A comparative study of proportion of resistance to multiple antibiotics in infected wounds of diabetic versus non-diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Infectious diseases are more frequent and serious in patients with diabetes mellitus and contribute potentially to increased morbidity and mortality. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are bacteria resistant to current antibiotic therapy and difficult to treat. Healthy people are at low risk for developing MDRO infections. Wound infection by MDRO in diabetic patients makes them recalcitrant to healing. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the proportion of resistance to multiple antibiotics in infected wounds of diabetic versus non-diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with infected wounds aged between 18 and 89 years, attending the surgical outpatient department or admitted to surgical wards, having positive wound cultures were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent. Other laboratory reports such as hemoglobin percentage, random blood sugar (RBS), and total leukocyte count were noted. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS.v.20. Results: The diabetics (n = 100) had significantly higher RBS levels [186.86 (±75.37) mg/dl] compared to non-diabetics (n = 100) [93.87 (±41.59) mg/dl] (P < 0.0001). The diabetics had significant history of previous antibiotic usage in the past (72%), compared to non-diabetics (58%) (P = 0.003). Gram-negative bacilli most commonly infected diabetics compared to Gram-positive cocci in non-diabetics. Staphylococcus aureus (67%) was the most commonly isolated organism among both diabetics (24%) and non-diabetics (43%). Pseudomonal infections were higher in diabetics (22%) compared to nondiabetics (10%). Diabetics (87%) showed significantly higher prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to non-diabetics (69%) (P = 0.002). Antimicrobial agent most frequently reported sensitive, and resistant to most infection causing organisms was amikacin (75%) and ampicillin (93%), respectively, in both groups. Conclusion: S. aureus is the most commonly isolated organism among both groups. Resistance to multiple antibiotics is higher in diabetics. Infection causing organisms is frequently sensitive to amikacin in both groups; however, its use needs care due to increased chance of nephrotoxicity in diabetics.

Sacarosoterapia en heridas infectadas / Sugar therapy for infected wounds

Introducción: existen medicamentos que favorecen la cicatrización, pero tienen un impacto económico alto. La sacarosa, debido a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, se considera bactericida, bacteriostática y estimulante de la cicatrización. Objetivo: evaluar las acciones de la sacarosa sobre las heridas infectadas. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico en ratas Wistar con lesiones de piel infectadas que se trataron con sacarosa, suero fisiológico, yodo povidona, facdermín y nitrofurazona. Mediante estudio comparativo de los resultados, se evaluó la efectividad del tratamiento en las lesiones infectadas. Resultados: la sacarosa resultó efectiva para curar la infección de las heridas y estimular la cicatrización en ratas, específicamente sobre las lesiones contaminadas con Estafilococo dorado. En el grupo de estudio, el tejido de granulación se observó precozmente, lo que permitió la epitelización completa de las heridas con 6 días de antelación con respecto a los demás grupos. Conclusiones: se demuestra un mayor efecto cicatrizante de la sacarosa al epitelizar por completo el área de las heridas, más rápido que en los otros grupos, y se comprueba su actividad antimicrobiana más intensa sobre el Staphilococcus aureus.

Introduction: there are drugs that stimulate wound healing, but their cost is high. Due to its physico-chemical properties, saccharose is considered to have bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties and stimulate wound healing. Objective: evaluate the action of saccharose on infected wounds. Methods: analytical prospective longitudinal study of Wistar rats with infected skin lesions treated with saccharose, saline solution, povidone-iodine, facdermin and nitrofurazone. Effectiveness of the treatment of infected lesions was evaluated through a comparative study of results. Results: saccharose was effective in rats to cure wound infection and stimulate healing, especially of lesions contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Granulation tissue was observed early in the study group, and complete epithelization of the wounds occurred six days before the other groups. Conclusions: it was shown that saccharose has a greater healing effect, since the wound area was completely epithelized sooner than in the other groups, and its antimicrobial action against Staphylococcus aureus was found to be more intense.

Importancia de la sacarosa para la cicatrización de heridas infectadas / Importance of sucrose for healing infected wounds

Introducción: la sacarosa es un producto natural que por sus propiedades se considera bacteriostática, bactericida y estimulante de la cicatrización. En el mercado mundial la venta de medicamentos y otros productos está dominada por los monopolios, por lo que se hace necesario evaluar un producto barato, capaz de disminuir importaciones y que se pueda generalizar su empleo. Objetivos: evaluar la magnitud de la epitelización total de las heridas e identificar las acciones de la sacarosa sobre los grados de maduración de la dermis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio clinicoterapéutico aleatorizado, controlado y no enmascarado en ratas Wistar con lesiones de piel provocadas e infectadas, que permitiera evaluar, desde el punto de vista histológico, los resultados del tratamiento con sacarosa de las heridas infectadas. Resultados: la sacarosa resultó efectiva para curar la infección de las heridas y estimular la cicatrización. Se produjo la completa epitelización de las heridas con seis días de antelación, con respecto a los grupos controles. Con la sacarosa se logró una mejor calidad en la cicatrización al alcanzar un mayor número de heridas el grado III de maduración de la dermis. Conclusiones: se demostró un mejor efecto cicatrizante del azúcar. Se comprobó su actividad antimicrobiana por la capacidad de limpiar las heridas y eliminar el tejido necrótico de estas. Se logró un mayor grado de maduración de la dermis en los animales tratados con azúcar, lo que evidencia una mayor calidad en la cicatrización en las heridas tratadas con azúcar.

Introduction: sucrose is a natural product that is considered for its bacteriostatic, bactericidal and stimulating healing characteristics. On the world market the sale of drugs and other products is dominated by monopolies, so it is necessary to evaluate an inexpensive alternative, which is able to reduce imports and which can be generally used. Objectives: to assess the extent of total wound epithelialization and to identify sucrose actions on the dermis maturation degrees. Methods: a clinical therapeutic randomized, controlled, unblinded study was performed in Wistar rats with induced infected skin lesions and, to assess the histological results of sucrose treatment of infected wounds. Results: sucrose was effective in curing the infection in wounds and in promoting healing. There was complete wound epithelization six days in advance, in comparison with the control groups. better healing quality was achieved to reach with sucrose since a greater number of injuries reached grade III of dermis maturing. Conclusions: better healing effect of sugar was demonstrated, as well as its antimicrobial activity due to its ability to clean wounds and to remove necrotic tissue. Higher degree of dermis maturation was achieved in those animals treated with sugar, which shows higher quality of healing in wounds treated with sugar.

Eficacia clinica del hidrogel con plata iónica (silvercare®) en el control y cicatrización de heridas infectadas / Clinic efficacy of hydrogel with ionic silver (silvercare ®) in control and healing Of infected wounds

Objetivo: determinar la eficacia clínica de la plata iónica en hidrogel (SilverCare®), en pacientes con heridas agudas o crónicas con colonización crítica bacteriana o heridas infectadas que hayan sido intervenidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela, entre los meses de julio y diciembre del 2011. Pacientes y métodos: de un total de 34 pacientes con estudios bacteriológicos positivos, se incluyeron 25 pacientes entre 18 y 70 años, intervenidos por patología cardiaca central o periférica que presentaron heridas agudas o crónicas con colonización crítica o infección bacteriana registrada por cultivo de secreción. Resultados: de los 25 pacientes, 5 fueron pacientes con cirugía cardíaca, postoperados principalmente de revascularización miocárdica quirúrgica complicada con infección de herida esternal o safenectomía, y 20 fueron pacientes con postoperatorio de cirugía vascular periférica (exploración vascular por herida por arma de fuego 15 pacientes, otras cirugías periféricas 5 pacientes). Se registró un total de 25 resultados de cultivos positivos para los siguientes gérmenes: Escherichia coli (8 casos 32%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4 casos­16%), Stafilococo aureus meticilino resistente (4 casos ­ 16%), Psedomona aeruginosa (3 casos­12%), Acinetobacter SP multirresistente (1 caso­4%), Enterobacter agglomerans (1 caso­4%), Klebsiella S.P.P. (1 caso 4%), Dos o más gérmenes (3 casos­12%). Se encontró bacterias multiresistentes en 10 casos (40%). Se pudo determinar una reducción de más del 25% de los diámetros de las heridas a la cuarta semana de tratamiento en 23 casos (92%), control de la infección en 24 casos (96%), además de eliminación del dolor y olor en el 96% de los casos, disminución de la cantidad de exudado en 88%. No hubo recidiva de la infección en la herida a los 60 días de seguimiento. Conclusión: se confirma la eficacia clínica del uso de hidrogel con plata (SilverCare®) en el control de la infección y cicatrización en pacientes con heridas infectadas con poco a moderado exudado, considerando que la reducción de la velocidad de cicatrización fue debida al hidrogel y el control de la infección a la plata iónica(AU)

Objective: to determine the clinical efficacy of the ionic silver in hydrogel (SilverCare ®) in patients with acute or chronic bacterial critical colonization with wounds or infected wounds that have been operated in the service of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, between the months of July and December 2011. Method: a total of 34 patients with positive bacteriological studies, included 25 patients between 18 and 70 years, operated by central or peripheral heart disease presenting with acute or chronic wounds with critical colonization or bacterial infection registered by culture of drainage. Results: of 25 patients, 5 were patients with cardiac surgery, undergone mainly myocardial revascularization surgery complicated with saphenectomy or sternal wound infection, and 20 patients with postoperative peripheral vascular surgery (vascular injury by firearm scan 15 patients, other peripheral surgeries 5 patients). There was a total of 25 results of positive cultures for the following germs: Escherichia coli (8 cases-32%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4 cases-16%), S. aureus aureus Methicillin resistant (4 cases - 16%), sedomona aeruginosa (3 cases-12%), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter SP (1 case-4%), Enterobacter agglomerans (case 1-4%), Klebsiella S.P.P. (case 1-4%), two or more germs (3 cases-12%). Found multi-resistant bacteria in 10 cases (40%). It was determined a reduction of more than 25% of the diameters of the wounds a fourth week of treatment in 23 cases (92%), infection control in 24 cases (96%), in addition to eliminating the pain and smell in 96% of cases, decrease in the amount of exudate by 88%. There was no recurrence of the infection in the wound to 60 days of follow-up. Conclusion: is confirmed the clinical efficacy of the use of hydrogel with silver (SilverCare®) in the control of infection and scarring in patients with wounds infected with little to moderate exudate, considering that the reduction of the speed of healing was due to the Hydrogel and control of infection to the Ionic silver(AU)