to the capture, transport or utilization of oxygen.

Prevalência de alterações citológicas cervicais em indígenas do extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira / Prevalence of cervical cellular atypia in indigenous women from nothern amazonian region – Brazil

Introdução: Apesar de a saúde indígena ser apontada como prioritária por organizações de saúde, estudos sobreprevalência de lesões pré-malignas e malignas do colo do útero nas populações nativas do Brasil são escassos. Mais de 15% da população de Roraima é formada por indígenas aldeadas, mas seu risco de câncer do colo do útero é desconhecido. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de lesões citológicas pré-malignas ou malignas do colo do útero de indígenas aldeadasnos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) Leste e Yanomami, no extremo Norte da Amazônia Brasileira.Método: Estudo descritivo. Revisão de registros e exames patológicos de mulheres indígenas aldeadas submetidas a exame citopatológico na Casa de Saúde do Índio (RR), entre 2004 e 2012. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONE P). Resultados: Foram incluídas 2.701 indígenas, 74% de indígenas do DSEI Leste (Macuxi e Wapichana) e 26% de indígenas do DSEI Yanomami. A prevalência de LSIL foi 3,0%, HSIL 4,6% e câncer invasivo 1,1%. Nas indígenas Yanomami, houve maior prevalência da situação nunca antes rastreada (77,9% vs 55,0%) e de citologia sugestiva de câncer (2,0% vs 0,8%), sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa.Conclusão: Este estudo chama atenção para a elevada prevalência de lesões cervicais pré-malignas e malignas emindígenas Yanomami (mais isoladas geográfica e culturalmente), comparadas com as indígenas do DSEI Leste. Estudos prospectivos avaliando os determinantes epidemiológicos e biológicos da infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV) são necessários para melhor entendimento dessa susceptibilidade

Introduction: Despite the indigenous health being recognized as priority by health organizations, studies on theprevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in native populations of Brazil are scarce. In Roraima – Brazil,more than 15% of the population is constituted by indigenous people, but their risk of cervical cancer is unknown.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of premalignant or malignant cervical cytological lesions in indigenous womenfrom Special Sanitary Yanomami and Eastern District, in the northern Brazilian Amazonian region. Method: Adescriptive study and medical records and pathological examinations of indigenous women review that underwentcytopathological screening in the House of Indigenous Health – RR, between 2004 and 2012. The study was approvedby National Commission on Ethics in Research (CONEP). Results: 2,701 indigenous were included, 74% fromEastern Special Sanitary District (ethnic groups Makushi and Wapichana) and 26% from Yanomami Special SanitaryDistrict. The prevalence of LSIL was 3.0%, HSIL 4.6% and 1.1% of invasive cancer. In the Yanomami group, therewas a higher prevalence of the status of never been screened before (77.9% vs 55.0%) and a higher prevalence ofa cytology suggestive of cancer (2.0% vs 0.8%), statistically significant. Conclusion: This study draws attention tothe high prevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in indigenous Yanomami (more geographicallyand culturally isolated) when compared to the indigenous from Eastern Special Sanitary District. Prospective studiesevaluating the epidemiological and biological determinants of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are needed forbetter understanding of this susceptibility.

Indigenous nurses: participation of nursing technicians and auxiliary in indigenous health care services / Indígenas como profesionales de enfermería: la participación de técnicos y auxiliares en los servicios de atención a la salud indígena / Indígenas como trabalhadores de enfermagem: a participação de técnicos e auxiliares nos serviços de atenção à saúde indígena

The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of Indigenous nursing technicians and aides in Indigenous health care services offered in the Xapecó Reserve, Santa Catarina, Brazil, focusing on the training and activities executed. Data collection (participant observation and interviews) and analysis were based on the ethnographic method. Sixteen key informants were interviewed, including nursing technicians and aides, training instructors, staff nurses and health service users. The training courses contained little or no emphasis on local knowledge and health practices. Other than the role of facilitator and mediator between the health team and community, the activities performed by the Indigenous nursing technicians and aides differed little from those of non-Indigenous people in the same categories. In this context, both the training of these workers and the activities executed by them reinforce the clinical curative model, which hinders articulation with local knowledge and Indigenous health practices, a principle of the National Policy of Health Care for Indigenous People.

El estudio analizó la participación del técnico y auxiliar indígena de enfermería en los servicios de salud de la Tierra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, con énfasis en la formación y actividades realizadas. La recolección de datos (por observación participante y entrevistas) y análisis siguió el método etnográfico. Participaron en las entrevistas 16 informantes clave, entre los auxiliares y técnicos, profesores en los cursos de formación, enfermeros del equipo y los usuarios del servicio. Los cursos de formación tuvieron poco o ningún énfasis en el conocimiento y en las prácticas locales de salud. Los indígenas con formación de auxiliar o técnicos en enfermería realizaban actividades similares a las realizadas por profesionales no indígenas en la misma categoría. Sin embargo, los indígenas asumían la función de facilitadores e interlocutores entre el equipo y la comunidad. En este contexto, la formación de estos trabajadores y las actividades realizadas refuerzan el modelo clínico curativo, lo que dificulta la articulación con el conocimiento local y las prácticas de salud indígena, base de la Política Nacional de Atención de Salud a los Pueblos Indígenas.

O estudo objetivou analisar a participação do técnico e auxiliar indígena de enfermagem nos serviços de saúde da Terra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, focando formação e atividades executadas. A coleta dos dados (observação participante e entrevistas) e a análise seguiram o método etnográfico. Foram entrevistados 16 informantes-chave, dentre auxiliares e técnicos, docentes dos cursos de formação, enfermeiros e usuários do serviço. Os cursos de formação tinham pouca ou nenhuma ênfase nos conhecimentos e práticas locais de saúde. Os indígenas formados em enfermagem, nível médio, executavam atividades análogas àquelas exercidas pelo profissional não-indígena da mesma categoria. Atuavam, ainda, como facilitadores e interlocutores entre a equipe de saúde e a comunidade. No contexto estudado, a formação desses trabalhadores e as atividades executadas reforçam o modelo clínico curativista, que dificulta a articulação com os saberes e práticas locais indígenas de saúde, base da Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas.

Atenção à saúde bucal nas comunidades indígenas: evolução e desafios - uma revisão de literatura / Oral health care in indigenous communities: evolution and challenges - a literature review

Objetivo: Este artigo de revisão de literatura tem como objetivo apontar os aspectos relativos à atenção à saúde bucal nas comunidades indígenas, destacando-se a evolução e os desafios. Material e Métodos: O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases de dados: Pubmed, SciELO, BBO e LILACS. Resultados: O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena tem apresentado evoluções desde sua implantação. A criação de uma nova Secretaria no Ministério da Saúde, a Secretaria Especial de Atenção à Saúde Indígena, responsável exclusivamente pela atenção à saúde dos povos indígenas, vem ao encontro dos anseios dessas comunidades, dos profissionais e gestores, na expectativa de uma atenção em saúde integral e diferenciada. Uma das primeiras iniciativas desta Secretaria consistiu na implantação do Brasil Sorridente Indígena, visando acesso ao atendimento odontológico nas aldeias, estruturando e qualificando os serviços de saúde bucal e garantindo assistência odontológica integral a estes povos. Os desafios para o atendimento odontológico em área indígena são diversos, posto que aspectos geográficos, linguísticos e culturais representam dificuldades na atenção à saúde dessa população. Conclusão: É importante que o profissional adquira competência cultural, transcendendo os limites de um modelo assistencialista com foco no individuo, privilegiando a prevenção com o olhar voltado à coletividade, respeitando e valorizando os aspectos sociais e culturais dos povos indígenas.

Objective: The aim of this literature review is to investigate aspects on oral health care in indigenous communities, highlighting the progress and challenges. Material and Methods The literature search was conducted in the databases: PubMed, SciELO, BBO and LILACS. Results: The Subsystem for Indigenous Healthcare has evolved since its inception. The creation of a new department within the Ministry of Health, the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Healthcare, responsible solely for health care of indigenous people, aimed to meet the expectations of these communities, professionals and managers regarding comprehensive and differentiated health care. One of the first initiatives of the Department was establishing the Indigenous Smiling Brazil program, which has the purpose of providing access to dental care in the local settlements by improving the structure and quality of oral health services, and by ensuring comprehensive dental care for these people. The challenges of providing dental care in indigenous areas are diverse, due to difficult geographical, linguistic and cultural aspects. Conclusion: It is important for health professionals to acquire cultural competence, and to transcend the boundaries of an assistance model focused on the individual, emphasizing prevention under a collective view, respecting and valuing social and cultural aspects of indigenous peoples.

Riesgo de déficit atencional/hiperactividad en escolares Aymara, Rapa-Nui y de Santiago de Chile: Posible contribución de polimorfismos genéticos del sistema dopaminérgico / Risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Aymara and Rapa-Nui school children: Association with dopaminergic system polymorphisms

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurobiological disorder of childhood onset, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness or inattentiveness. Aim: To search for differences in risk for ADHD and its components among Chilean native and mixed populations and to look forpossible associations with dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transporter 1 (DAT1) polymorphisms. Material and Methods: School teachers were requested to complete the Conners test, which uses DSM-IV criteria, to screen for ADHD risk among Aymara and Rapa-Nui students. Results: Rapa-Nui children from Easter Island had the highest risk of hyperactivity/impulsiveness. Aymara children from the Arica-Parinacota Region had lower scores. Although inattentiveness scores had lower differences between groups, overall ADHD score differences among studied populations were highly significant. DRD4 and DAT1 alleles had a heterogeneous distribution. Easter islanders had more divergent frequencies, mostprobably as a result of separate migration routes utilized at different timeperiods during the colonization of America and Polynesia. Conclusions: The comparison of ADHD risk parameters between Rapa-Nui and Aymara children showed marked differences. Allele distri-bution of dopamine polymorphisms in Easter Island was also significantly different from northern Chile, due probably to different colonization histories. These findings suggest that higher ADHD risk scores in Easter Island children may be linked to the presence of different DRD4 alleles.

Experiencia de interacción en trabajo decampo en una zona rural colombiana / Experiência de interação em trabalho de campo numa zona rural colombiana / Interaction experience in field work in a Colombian rural zone

Se describe la experiencia de trabajo de campo de la investigadora con indígenas Embera Chamí en el municipio de Jardín Antioquia, Colombia, las implicaciones de las relaciones de campo, el acercamiento a los participantes, ya sean individuos, grupos o comunidades y sociedades; y, narra, específicamente, la introducción y orientación en el campo, la interacción con las personas, la observación de normas, la organización de la vida diaria, semanal y mensual, así como los roles y las relaciones de reciprocidad en el campo.

The field work experience as a researcher with Ember Chamí Indians in the city of Jardín Antioquia, Colombia is shared. Work field implications, participants’ approach as individuals, groups or communities and societies. It tells specifically the introduction, field orientation, interaction with people, rule observation, daily, weekly and monthly life organization, as well as the roles and reciprocity relationships in the field.

É descrita a experiência de trabalho de campo como pesquisadora com indígenas Embera Chamí no município de Jardim Antioquia, Colômbia, os envolvimentos das relações do campo, a aproximação aos participantes, já sejam indivíduos, grupos ou comunidades e sociedades; e, narra, especificamente, a introdução e orientação no campo, a interação com as pessoas, a observação de normas, a organização da vida diária, semanal e mensal, bem como os papéis e as relações de reciprocidade no campo.