Factores facilitadores y obstaculizadores del aprendizaje a través de la simulación

Objetivo: Identificar los factores que facilitan y dificultan el aprendizaje a través de la simulación y el ECOE, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes y los docentes en la carrera Técnico en Enfermería de Nivel Superior. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, donde se aplicó encuesta en línea y se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia y participaron diez estudiantes y diez profesores pertenecientes a la carrera en una universidad privada en la ciudad de Santiago (Chile). Para llevar a cabo el proceso de análisis, codificación y clasificación de los datos, se utilizó el software de análisis NVivo. Se consideraron los principios y responsabilidades de la Declaración de Singapur sobre Integridad en la Investigación. Resultados: Los elementos favorecedores para las habilidades procedimentales son la metodología; la práctica y repetición; los profesores; los insumos y materiales y la motivación. Los elementos obstaculizadores fueron el nerviosismo, la falta de insumos y el tiempo escaso. Las limitaciones se dieron por el contexto sanitario, que implicó recoger información a distancia. Conclusiones: Se identificaron aspectos favorecedores y obstaculizadores para el logro de las habilidades procedimentales en la formación de técnicos en enfermería. Estos resultados pueden ser considerados insumos para realizar propuestas de diseño curricular que aborden aspectos didácticos, metodológicos y humanos.

Objective: To identify the factors that facilitate and hinder learning through simulation and OSCE, from the perspective of students and instructors in the field of licensed practical nurses (known as TENS in Chile). Materials and Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological design, in which an online survey was administered, and semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used and ten students and ten instructors belonging to a TENS training program of a private university in Santiago de Chile participated. NVivo analysis software was used to carry out the data analysis, coding, and classification process. The principles and responsibilities of The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity were considered. Results: Facilitating elements for procedural skills were methodology, practice and repetition, instructors, supplies and materials, as well as motivation. Hindering elements were nervousness, lack of supplies and time scarcity. Limitations were caused by the healthcare setting, which involved having to collect information remotely. Conclusions: Facilitating and hindering aspects for the achievement of procedural skills in the training of TENS nurses were identified. These results may contribute to outline curriculum design proposals that address didactic, methodological, and person-related aspects.

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que facilitam e dificultam a aprendizagem através da simulação e do ECOE, da perspectiva dos estudantes e professores no âmbito dos técnicos de enfermagem (conhecidos como TENS no Chile). Materiais e Método: Estudo qualitativo com desenho fenomenológico, onde foi aplicado uma pesquisa on-line e foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais. Foi utilizada uma amostragem não- probabilística por conveniência e participaram 10 estudantes e 10 professores pertencentes à um programa de formação de TENS de uma universidade privada em Santiago do Chile. Para realizar o processo de análise, codificação e classificação dos dados, foi utilizado o software de análise NVivo. Foram considerados os princípios e responsabilidades da Declaração de Singapura a Integridade em Pesquisa. Resultados: Os elementos facilitadores das competências processuais foram a metodologia, a prática e repetição, os professores, os materiais e a motivação. Os elementos que dificultam são o nervosismo, a falta de materiais e o tempo escasso. As limitações foram causadas pelo contexto da saúde, o que implicou a recolha de informação à distância. Conclusões: Foram identificados os aspectos favoráveis e obstáculos à obtenção de competências processuais na formação de técnicos de enfermagem. Estes resultados podem ser considerados como contributos para propostas de concepção curricular que abordem aspectos didáticos, metodológicos e humanos.

Ver y leer. Anotaciones sobre la imprenta de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia y los clisés de la Campaña nacional contra el analfabetismo / To see and to read. Annotations about the press of the National Library of Colombia and the stereotypes of the national campaign against the illiteracy / Ver e ler. Anotações sobre a imprensa da Biblioteca Nacional da Colômbia e as pranchas de impressão da campanha nacional contra o analfabetismo

Resumen Introducción: este artículo realiza una aproximación sociohistórica a las contribuciones de la imprenta de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia a los procesos de alfabetización en la primera mitad del siglo XX en el país. Objetivo: se examina el papel que desempeñó la Imprenta de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia en la Campaña nacional contra el analfabetismo liderada por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional durante 1930-1960. Materiales y métodos: metodológicamente se efectuó un análisis tipográfico, iconográfico y material a un acervo de publicaciones que se encontraron a partir de la colección de 28 clisés de impresión, encontrados en el sótano de la Biblioteca en el 2015. Resultados: los clisés fueron una herramienta de reproductibilidad y repetición, constituyéndose en prototipo y arquetipo de la Modernidad y la mecanización. Asimismo, la comprensión de las planchas de impresión, en tanto fenómenos sociomateriales complejos, implica una perspectiva que trasciende la fijación por la objetualidad técnica del oficio de la impresión y amplía su interpretación como resultado de esfuerzos humanos e institucionales. Conclusiones: las técnicas de impresión y los procedimientos de transformación e innovación tuvieron incidencia en la cultura impresa configurando un sistema técnico que privilegió la alfabetización. De esta manera se debe pensar de forma relacional los aportes de las artes gráficas al desarrollo de proyectos editoriales alfabetizadores liderados por el Estado-instructor a lo largo del período de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: this article makes a sociohistorical approach to the contributions of the printing press of the National Library of Colombia to the literacy processes in the first half of the 20th century in the country. Objective: the role played by the Printing Office of the National Library of Colombia in the national Campaign against illiteracy led by the Ministry of National Education during 19301960 is examined. Materials and methods: methodologically, a typographic, iconographic and material analysis was carried out on a collection of publications that were found from the collection of 28 printing cliches, found in the basement of the Library in 2015. Results: the cliches were a tool of reproducibility and repetition, becoming a prototype and archetype of Modernity and mechanization. Likewise, the understanding of printing plates, as complex sociomaterial phenomena, implies a perspective that transcends the fixation for the technical objectuality of the printing trade and broadens its interpretation as a result of human and institutional efforts. Conclusions: the printing techniques and the transformation and innovation procedures had an impact on the printed culture, configuring a technical system that privileged literacy. In this way, the contributions of graphic arts to the development of literacy publishing projects led by the State-instructor throughout the study period should be thought in a relational way.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo faz uma abordagem sócio-histórica das contribuições da imprensa da Biblioteca Nacional da Colômbia para os processos de alfabetização na primeira metade do século XX no país. Objetivo: examina-se o papel desempenhado pela Imprensa da Biblioteca Nacional da Colômbia na Campanha nacional contra o analfabetismo dirigida pelo Ministério da Educação Nacional durante 1930-1960. Materiais e métodos: metodologicamente, foi realizada uma análise tipográfica, iconográfica e material de uma coleção de publicações que se encontravam no acervo de 28 clichês impressos, encontrados no porão da Biblioteca em 2015. Resultados: os clichês foram uma ferramenta de reprodutibilidade e repetição, tornandose protótipo e arquétipo da Modernidade e da mecanização. Da mesma forma, a compreensão das chapas de impressão, como fenômenos sociomateriais complexos, implica uma perspectiva que transcende a fixação pela objetualidade técnica da tipografia e amplia sua interpretação a partir de esforços humanos e institucionais. Conclusões: as técnicas de impressão e os procedimentos de transformação e inovação impactaram a cultura impressa, configurando um sistema técnico que privilegiava o letramento. Desta forma, as contribuições das artes gráficas para o desenvolvimento de proJetos editoriais de alfabetização liderados pelo Estado-instrutor ao longo do período de estudos devem ser pensadas de forma relacional.

Esportes de aventura praticados na Barra da Tijuca e São Conrado, RJ: um levantamento das modalidades e formação do instrutor / Adventure sports practiced in Barra da Tijuca and São Conrado, RJ: a survey of the modalities and training of the instructor / Deportes de aventura practicados en Barra da Tijuca y São Conrado, RJ: un levantamiento de las modalidades y formación del instructor

Buscou-se identificar e analisar quais são os esportes de aventuras mais praticados na Barra da Tijuca e São Conrado, bem como a formação dos instrutores responsáveis pela condução dessa vertente esportiva nos referidos espaços naturais do Rio de Janeiro. A partir de um estudo de campo, com um grupo amostral de 176 instrutores foi possível afirmar que os esportes de aventura mais praticados são voo livre (81%), kitesurf (7%), surf (5%), trilha (5%), rapel (2%) e escalada (1%). Quanto à formação profissional, a investigação permite sinalizar que apenas 14% do total de instrutores possuíam formação em Educação Física. Portanto, o estudou concluiu que os esportes de aventura mais praticados nas regiões são os de mar e montanha, além de desvelar a necessidade de formação em Educação Física, bem como cursos de capacitação de instrutores de esportes de aventura, bem como para formação daqueles que têm interesse por atuação nesse campo.

We sought to identify and analyze the most practiced adventures sports in Barra da Tijuca and São Conrado, as well as the training of the instructors responsible for conducting this sport aspect in the aforementioned natural spaces of Rio de Janeiro. From a field study, with a sample group of 176 instructors, it was possible to state that the most practiced adventure sports are free flight (81%), kite surfing (7%), surfing (5%), , rappelling (2%) and climbing (1%). As far as professional training is concerned, research shows that only 14% of the total number of instructors had physical education. Therefore, the study concluded that the most practiced adventure sports in the regions are the sea and mountain, as well as unveiling the need for physical education training, as well as training courses for adventure sports instructors, as well as for training those who are interested in acting in this field.

Se buscó identificar y analizar cuáles son los deportes de aventuras más practicados en la Barra da Tijuca y São Conrado, así como la formación de los instructores responsables por la conducción de esa vertiente deportiva en los referidos espacios naturales de Río de Janeiro. A partir de un estudio de campo, con un grupo muestral de 176 instructores fue posible afirmar que los deportes de aventura más practicados son vuelo libre (81%), kitesurf (7%), surf (5%), trilha (5%), rapel (2%) y escalada (1%). En cuanto a la formación profesional, la investigación permite señalar que sólo el 14% del total de instructores poseían formación en Educación Física. Por lo tanto, el estudio concluyó que los deportes de aventura más practicados en las regiones son los de mar y montaña, además de desvelar la necesidad de formación en Educación Física, así como cursos de capacitación de instructores de deportes de aventura.

A Survey on Safety of Fundamentals of Nursing Practicum in Korea / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety of nursing students during fundamentals of nursing practicum in Korea. METHODS: This study used a descriptive design. A total of 106 nursing instructors teaching fundamentals of nursing longer than one year participated in this study. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from July 24 to August 28, 2018. The questionnaires consisted of general characteristics, characteristics of fundamentals of nursing course, physical and emotional safety issues during fundamentals of nursing practicum, and obtaining an informed consent prior to practicum. RESULTS: The average number of physical safety accidents during practicum of fundamentals of nursing in the past 5 years was 1.12±2.44. The most common safety accident was punctured wound. The mean score of the participants' stress on physical safety accidents was 3.53±1.12 out of 5. The average number of emotional safety accidents of fundamentals of nursing practicum in the past 5 years was 1.05±2.72. The mean score of stress on emotional safety accident was 3.00±1.09 out of 5. We found that 47.2% of the participants obtained an oral consent or a written consent for safety of fundamentals of nursing practicum. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to establish safety strategies for fundamentals of nursing practicum for nursing students.

Development of a Support System for the Palliative Care Training in Osaka Prefecture

Under the Cancer Control Act, the government has developed a comprehensive cancer strategy, which aims to promote basic awareness about palliative care among physicians involved in cancer care. In 2008, “palliative care training for physicians involved in cancer” was held for the purpose of acquiring basic palliative care. Since 2009, the Palliative care Subcommittee of the Osaka Prefectural Cancer medical treatment cooperation meeting adjusted the schedule of the palliative care training in Osaka Prefecture, and established an instructor registration and dispatch adjustment system. In the 10-year period, we supported a total of 357 palliative care training sessions, and as of March 2018, 8416 physicians and 2674 staff members completed the palliative care training session. In Osaka Prefecture, the instructors who completed the training program for basic education in palliative care and psycho-oncology were invited to cooperate each year, and 142 physical physicians and 64 psychiatric physicians were registered, and five medical doctors and two psychiatric doctors were dispatched to each palliative care training session. The lecturer dispatch system was held smoothly by the palliative care training in Osaka Prefecture, and it seems to have contributed to the increase in the number of trainees who completed the training.

Percepção de instrutores com relação aos procedimentos necessários à condução de modalidades de esporte de aventura / Perception of instructors about the necessary procedures to conduct the modalities of adventure sport

O presente estudo buscou identifi car e analisar a percepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura acerca de procedimentos necessários à condução das modalidades no estado de Minas Gerais. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, foram identifi cados instrutores com três níveis e áreas de formação profissional: ensino médio, graduados em Educação Física e em outras áreas do conhecimento. A experiência prática como praticante foi apontada como pré-requisito para atuação como instrutor. Quanto aos possíveis impactos ambientais causados pela prática de esporte de aventura, prevalece uma visão positiva por parte dos instrutores, o que, nem sempre, condiz com a realidade. A percepção acerca dos procedimentos necessários à segurança do praticante ganhou relevo na percepção dos instrutores....(AU)

The present study sought to identify and analyze the perception of adventure sports instructors about procedures required to conduct the modalities in the state of Minas Gerais. Through a qualitative research, instructors with three levels and areas of professional training were identifi ed: high school, graduates in Physical Education and other areas of knowledge. Practical experience as a practitioner was indicated as a prerequisite for acting as an instructor. Prevails a positive vision about possible environmental impacts due to the practice of adventure sports, which, not always, is in keeping with reality. The perception of the procedures necessary to the practitioner's safety has gained prominence in the insights of the instructors....(AU)

The Influence of Income Level and Remuneration Scheme on Job Satisfaction among Professional Driving Instructors in Malaysia

This study aims to determine the job satisfaction (JS) level among professional driving instructors (PDIs) in the drivertraining and licensing system in Malaysia. Specifically, it looks at the influence of income level and remunerationscheme on PDI’s satisfaction. The average income of PDI is relatively low with three remuneration schemes: fixedincome; fixed income plus commission; and commission only. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey using the20-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) (short-form) with end-specified 10-point scale. Analysis ofthe data revealed that PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job, t (179) = -3.248, p = 0.001.Similarly, three level One-way ANOVA of JS scores with three remuneration schemes revealed a significant differenceof JS across these schemes, F (2,178) = 3.51, p ≤ 0.032. Researchers’ further exploration found a significantinteraction between these two variables (income level vs. remuneration scheme), F (5,175) = 4.88, p = 0.001. Ingeneral, PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job only if they received it as a fixed income(regardless of having commission or not). This insightful finding can be a basis for relevant stakeholders inunderstanding the influence of income and remuneration scheme towards JS among PDIs in Malaysia.

The Influence Of Income Level And Remuneration Scheme On Job Satisfaction Among Professional Driving Instructors In Malaysia

@#This study aims to determine the job satisfaction (JS) level among professional driving instructors (PDIs) in the driver training and licensing system in Malaysia. Specifically, it looks at the influence of income level and remuneration scheme on PDI’s satisfaction. The average income of PDI is relatively low with three remuneration schemes: fixed income; fixed income plus commission; and commission only. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey using the 20-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) (short-form) with end-specified 10-point scale. Analysis of the data revealed that PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job, t (179) = -3.248, p = 0.001. Similarly, three level One-way ANOVA of JS scores with three remuneration schemes revealed a significant difference of JS across these schemes, F (2,178) = 3.51, p ≤ 0.032. Researchers’ further exploration found a significant interaction between these two variables (income level vs. remuneration scheme), F (5,175) = 4.88, p = 0.001. In general, PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job only if they received it as a fixed income (regardless of having commission or not). This insightful finding can be a basis for relevant stakeholders in understanding the influence of income and remuneration scheme towards JS among PDIs in Malaysia.

A study of body-part(s) training consciousness using a picture of a single-joint exercise / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consciousness among young people (n = 1016) on training body part(s), using a questionnaire-based survey showing participants a picture of a single-joint exercise. The participants were shown a picture of knee-extension exercise (KNEE-EXT), and were asked to identify the body part(s) they felt were being trained. On seeing the picture, more than 90% of the participants felt that KNEE-EXT can train the anterior thigh part. However, more than 90% of the participants who had no experience doing KNEE-EXT felt that the exercise trained not only the anterior thigh part but also other parts, including the trunk, the posterior thigh, and the upper limb. Among those participants who had performed KNEE-EXT without the experience of strength-training under professional supervision, approximately 80% felt that the exercise was appropriate to train not only the anterior thigh but also other parts. These results suggest that performing exercises by referring to only a picture may result in the individuals not properly understanding how the body part(s) should be trained during exercise, even in single-joint exercises. Appropriate supervision is of even greater importance especially for strength-training beginners. Furthermore, even among participants who had an experience of exercise under professional supervision, approximately 60% had a similar response. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of exercises, individuals (even those who have had experience in training under professional supervision) should always be instructed under appropriate supervision on the correct technique and knowledge about the exercises.

Aspectos psicosociales del rol docente en la modalidad B-Learning de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada / Psychosocial Features of Teacher's Role in B-Learning Modality at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada

Resumen Los cambios en la educación superior vienen en parte precedidos por el impacto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, cuya incidencia se refleja en el cambio de roles del docente. Por consiguiente, en las modalidades b-learning se tiene que los docentes adquieren nuevos papeles, producto de la influencia social en el quehacer profesional desde las instituciones educativas y la sociedad en general. De lo anterior, se articula el enfoque de las representaciones sociales para caracterizar el conjunto de pensamientos cotidianos de los docentes de la Facultad de Estudios a Distancia, encontrando que los roles de facilitador, guía y acompañante adquieren preponderancia en la acción pedagógica del docente a manera de aspectos centrales de la representación.

Abstract Changes in higher education come in part preceded by the impact of the technologies of information and communication, whose incidence is reflected in the change of teacher's roles. Therefore, in b-learning modalities teachers must acquire new roles, which are the product of social influence in professional activities from educational institutions and society, in general. Otherwise, the approach of social representations to characterize the set of everyday thoughts of teachers in the Faculty of Distance Studies is articulated, finding out that the roles of a facilitator, a guide, and a companion acquire significance in the pedagogical action of the teaching as a way of key aspects of the representation.

O risco na concepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura / El riesgo en la concepción de instructores de deporte de aventura / The risk in the concept of adventure sports instructors

Resumo O presente estudo buscou analisar a concepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura sobre o risco na prática do rapel vinculada a diferentes modalidades terrestres praticadas no estado de Minas Gerais. A partir de um estudo descritivo-exploratório com um grupo amostral composto por 35 instrutores (32 homens e 03 mulheres) verificou-se que os instrutores reconhecem o risco como elemento inerente à prática do rapel. Os sujeitos apontam o domínio da técnica, o estado dos equipamentos específicos, a adoção de tecnologias e a capacidade para decifrar informações referentes ao ambiente natural como forma de controlar e minimizar o risco. Chama atenção a postura dos instrutores participantes dessa investigação que, apesar de buscarem vivenciar fortes emoções, sensação de adrenalina e liberdade, colocam como princípio fundamental a manutenção da vida.

Resumen Este estudio investiga el concepto de instructores de deporte de aventura sobre el riesgo en la práctica de rapel vinculado a diferentes modalidades terrestres que se practican en el estado de Minas Gerais. A partir de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con una muestra de 35 profesores (32 hombres y 03 mujeres) se encontró que los profesores son conscientes del riesgo como un elemento inherente al rapel. Los sujetos indican el dominio técnico, el estado de los equipos especiales, la adopción de las tecnologías y la capacidad de decodificar la información relacionada con el medio natural con el fin de controlar y minimizar los riesgos. Cabe destacar la actitud de los participantes instructores de esta investigación, aunque tratando de experimentar emociones fuertes, sensación de la adrenalina y la libertad, lo que plantea como principio fundamental el mantenimiento de la vida.

Abstract The presente study analyzed the concept of adventure sports instructors about the risk in the rappel linked to different modalities practiced in the state of Minas Gerais. From the method of descriptive and exploratory study with a sample group composed of 35 instructors (32 men and 03 women) was concluded that the instructors recognize the risk as inherent element in the rappel. In order to control and minimize the risk these subjects indicate the technical field, the status of specific equipment, the adoption of technologies and the ability to decode information relating to the natural environment. Noteworthy is the attitude of the participants instructors of this investigation that, although seeking to experience strong emotions, feeling of adrenaline and freedom, posing as a fundamental principle the maintenance of life.

Aceitação e conhecimento de docentes de enfermagem sobre a doação de órgãos e tecidos / Nursing faculty acceptance and knowledge of organ and tissue donation / Aceptación y conocimiento de docentes de enfermería acerca de la donación de órganos y tejidos

Objetivo: conhecer a aceitação e o conhecimento dos docentes de enfermagem de uma instituição federal de ensino frente à doação de órgãos e tecidos. Método: estudo exploratório, transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 44 docentes, por meio de questionário, entre maio e junho de 2014. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: em relação à aceitação, todos eram a favor da captação e doação de órgãos, assim como afirmaram que o ato contribui para a possibilidade de salvar vidas e é uma forma de ajudar ao próximo. Quanto ao conhecimento, as questões com apenas uma alternativa correta foram respondidas de forma exímia por todos os pesquisados. Quanto às que possuíam mais de uma alternativa correta, nenhum dos participantes respondeu completamente certo. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou boa aceitação em relação à doação e déficit de conhecimento quanto às diretrizes que regem a doação de órgãos e tecidos no Brasil.

Objective: to ascertain acceptance for, and knowledge of, organ and tissue donation among nursing faculty members at a federal education institution. Method: this exploratory, transverse, quantitative was conducted with 44 nursing faculty members, between May and June 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: all participants accepted organ procurement and donation, and affirmed that this action contributed to the possibility of saving lives and was a way to help others. Respondents' knowledge was shown by their all successfully answering the questions with only one correct alternative, while none gave completely correct responses to questions with more than one correct answer. Conclusion: these findings showed good acceptance of donation, but a deficit of knowledge as to the guidelines governing organ and tissue donation in Brazil.

Objetivo: percibir la aceptación y el conocimiento de los docentes de enfermería de una institución federal de enseñanza frente a la donación de órganos y tejidos. Método: estudio exploratorio, transversal y cuantitativo, realizado junto a 44 profesores, por medio de cuestionario, entre mayo y junio de 2014. Los datos han sido analizados utilizando la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: en relación con la aceptación, todos eran a favor de la captación y la donación de órganos, asimismo dijeron que el acto contribuye a la posibilidad de salvar vidas y es una forma de ayudar al prójimo. En cuanto al conocimiento, todos los encuestados contestaron perfectamente las preguntas con una sola respuesta correcta. Respecto a aquéllas que tenían más de una respuesta correcta, ninguno de los participantes las respondió perfectamente bien. Conclusión: el estudio ha demostrado buena aceptación respecto a la donación, pero déficit de conocimiento de las directrices que regulan la donación de órganos y tejidos en Brasil.

Consciousness of training body part(s) by showing a picture of an exercise to young inexperienced people: A case of squatting exercises / 体力科学

The aim of the present study was to investigate the consciousness among young people (n = 494) of training body part(s) by showing participants a picture of an exercise, through a questionnaire-based survey. Participants were shown a picture of a Back Squat, and were asked which body part(s) they felt was being trained in the picture. Participants who had no experience of doing squatting exercises (NO-SQUAT group, n = 102) and participants who were experienced in terms of doing squatting exercises and weight training under appropriate supervision (INSTRUCTED group, n = 146) were selected for the analysis. On seeing the picture, more than half of the NO-SQUAT group felt that the Back Squat was to train not only their lower body but also another body part(s); among these participants, approximately 70% felt that a Back Squat was appropriate to train their upper torso and arms too. Further, the NO-SQUAT group had made significantly fewer attempts to consciously train their gluteal and knee flexor muscles, and had made significantly more attempts to consciously train their upper torso and arms during the squatting exercises than the INSTRUCTED group had. These results suggest that to do exercises by referring to only a picture may result in the participants not properly understanding how the body part(s) should be trained during exercise. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of training, individuals need to be instructed, under appropriate supervision, on correct technique as well as knowledge about the exercise.

The development and evaluation of Instructor Rating Scale Identified by Nursing Students / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective We tried to design a Instructor Rating Scale Identified by Nursing Students,and then evaluate its rehability and validity.Methods The original item pool was formulated by investigating 351 nursing students with convenience samphng method to develop a prehminary scale.Then it was used to investigate 273 nursing students to test its rehability and validity.Results The formal scale consisted of six dimensions,which contained 19 items.The cumative contribution rate of these dimensions was 62.30％.The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.54,test and re-test reliability was 0.48.Conclusions The Instructor Rating Scale Identified by Nursing Students can be applied to evaluate the instructors by nursing students.

Advantages ofmentorship for young college instructorspolicy in promoting teaching quality / 国际中医中药杂志

The mentorship for young college instructorspolicy is aiming to provide an individual training for the young teachers to improve their teaching skills efficiently. In this article, the advantages for improving the young teachers teaching ability through the fundamental teaching, scientific research quality and clinical practice were briefly discussed.

Mandatory Child Restraints: A KAP Study among Parents and Nursery Instructors.

Aims: New road traffic injury (RTI) laws in Iran still neglects the importance of child restraint in automobiles. The objective of this study is to determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on the mandatory use of child restraint among parents and nursery instructors. Study Design: An observational KAP study Place and Duration of the Study: City of Tehran capital of Iran, between June 2013 and November 2013. Methodology: An observational KAP study was carried out (using a self-administered questionnaire and a Likert scale) on 403 parents, which children were less than 13 years old and nursery instructors both residing in Tehran by a stratified randomized sampling. Twelve elementary schools and six nurseries were selected randomly. Validity and reliability of questionnaires were determined using the content validity and test re-tests. Subjects were selected randomly and data was collected by trained interviewers, after obtaining consent forms from the subjects. Results: The majority (71%) of parents was female, aged 36.7±5.6 (range: 25-59). Half of the parents did not have any knowledge about child restraint laws and its implementation in the country. The knowledge among subjects about different kinds of child restraints, according to the child’s age and weight, was 22.6%. Only 28% of subjects use child restraints for their children. A significant difference was observed between subjects' use of child restraints and their region of residency. Low use of child restraints was observed among 30-40 years old age group (p=0.05). Willingness to a pay extra cost to buy a better quality of child restrain was 56%. Willingness to participate in a national child restraint educational program was of 70%. The rate of community agreement to a mandatory use of child restraint in the country was 85%. Conclusion: Knowledge and practice related to usage and kind of child restraint adjusted with child weight were low among the parents and nursery instructors. The rate of a community agreement to set a mandatory use of child restraint in the country was high.

Clinical Instructors' Role Experience in College of Nursing / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the clinical instructors' role experience in college of nursing. METHODS: Two focus group interviews were held with a total of 12 clinical instructors. All interviews were recorded and transcribed as they were spoken, and the collected data were analyzed using content analysis of Downe-Wamboldt(1992). RESULTS: Three themes and six subthemes were extracted from the analysis: 1) Getting recognition of special roles as a clinical instructor: 'Recognizing the role of clinical instructor for guiding student's individual practice goals', 'Recognizing helping and supporting roles for student's successful clinical practice', 2) Having difficulty in performing the role of clinical practice instructor: 'Difficulty from the lack of knowledge and experience as a clinical practice instructor', 'Difficulty from the gap between current clinical practice and purpose of clinical nursing practice', 3) Making efforts to overcome the difficulties as a clinical instructor and accomplishing personal development: 'Making efforts to acquire personal knowledge and experience', 'Making a chance to reflect on and grow up oneself'. CONCLUSION: Clinical instructors take an important part of clinical nursing education. To improve the quality of clinical nursing education, it is needed role reestablishment and institutional support for clinical instructors on the basis of the understanding of instructors' experience.

Experience of holding a workshop for clinical training instructors at Daido hospital / 医学教育

　To improve hospital quality, the development of authorized clinical instructors is urgently needed. Therefore, we held a workshop to develop clinical instructors. At a monthly meeting of the clinical training committee in June 2014, an agenda for holding a workshop was proposed. At the meeting in July 2014, most committee members said they were reluctant to hold a workshop because of heavy clinical duties. However, the hospital president strongly suggested that a workshop might be a foundation for reforming the stagnated hospital and persuaded committee members to hold a workshop to improve the instructors’ skill in teaching residents. At the September meeting, the workshop schedule was discussed. All members of the taskforce, except the chief coordinator and a lecturer, were selected from hospital physicians, and 3 preparatory meetings and 1 rehearsal were held. With the help of administrative staff, our first workshop for clinical instructors was held at Daido Hospital in February 2014. Our workshop helped create new hopes for improving educational tasks at our teaching hospital and improved the educational skills of participants. We also achieved mutual understanding as a team to accomplish a single goal.

O desafio da articulação entre a formação em saúde e a integração ensino-serviço / The challenge of articulating health education and teaching-service integration

Estudos sobre o processo de formação de profissionais da saúde vem ocupando expressivo espaço em eventos científicos e publicações, em especial após a implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e após a implementação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Porém, em diferentes análises, constata-se que nestes vinte anos de SUS, é recorrente tanto por parte das instituições de formação quanto por parte dos serviços de saúde, uma postura de desconexão, de descontinuidade de ação entre cenários de formação e de prática profissional. Objetiva-se identificar as percepções de alunos bolsistas e preceptores do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho em Saúde (PET-Saúde) sobre a integração ensino-serviço no processo de formação para o SUS; Analisar a contribuição do Programa PET-Saúde no processo de formação de profissionais da saúde; Elaborar e implementar uma tecnologia educacional como proposta de sensibilização e capacitação de profissionais Enfermeiros da Fundação Municipal de Saúde (FMS) de Niterói para o exercício da preceptoria. A metodologia é descritiva e exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa. Os sujeitos foram 7 alunos graduandos de cursos da saúde da UFF: Enfermagem, Medicina, Nutrição, Farmácia, Odontologia e Educação Física, bolsistas do Programa PETSaúde, e 9 preceptores/profissionais dos serviços participantes deste mesmo Programa. Realizada durante o ano de 2012, contou com Unidades de Saúde do Município de Niterói-RJ que acolheram o PET-Saúde. A coleta de dados se deu por observação livre e entrevista. Estas foram analisadas através de análise temática, pelo agrupamento das informações de acordo com características comuns, gerando 4 categorias: 1) "A essencialidade da integração ensino-serviço na formação em saúde", 2) "A formação em saúde e o desafiador processo de construção da integração ensino-serviço", 3) "As múltiplas faces da integração ensino serviço" e 4) "O PET-Saúde como espaço de articulação e de reflexão sobre a IES". Neste sentido, as práticas de cuidado em saúde, tanto podem ser compreendidas como ação individual, ou como um processo de trabalho coletivo, ou ambas as formas de pensar e de fazer podem coexistir num mesmo espaço. De qualquer maneira, geram conflitos, suscitam possibilidades, revelam fragilidades nas relações e requerem constantes reorientações para que sirvam sempre de expressão democrática, crítica e reflexiva na promoção da saúde. Conclui-se que a relação entre o mundo do ensino e o mundo do trabalho, apesar de sua complexidade, é viável e possível de ser concretizada. A preocupação de introduzir na agenda a discussão sobre o papel social e político do profissional do serviço na formação deve ser constante, permanente, tal qual a necessidade de se criar conexões fortes que favoreçam a permeabilidade entre os saberes e o trânsito entre o ir e vir das informações. A participação das instituições formadoras em saúde e dos entes públicos que ofertam serviços de saúde em ações que buscam efetivar as propostas de formação no SUS e para o SUS como a contida nos programas tal qual o PETSaúde, se configura como nova possibilidade de abordagem do processo saúde-doença, da reorientação da prática, da reaproximação com as diretrizes do SUS, da valorização da abordagem multiprofissional, da interdisciplinaridade e da coletividade como parceira

Studies about the training process of health professionals have occupied a significant place in scientific events and publications, especially after the implementation of the Unified Health System (SUS), the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and after the implementation of the Strategy of Family's Health. However, in different analyzes, it is noted that these twenty years of SUS, both by part of training institutions as part of health services, it is recurrent a disconnected attitude, a discontinuity of action between the training scenarios and the professional practice. The training in SUS and for SUS defended by DCN, for the training of health professional is still restricted to the theoretical area. The objective of this study is to identify the perceptions of the scholarship students and preceptors of the PET-Saúde Project on the teaching-service integration in the training process for SUS; Analyze the contribution of the Education Program for Working in Health (PET-Saúde) in the training process of health professional; Develop and implement an educational technology as a proposal of sensitization and training of nurses from the Municipal Health Service (FMS) of Niterói to exercise the preceptorship. The methodology used is descriptive and exploratory, a qualitative approach. The subjects were 7 graduating students from health courses at UFF: Nursing, Medicine, Nutrition, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Physical Education, all scholarships of PET-Saúde Program, and 9 preceptors/professionals of the services participants of this same Program. Held during the year of 2012, counted on Health Units of Niterói City-RJ that welcomed the PET-Saúde. Data collection occurred by observation and interview. These were analyzed using thematic analysis by grouping the information according to common characteristics generating 4 categories: 1) "The essentiality of teachingservice integration in health education", 2) "The health education and the challenging process of building the teaching-service integration", 3) "The multiple faces of the teaching-service integration" and 4) "The PET-Saúde as a space for articulation and reflection about the IES". In this sense, the practices of health care, both can be understood as an individual action, or as a collective work process, or both ways of thinking and doing can coexist in the same space. Anyway, generate conflicts, raise possibilities, reveal weaknesses in the relations and require frequent reorientation for a democratic expression, critical and reflective in health promotion. It can be concluded that despite the complexity in the relation between the education and the work areas, is feasible and possible to be achieved. The concern to introduce on the agenda the discussion about the social and the political roles of the professional in the training process must be constant, permanent, as well as the need to create strong connections whichpromote the permeability between the knowledge and the traffic between the coming and going of information. The participation of the health training institutions and the public entities that offer health services in actions that seek to effect the proposals of training in SUS and for SUS as contained in the programs as PET-Saúde, is set a new possibility of approach to the healthdisease process, the reorientation of practice, the rapprochement of the SUS guidelines, the appreciation of the multiprofessional approach, the interdisciplinary and the community as a partner

Effect of volunteerism as exercise instructor on physical and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to examine whether volunteering as exercise instructors over a continuous period of time affected the physical and cognitive functions of community-dwelling, elderly women. Longitudinal analysis was conducted on data from 18 volunteer leaders (Leader group) aged 65-79 years (69.6 ± 3.9 years) and 18 age-matched survey participants (Control group). We evaluated physical function using 8 physical performance tests along with their standardized total score, and we evaluated cognitive function using the Five Cognitive Function Test. We used two-way ANOVA to examine the effectiveness of engaging in a yearlong volunteer activity and Cohen's d for effect size. There were significant interactions in timed up and go, hand working with pegboard, standardized score of performance tests and the Five Cognitive Function Test score (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The Leader group improved significantly in sit and reach (d = 0.55), 5-repetition sit-to-stand (d = 0.77), timed up and go (d = 0.77), 5-m habitual walk (d = 0.88), 4-way choice reaction time (d = 0.86), standardized score of performance tests (d = 0.96) and the Five Cognitive Function Test score (d = 0.93). Although the Control group also improved significantly in some tests, the effect size tended to be lower: sit and reach (d = 0.49), hand working with pegboard (d = 0.57), standardized score of performance tests (d = 0.38) and the Five Cognitive Function Test score (d = 0.54). These results suggest that volunteering as an exercise instructor improves volunteers' physical and cognitive functions.