Estratégia nacional de inovação: uma breve contribuição para sua efetividade sob a perspectiva de acumulação de capacidade tecnológica / Estrategia nacional de innovación: una breve contribución a su efectividad desde la perspectiva de la acumulación de capacidad tecnológica / National innovation strategy: A brief contribution to its effectiveness from the perspective of technological capability accumulation

Resumo A acumulação de um conjunto de habilidades e recursos intensivos em conhecimento para mudar tecnologias existentes ou para criar novas tecnologias, ou seja, a capacidade tecnológica, em nível de empresas e indústrias, é um dos insumos vitais para a transição de países para níveis progressivamente mais elevados de desenvolvimento industrial e de renda per capita. Esse tema tem integrado a agenda governamental e empresarial de vários países que realizaram essa transição de maneira exitosa. Porém, as diversas políticas públicas de inovação implementadas no Brasil durante as últimas décadas, assim como os diferentes estudos e debates sobre os resultados limitados gerados por essas políticas, têm dispensado um tratamento limitado à acumulação de capacidade tecnológica de empresas e indústrias como uma das fontes primárias do aumento da taxa de inovação e do crescimento sustentado da economia. Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma base analítica no intuito de contribuir para a efetividade de uma estratégia nacional de inovação centrada na acumulação de capacidade tecnológica em nível de empresas e indústrias. Essa base analítica pode contribuir para a aferição do retorno das políticas de incentivo à inovação em termos de acumulação de capacidade tecnológica para inovações significativas.

Resumen La acumulación de un conjunto de habilidades y recursos intensivos en conocimiento para cambiar las tecnologías existentes o crear nuevas tecnologías, es decir, la capacidad tecnológica, en el ámbito empresarial e industrial, es uno de los insumos vitales para la transición de los países hacia niveles cada vez más altos de desarrollo industrial y de ingreso per cápita. Este tema ha integrado la agenda gubernamental y empresarial de varios países que hicieron exitosamente esta transición. Sin embargo, las diversas políticas públicas de innovación implementadas en Brasil durante las últimas décadas, así como los diferentes estudios y debates sobre los limitados resultados generados por estas políticas, han dado un tratamiento limitado a la acumulación de capacidad tecnológica por parte de empresas e industrias como una de las fuentes principales del aumento de la tasa de innovación y del crecimiento sostenido de la economía. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una base analítica para contribuir a la efectividad de una estrategia nacional de innovación centrada en la acumulación de capacidad tecnológica en el ámbito empresarial e industrial. Esta base analítica puede contribuir a la evaluación del retorno de las políticas de incentivos a la innovación en términos de acumulación de capacidad tecnológica para innovaciones significativas.

Abstract Technological capability refers to knowledge-intensive skills and resources to change existing technologies or to create new ones. The accumulation of such capability by companies and industries has been part of governments' and businesses' agendas as it is vital for countries' industrial development and increase of per capita income. However, the various public innovation policies implemented in Brazil over the last few decades and the different studies and debates on their limited outcomes failed to address the accumulation of technological capabilities by companies and industries as one of the primary sources for the increase in the rate of innovation and the sustained growth of the economy. This article presents an analytical framework to contribute to the effectiveness of a national innovation strategy centred on the accumulation of technological capability at the level of companies and industries. This analytical framework can contribute to assessing the return on public innovation policies regarding the accumulation of technological capability to develop significant innovations.

Application of "major scientific issues and engineering technology difficulties in traditional Chinese medicine(2019-2021)" in national science and t echnology layout / 中国中药杂志

In order to judge the future development trend of science and technology, plan ahead and lay out the frontier technology fields and directions, China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM) has launched consultation projects for collecting "major scienti-fic issues and engineering technology difficulties in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)" for the industry for three consecutive years since 2019. Up to now, 18 projects have been selected as major issues for research, and some experience and achievements have been made. These projects have been applied in important scientific and technological work such as scientific and technological planning and deployment at all levels of national, local, and scientific research institutions, the selection and cultivation of major national scientific and technological projects, and the construction of innovation bases, giving full play to the role of the think tank advisory committee of CACM. This study reviewed the selection of major issues for the first time, systematically combed its application in the national layout of science and technology, and put forward the existing problems and improvement suggestions, aiming to provide new ideas for further improving the selection of major issues and research direction, providing a theoretical basis and decision support for the national scientific and technological layout in the field of TCM, and promoting scientific and technological innovation to facilitate the high quality development of TCM.

Mudanças recentes e continuidade da dependência tecnológica e econômica na indústria farmacêutica no Brasil / Recent changes and continuity of technological and economic dependency in the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil / Cambios recientes y continuidad de la dependencia tecnológica y económica en la industria farmacéutica en Brasil

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre a indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, no período recente, realizada no âmbito do projeto multicêntrico Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde, Inovação e Dinâmica Capitalista: Desafios Estruturais para a Construção do Sistema Universal de Saúde no Brasil. Os quatro componentes estudados sobre a evolução da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil foram: as políticas industriais do Estado; as mudanças na composição financeira e patrimonial das empresas de capital nacional, a evolução da produção; e o comportamento da balança comercial. As análises levaram em consideração o marco teórico proposto por Luiz Filgueiras e Reinaldo Gonçalves a respeito da implantação de um "modelo liberal e periférico" na economia brasileira a partir dos anos 1990. Foram levantados e analisados dados sobre: a situação das Parcerias de Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP) para medicamentos entre 2009 e 2020; da Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), entre 1996 e 2018; e os dados da evolução da balança comercial do setor entre 1996 e 2019. Os resultados evidenciam que a agenda do Estado para o setor favoreceu o crescimento da produção de medicamentos genéricos, dos medicamentos isentos de prescrição (MIP) e deu início a alguns projetos de transferência de tecnologia via PDPs para a produção de medicamentos biológicos e sintéticos. Apesar dessa evolução, o Brasil se mantém dependente da importação de insumos químicos e farmacêuticos e de medicamentos acabados. Isto nos mantém em situação de vulnerabilidade tecnológica e econômica em relação aos fornecedores mundiais, além de um aprofundamento do déficit da balança comercial do setor.

This article presents the results of a study on the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil in the recent period, as part of the multicenter project Health Economic-Industrial Complex, Innovation and Capitalist Dynamics: Structural Challenges for Construction of the Universal Health System in Brazil. The four components studied in the evolution of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry were: State industrial policies; changes in the financial and shareholding composition of companies with domestic capital; trends in production; and trade balance behavior. The analyses considered the theoretical framework proposed by Luiz Filgueiras and Reinaldo Gonçalves concerning the implementation of a "liberal and peripheral model" in the Brazilian economy since the 1990s. Data were collected and analyzed on the situation with the Product Development Partnerships (PDP) for medicines from 2009 to 2020 from the Annual Industrial Survey (PIA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 1996 to 2018 and data on the evolution of the sector's trade balance from 1996 to 2019. The results show that the State's agenda for the sector favored the growth in production of generic drugs and over-the-counter drugs and started some technology transfer projects via PDPs for production of biological and synthetic drugs. Despite this evolution, Brazil is still dependent on the importation of chemical and pharmaceutical inputs and finished drugs. This keeps Brazil in a situation of technological and economic vulnerability in relation to global suppliers, besides a growing trade deficit in the sector.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de investigación sobre la industria farmacéutica en Brasil, durante el período reciente, realizada en el ámbito del proyecto multicéntrico Complejo Económico-Industrial de la Salud, Innovación y Dinámica Capitalista: Desafíos Estructurales para la Construcción del Sistema Universal de Salud en Brasil. Los cuatro componentes estudiados sobre la evolución de la industria farmacéutica en Brasil fueron: las políticas industriales del Estado; los cambios en la composición financiera y patrimonial de las empresas de capital nacional, la evolución de la producción; y el comportamiento de la balanza comercial. Los análisis tuvieron en consideración el marco teórico propuesto por Luiz Filgueiras y Reinaldo Gonçalves, respecto a la implantación de un "modelo liberal y periférico" en la economía brasileña, a partir del año 1990. Se recabaron y analizaron datos sobre: la situación de las Colaboraciones de Desarrollo Productivo (PDP por su sigla en portugués) para medicamentos entre 2009 y 2020; de la Encuesta Industrial Anual (PIA), del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), entre 1996 y 2018; y los datos de la evolución de la balanza comercial del sector entre 1996 y 2019. Los resultados evidencian que la agenda del Estado para el sector favoreció el crecimiento de la producción de medicamentos genéricos, de los medicamentos exentos de prescripción (MIP) y comenzó algunos proyectos de transferencia de tecnología vía PDPs para la producción de medicamentos biológicos y sintéticos. A pesar de esa evolución, Brasil sigue siendo dependiente de la importación de insumos químicos y farmacéuticos y de medicamentos acabados. Esto nos mantiene en una situación de vulnerabilidad tecnológica y económica, en relación con los proveedores mundiales, además de una profundización del déficit de la balanza comercial del sector.

Progress and perspective of gene therapy / 药学实践杂志

Gene therapy is generally referred as a therapeutic method through modifying or manipulating gene expression and accordingly changing biological characteristics of living cells. With the substantial progress of vector delivery, gene editing and other relevant technologies, gene therapy has been widely applied in the research of genetic disorder, cancer and other refractory diseases. Gene therapy products have been approved in many countries and exhibited amazing therapeutic effectiveness. Big pharmaceutical companies have strategically entered this field along with many innovative entrepreneurs. Gene therapy has showed great market potential and prospect. In this review, research progresses, industrial developments, administration policies, as well as future expectations of the gene therapy were discussed.

Technical progress and industrial development of in vitro diagnostic / 中华检验医学杂志

In vitro diagnosis (IVD) is an important source of clinical diagnostic information, and provides an important decision basis for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. IVD is a necessary tool for promoting graded diagnosis and treatment, realizing precision medicine, constructing a "Healthy China" and responding to major public health emergencies. Combining the great progress made in the development of in vitro diagnostics in China and the shortcomings and weaknesses faced by it, this article analyzed the demand for IVD, policy support, technical and industrial development trends, and the ways to accelerate the industrialization development, aiming to promote the development and improvement of IVD in China.

Cultivation and breeding of industrial Cannabis sativa / 中国中药杂志

Cannabis sativa,with a long history of cultivation, is a traditional industrial crop widely used for food, textiles, and me-dicine. This study discussed industrial C. sativa and medicinal C. sativa. According to the characteristics of management policies of C. sativa in different periods, we divided the development stages of C. sativa into three stages and analyzed the changes in breeding and cultivation goals under the influence of policies. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis was carried out based on the breeding conditions of industrial C. sativa in China. Because of the vast territory of China, the differences in agricultural planting environment, economic development, and social development in the southern and northern areas result in different used parts of C. sativa. To be speci-fic, flowers and leaves are used in Yunnan, fiber in Heilongjiang, and seeds in Shanxi. The breeding of C. sativa varieties highlights fiber, seeds, or both of them. As the value of cannabidiol is explored, medicinal C. sativa has been approved in recent years. Based on the cultivation characteristics and value of industrial C. sativa, it is proposed that industrial C. sativa has a broad application prospect as an important industrial crop, and the existing products contain almost no tetrahydrocannabinol. The cultivation of C. sativa should be rationally guided to promote the development of the C. sativa industry. Moreover, it is recommended to actively apply advanced breeding techniques such as molecular breeding to overcome the problems of the uncertainty of the existing induced breeding and the excessively long hybrid breeding cycle, and develop high value-added applications such as medicinal products of C. sativa to enhance the exploitation of the economic value of C. sativa.

The Status of Industry and Supervision of Medical Devices for Human Assisted Reproductive Technology in China / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study summarizes the status of domestic industries of medical devices for assisted reproductive technology, product category, the status of product classification management, the status of technical review, the progress of quality evaluation technology, and the progress of standardization. The domestic industry of medical devices for assisted reproductive technology in my country has begun to take shape, and a solid foundation has been laid for standardization and supervision technology. These will become an important driving force and guarantee for the subsequent development of medical devices for assisted reproductive technology. Under the guidance of the new development concept and the trend of accelerating the construction of the main body of the domestic cycle, my country's independent and controllable assisted reproductive medical device industry is gaining momentum.

Study on the Subject M ining and Quantitative Evaluation o f Biomedical Industry Policy in National High-tech Industrial Development Zone / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To prov ide re ference for the development of biomedical industry in China. METHODS ：The policies and documents issued by 169 national high-tech industrial development zone （hereinafter reffered to as “National high-tech zone ”） official websites from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2019 were collected to screen policies specifically for the biomedical industry and the development policy of biomedical industry mentioned in all industrial policies. Excel 2019 software was used to summarize and analyze policy information. Gensim package was used to preprocess the policy texts and construct LDA topic model to extract the potential semantic information from the policy texts. RESULTS ：A total of 518 policy texts were collected ，including 58 617 effective words ；high-frequency words included project ，talent，support，subsidy，innovation，etc.；8 themes were extracted ， ranked by theme intensity as technological innovation ，talent construction ，financing support ，project financial support ，tax incentives，resource guidance ，export trade ，and construction of small and medium-sized enterprises ，with the intensities of 0.299， 0.168，0.134，0.116，0.113，0.063，0.058 and 0.049，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The biomedical industry policy of the national high-tech zone is mainly based on technological innovation ，talent construction and financing support ，and lacks attention to the construction of small and medium-sized enterprises ，resource guidance ，and export trade. In the future ，the national high-tech zone ’s policy support and system construction for the biomedical industry should focus on improving policy incentives and balancing the proportion of policy applications in various fields ；encourage enterprises to expand overseas markets ，learn overseas advanced technologies ，and strengthen multilateral cooperation in scientific research and other fields ；support the corresponding policies to enhance exchanges and cooperation between enterprises ，give play to the leading role of leading enterprises and famous brand products ，and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Research Status of High Functional Co-processed Excipients / 中国药学杂志

Co-processed excipients are enhanced in terms of fluidity, compactness, dilution, and compressibility by restructuring the structure and function of various excipients,which has become an important basis for the high quality and high level development of high quality pharmaceutical preparations, and also an important direction for the future development of excipient industry. This paper mainly summarizes the development history, technological advantages, influencing factors, design principles, preparation methods of co-processed excipients, and summarizes the current situation of industrial development of co-processed excipients, which provides a reference for the in-depth study of composite excipients.

Concept of Smart Regulation on Medical Devices under New Situation / 中国医疗器械杂志

The traditional regulation mode on medical devices has invalid and negative effect problems. In order to more effectively ensure safety and efficacy of medical devices, promote healthy industrial development, this paper puts forward the innovative concept of smart regulation on the basis of problem orientation. Compared with traditional regulatory mode, smart regulation focus on effectiveness, and pays attention to relationship between effective regulation with self-discipline and industrial development, has characteristics of improving pertinence, effectiveness, accuracy, speed and efficiency of regulation. This paper further elaborates implementation approaches and attentions of smart regulation, by the ways of strengthening credit management, intelligent regulation, professional regulation, promoting self-discipline and encouraging innovation.

Development situation and countermeasures of genuine Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata industry by SWOT model / 中草药

To clarify the present situation and the limiting factors of the development of the genuine Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata industry, which is important to fully explore the development potential of the genuine Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata industry and promote the adjustment and optimization of its industrial structure. Through SWOT model, the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges in the development process of genuine Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata industry were analyzed, and some suggestions on how to speed up the development of genuine Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata industry were put forward.

Um infusor autônomo para um expansor de pele subcutâneo / An autonomous infuser for a subcutaneous skin expander

Introdução: A expansão da pele é um processo fisiológico definido como a capacidade de aumentar sua área superficial em resposta a uma tensão ou a uma dada deformação. Para realizar a cirurgia reconstrutiva, os expansores de pele são implantados sob a pele e periodicamente infiltrados com uma solução salina para fornecer um retalho extra de pele. Quando o volume interno prescrito do expansor é alcançado, a cirurgia reconstrutiva é realizada. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo semiautomático e portátil para facilitar um procedimento de expansão da pele. O dispositivo tem como objetivo simplificar o processo de infiltração, proporcionando mobilidade e independência para o paciente, e assegurando ao médico a qualidade e a precisão das infiltrações realizadas. O dispositivo também permite expansão contínua em pacientes hospitalizados. Resultados: Usando um código, o médico tem acesso ao menu do dispositivo e define a pressão máxima e/ou o valor máximo para cada expansor do paciente. O paciente pode realizar a infiltração e ter acesso ao controle da velocidade de infiltração, reverter ou parar a operação. Todos os dados são gravados em um SIM Card e incluem data, hora, volumes inicial e final, e pressão inicial e final de cada procedimento para cada expansor. Conclusões: O dispositivo automatiza e otimiza a expansão, de modo que o que o médico possa prescrever um limite para cada expansão, seja uma pressão máxima ou voluma infiltrado. Todos os dados são gravados, fornecendo um importante banco de dados sobre o comportamento de pele relacionado a gênero, raça, idade e local da expansão.

Introduction: Skin expansion is a physiological process defined as the ability of human skin to increase its superficial area in response to a stress or given deformation. In reconstructive surgery, skin expanders are implanted beneath the skin and periodically infiltrated with a saline solution to provide an extra flap of skin. When the prescribed internal volume of the expander is reached, reconstructive surgery is performed. Methods: A semiautomatic and portable device was developed and built to facilitate a skin expansion procedure. The device aims to simplify the infiltration process, providing mobility and independence to the patient and assuring the physician of the infiltration quality and precision. The device also enables continuous expansion in hospitalized patients. Results: Using a code, the doctor accesses the menu of the device and sets the maximum pressure and/or value for each expander of the patient. The patient can control the infiltration velocity and reverse or stop the operation. All data are recorded on a simcard and include date, time, initial and final volumes, and initial and final pressures of each procedure for each expander. Conclusions: The device motorizes and optimizes the expansion, allowing the doctor to prescribe a maximum infiltration pressure or volume. All data are recorded to provide an important database of skin behavior related to sex, race, age, and expansion site.

Research progress on extraction, purification, and molecular structural elucidation of active polysaccharide from Lycii Fructus and analysis on its industrial development status and prospect / 中草药

Lycii Fructus is a precious traditional medicinal and edible herb with multifunction, in which polysaccharide is believed to be a predominant active substance with multifarious biological functions and broad utilization prospect. In this review, the new technology application in extraction, purification, and structural elucidation of Lycii Fructus polysaccharide was systematically untangled, the current research situation and development trend were outlined, and the potential product groups and industry prospect in Lycii Fructus polysaccharide industrialization were analyzed to provide scientific reference for the enhancement of effective utilization and industrial chain of Lycii Fructus resources.

Biossegurança do brinquedo no Brasil: um estudo a partir das normas do Inmetro / Biosecurity of the toys in Brazil: a study from the Inmetro standards

Este trabalho consiste numa análise arqueogenealógica sobre a discursividade do brinquedo. Procurando investigar as micro-histórias do fenômeno a partir de um ponto de vista foucaultiano, buscou-se analisar a normalização do brinquedo industrializado a partir de 10 portarias de certificação elaboradas pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), os quais norteiam não só a fabricação dos brinquedos industrializados, mas toda e qualquer forma de produção de brinquedos no Brasil. A análise revelou a existência de uma quantidade considerável de indicações, prescrições e restrições referentes à produção e ao consumo dos brinquedos. O estudo dos discursos possibilitou classificar as portarias em 03 categorias: portarias informativas, portarias restritivas e portarias de avaliação. Um olhar sobre as rupturas e regularidades pôde revelar que todos os argumentos de certificação expressam dois tipos de populações de discursos que, por sua vez, indicam a operacionalização de duas formas de controle atuantes sobre o brinquedo que são a restrição etária ao brinquedo e da sua medicalização.

This work consists of an analysis of the discourse of the toy seeking to understand the micro-histories of the phenomenon from a Foucauldian perspective. We analyzed 10 certification documents prepared by the brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro) that guide not only the manufacture of commercial toys, but any form of toy production in Brazil. The analysis of the discourse of INMETRO revealed the existence of a considerable amount of informations, prescriptions and restrictions on the production and consumption of toys. The study revealed three categories of discursive formations: informational discourses, restrictive discourses and evaluation discourses. A look at the discursive breaks and regularities could reveal that all certification arguments express two types of populations of speeches that, in turn, indicate the operation of two forms of control acting on toys that are age restriction on toy and its medicalization.

To promote the development and translation of eye tissue engineering study in China / 中华实验眼科杂志

Eye tissue engineering is a new direction of scientific research.It applies body tissues,cells or scaffolds with specific biological activities in vitro or in vivo to construct ocular tissues or organs in order to promote and improve the ocular physical functions by maintaining,repairing and inducing tissue regeneration.With the increase of aging population and average life expectancy,eye tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will become an important researching area of ophthalmology,and its relevant products and technologies can become a platform for future alternative medical equipment applications in ophthalmology.Greater efforts on the basic research and continuous innovation of eye tissue engineering technologies in China,including translational medicine from basic research to industrial production and medical applications,will significantly build up the foundation of eye tissue engineering industry in China and greatly improve its competitiveness in international medical marketing,and these research achivements will provide new power for the development of ophthalmology in China.

Study on Natural Medicine Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and Industrial Development Strategies / 中国中医药信息杂志

This article believed that natural medicine resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area are abundant and with modern industrialization development basis through analysis of condition, distribution features and development prospect of natural medicine resources. It argued that natural medicine resources can be the industry with the most sustainable development potential in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the efficient path to solve industrial hollowing and surplus labors after immigrants of the area, which can greatly improve and optimize environment of the area. It proposed that the development of natural medicine resources should be closely combined with strong pharmaceutical enterprises;innovation and research centers for natural medicine resources in the area should be established;professional wholesale markets should be built;strong varieties should be developed;standardized quality control system should be set up. All the above mentioned are with the purpose to promote industry standardization and science, and provide references for government rational development and utilization of natural medicine resources.

El desarrollo industrial y su impacto en el medio ambiente / Industrial development and its impact on the environment

El desarrollo industrial induce una fuerte reactivación socioeconómica y mejoras en la calidad de vida de la población, por otro lado puede provocar importantes modificaciones que ocasionan el desequilibrio de ecosistemas, diversas formas de contaminación y otros problemas ambientales y sociales. Por lo anterior se decide exponer los elementos esenciales del tema que nos ocupa acorde a la política ambiental del desarrollo industrial que está regida por las organizaciones internacionales. Se profundiza en los inicios de la industrialización y su repercusión en la salud y el ambiente. Se enfatiza en el estudio de impacto ambiental en todo proyecto de inversión para minimizar los riesgos y el impacto negativo. Se ejemplifica a través de estudios como impacta en el ambiente la contaminación procedente de las industrias y se exponen actuales proyectos de investigación que realiza el Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología sobre el tema. La estrategia de un ambiente sostenible se debe incluir en los objetivos económicos y sociales de un país donde el estudio de impacto ambiental es la medida más eficaz para minimizar la repercusión negativa de la industria y otras inversiones(AU)

Industrial development leads to strong socio-economic reactivation and an improvement in the quality of life of the population, but it may also bring about important modifications causing imbalances in ecosystems, various forms of pollution, and other environmental and social problems. It was therefore decided to present the essential aspects of the topic based on the environmental policies for industrial development issued by international organizations. Details are provided about the onset of industrialization and its impact on health and the environment. Attention is paid to the role of environmental impact studies in investment projects, to minimize risks and negative effects. Examples are presented of the manner in which industrial pollution impacts the environment, and a presentation is made of current research projects conducted by the National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology on the topic. The strategy for a sustainable environment should be included among the economic and social objectives of a country where environmental impact studies are the most effective measure to minimize the negative effects of industry and other investments(AU)

Effect of the "Tragedy of Anti-commons" on Biomedical Research & Development / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the reason for the "tragedy of anti-commons" in biomedical patent and its effect on the development of biomedical industry.METHODS:The mathematical models of "commons" and "anti-commons" gambling were established based on the analysis on emergence of "patent bush" resulted from the abuse of biomedical patents,and the profit conflict of the patents power related to elementary researcher and applicant researcher was analyzed.RESULTS:The potential "tragedy of anti-commons" affects the enthusiasm of the biomedical researchers,hinders the rapid development of biomedical industry and the improvement of technological level.CONCLUSIONS:The corresponding measures should be taken from aspects such as system,research model,and patent applicant model to balance the possessiveness and exclusiveness,avoid the "tragedy of anti-commons" and facilitate the development of biomedical industry.