Sex and Body Mass Index differences after one-year follow-up of an eating disorders risk factors universal prevention intervention in university students in Mexico City / Diferencias por sexo e índice de masa corporal a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal para disminuir factores de riesgo para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de México

Abstract Introduction Interventions based on cognitive dissonance theory are the most effective for preventing eating disorders. Objective To identify the changes at one year follow-up of a universal prevention intervention in disordered eating behaviors (DEB), thin-ideal internalization (TII), and drive for muscularity (DM). Method A pre-experimental, pretest-posttest study was conducted on 602 university student subjects (76.1% women and 23.9% men) with an average age of 20.74 years at a public (30.6%) and a private university (69.4%) in Mexico City. A Split Plot ANOVA was performed with the intrasubject variable equal to each measurement (pretest, posttest, and follow-up), as well as the sex and body mass index (BMI) intersubject variables to analyze whether there was a significant interaction between these variables and the changes in dependent variables, as well as the changes through each measurement by group. Results In the intrasubject analyses, statistically significant differences were found for DEB through the various measurements, without taking the interactions into account. Statistically significant interactions were observed between each measurement and BMI, and between each measurement and sex and BMI for the DM variable. Discussion and conclusion Since a reduction of TII in women and DM in men was achieved, together with a decrease in DEB in women, the workshop can be said to have fully achieved its objectives for women and partly so for men.

Resumen Introducción Las intervenciones basadas en la teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva son las más efectivas para la prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Objetivo Conocer los cambios a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez (IED) y la motivación por la musculatura (MM). Método Se llevó a cabo un estudio pre-experimental pretest-postest en 602 (76.1% mujeres y 23.9% hombres) sujetos estudiantes universitarios con una edad promedio de 20.74 años en una universidad pública (30.6%) y una privada (69.4%) de la Ciudad de México. Se realizó un ANOVA split plot con la variable intrasujetos igual a cada medición (pretest, postest y seguimiento) así como el sexo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) variables intersujetos, para analizar si existía una interacción significativa entre dichas variables y los cambios sobre las variables dependientes, así como los cambios a través de cada medición por grupo. Resultados en los análisis intrasujetos se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las CAR a través de las distintas mediciones, sin tomar en cuenta las interacciones. Se observaron interacciones estadísticamente significativas entre cada medición y el IMC, y entre cada medición con el sexo y el IMC para la variable MM. Discusión y conclusión Se logró la reducción de la IED en las mujeres y de la MM en los hombres, así como la disminución de las CAR en las mujeres por lo que se considera que el taller logra sus objetivos para las mujeres y parcialmente para los varones.

Effects of disordered eating behaviors and sedentary lifestyle prevention program in male and female Mexican adolescents / Efectos de un programa de prevención de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y sedentarismo en adolescentes mexicanos, hombres y mujeres

Abstract Introduction Adolescents are the group with the highest risk of developing disordered eating behaviors (DEB). Preventing this problem is of the utmost importance due to the physical and psychological consequences. Objective To evaluate the effects of a universal prevention program for disordered eating behaviors (DEB), thin ideal internalization (TII), drive for muscularity (DM), and sedentary lifestyle among Mexican adolescents. Method A quasi-experimental study with repeated measures (pre-test, post-test, six-month, and one-year follow-up) was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 523 adolescents (46.7% of females) aged 15-19 years (Mage = 16.07). We worked in two private high schools, one of them was designed as control group (CG), and the other as intervention group (IG). For both, female and male adolescents', data were collected using the Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors (BQDEB) and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). To evaluate TII the Attitudes toward Body Figure Questionnaire was applied in females, while in males Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) was used. Results After one-year, repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed a significant reduction of the mean DEBs scores both in female (p = .01) and male (p = .03) adolescents of the IG with respect to CG. In IG, females decreased significantly the mean TII score as well as the mean DM score in males. Physical Activity increased in IG females from pre-test to posttest; however, the effect was not maintained over time. Discussion and conclusion These findings have important implications for future interventions with Mexican adolescents. We must take sex differences into account to choose activities and strategies that will enhance the effects of the program.

Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes constituyen el grupo con mayor riesgo de desarrollar conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR). Prevenirlas es de suma importancia debido a las consecuencias físicas y psicosociales. Objetivo Evaluar los efectos de un programa de prevención universal en conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización del ideal de delgadez (IID), obsesión por la musculatura (OM) y sedentarismo en adolescentes mexicanos. Método Estudio cuasi-experimental con medidas repetidas (pre-test, post-test, seguimiento a seis meses y un año) en una muestra no probabilística de 523 adolescentes (46.7% mujeres) de 15-19 años de edad (Medad = 16.07). Se trabajó en dos escuelas preparatorias privadas, una como grupo control (GC) y otra como grupo intervenido (GI). Para mujeres y hombres, los datos se recolectaron usando el Cuestionario Breve para Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo (CBCAR) y la versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Para evaluar el IID en mujeres, se utilizó el Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Figura Corporal (CAFC) y en hombres la Escala para Obsesión por la Musculatura (DMS). Resultados Después de un año, el ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostró una reducción significativa en la media de CAR, tanto en mujeres (p = .01) como en hombres (p = .03) del GI respecto al GC. En el GI, la media de IID en mujeres disminuyó significativamente, así como la media de OM en hombres. La actividad física aumentó en las mujeres del GI desde el pre-test hasta el post-test; sin embargo, el efecto no se mantuvo en el tiempo. Discusión y conclusión Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para futuras intervenciones con adolescentes mexicanos. Se deben tomar en cuenta las diferencias por sexo para elegir las actividades y las estrategias que potenciarían los efectos del programa.

Riesgo para desarrollar interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez en adolescentes mexicanas Título abreviado: Asociación de riesgo e ideal estético de delgadez / Risk to develop body thin-ideal internalization in Mexican female adolescents

Resumen En mujeres se ha reportado que a mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC), mayor interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez (IIED), y mayor seguimiento de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR). El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar la presencia de CAR y de IIED en mujeres adolescentes de Hidalgo, México y su asociación tanto entre ellas como con el IMC, el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), los tiempos de comida (TC) y la actividad física (AF). El estudio fue de tipo transversal con un diseño no experimental descriptivo y de asociación en una muestra no probabilística de 220 mujeres de preparatoria, de entre 14 a 18 años de edad (Medad= 15.9 ± .99), quienes respondieron una batería de cuestionarios validados. Para obtener el IMC, cada participante fue pesada y medida, mientras que el PGC se obtuvo por bioimpedancia eléctrica. Los resultados arrojaron que 17.3 % de la muestra presentó riesgo moderado y 15.5 % alto de CAR; mientras que 23.2 % registró riesgo de IIED. Se encontró que el IMC aumenta significativamente 2.7 veces el riesgo de IIED y de CAR 2.5 veces; la IIED incrementa 11.8 veces el riesgo de CAR (Odd Ratio; . < .05). Se concluye que, en la muestra de estudio, las CAR y la IIED están presentes; que a mayor IIED mayor riesgo de estas y que un exceso de peso corporal, basado en el IMC, aumenta el riesgo tanto de CAR como de IIED. Es necesario que los programas de prevención para mujeres adolescentes consideren lo anterior de manera conjunta para garantizar su éxito.

Abstract It has been reported that when females increase their body mass index (BMI), body thin-ideal internalization (BTII) increased too, as well as disordered eating behaviors (DEB). The aim of this study was to assess the presence of DEB and BTII in adolescent females from Hidalgo, Mexico. We also analyze the association between both variables, and between BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), meal times (MT) and physical activity (PA). A cross-sectional non-experimental descriptive and of association study was carried out in a no probabilistic sample of 220 high school females, aged from 14 to 18 (Mage= 15.9 ± .99). Self-reported validated questionnaires in Mexican samples were used to assess each one of the variables: the Brief Questionnaire for Risky Eating Behaviors, the Attitudes toward Body Figure Questionnaire, Risk Factors Associated to Eating Disorders for Mexican Pubescents Questionnaire (only the meal times factor was used) and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). BMI was obtained by measuring each subject's weight and height; the body fat percentage (BFP) was measured through Biolectrical Impedance. The protocol was revised and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Health Sciences Institute of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Descriptive analyses were held, as well as Odd Ratio to estimate the risk association. Total sample showed 17.3 % of moderate risk and 15.5 % of high risk for developing DEB; 23.2 % of the sample reported risk for BTII. From the total of females with DEB (moderate and high risk) 68.6 % also scored risk of body thin-ideal internalization. According to the BMI, results showed that 29.5 % of the sample had overweight and obesity; meanwhile for the BFP in the same categories the value was 85 %. The analysis by BMI showed that adolescents with overweigh (50 % and 39.1 %, respectively) and obesity (47.4 % and 31.6 %, respectively) achieved the highest values for both, DEB and BTII. Interestingly, participants with normal BMI had also important percentages for DEB (26.9 %) as well as BTII (17.9 %). With respect to BFP, females with overweight (41.5 % and 24.4 %, respectively) and obesity (35.6 % and 25.3 %, respectively) had the highest percentages for both DEB and BTII. Again, adolescents with normal BFP showed percentages for DEB (6.4%) and BTII (9.7 %). Findings showed that 68.6 % of the participants with risk of IIED, "never" and "few times" used to eliminate the dinner, and that 80.5 % of the sample had low level for PA. We found that BMI increases significantly 2.7 times the risk of BTII as well as 2.5 times the risk of DEB; BTII increases 11.8 times the risk of DE (Odd Ratio; p < .05). From the present data, it can be concluded that DEB and BTII are present in the sample studied, and its prevalence were higher than other studies among Mexican females. We also concluded that overweight and obese subjects, for both BMI and BFP, were the ones that obtained the higher percentages of DEB and BTII. Finally, BMI increased significantly the risk of DEB and BTII, as well as BTII increased significantly the risk of DEB. It is necessary that female adolescent prevention programs take into account this in a joint way to guarantee their success.

La poesía como herramienta didáctica para promover el bienestar personal y social a través de la interiorización y del uso educativo del haiku / Poetry as a teaching tool to promote personal and social welfare through interiorizationand the educational use of haiku

La poesía es un elemento excepcional para promover el bienestar personal y social. Esto se debe a sus posibilidades como recurso didáctico. Es un género que promueve movimientos de intensión y extensión para poder entendernos mejor a nosotros mismos, a los otros y el mundo que nos rodea. Por todo ello, el docente puede hacer uso de recursos poéticos en sus clases a la hora de despertar la atención de sus alumnos en relación a diversos entornos que han de interpretar y comprender de la mejor manera posible. Esto redundará en una mejora del bienestar propio y ajeno. En particular, el uso del haiku como recurso poético nos parece adecuado para lograr tales metas pues es una tipología de poema de especial intensidad y claridad por sus convenciones genéricas.

Poetry is an exceptional element to promote personal and social welfare. This is due to its possibilities as a teaching tool. It is a genre which promotes intensional and extensional motions in order to reach a better understanding of ourselves, the othersand the world around us. Thus, teachers can use poetic resources in their classes in order to awake their students? attention in relation to the different environments they should interpret and understand as well as possible. This will offer an improvement in both their own welfare and the others?. In particular, the use of haiku as a poetic resource can be considered appropriate to reach these goals since it is a very intense and clear typology of poetry due to its own generic conventions.

Salud mental infantil: una prioridad a considerar / Children's mental health: a priority to consider

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar posibles cambios en la frecuencia de manifestaciones sindromáticas sugerentes de problemas de salud mental en población infantil mexicana empleando el Cuestionario Breve de Tamizaje y Diagnóstico (CBTD), a lo largo de 15 años. Material y métodos: Se analiza información de diferentes estudios en población general, escuelas y práctica médica. La estimación obtenida en la Ciudad de México fue utilizada como población de referencia para comparación. Resultados: Se apreciaron incrementos notables respecto a la prevalencia de síndromes como el déficit de atención e hiperactividad, y conducta oposicionista y explosiva, así como manifestaciones de ansiedad y depresivas. Estas últimas resultaron más frecuentes en la edad escolar tardía. Las alteraciones en el lenguaje y la epilepsia también mostraron incremento en diferentes grupos de edad. Conclusiones: Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de estudios longitudinales en la literatura, así como de reportes de población adolescente en nuestro país.

Abstract: Objective: To identify possible changes in the frequency of psychopathological syndromes in Mexican children population over a 15-year period using the Brief Screening and Diagnostic Questionnaire (CBTD in Spanish). Materials and methods: Information gathered from different studies on the general population, schools and medical general practice are analyzed. Results from the Mexico City study were used as base rates for comparisons. Results: Higher prevalence of externalizing syndromes such as attention deficit and hyperactivity, oppositional and explosive conduct were very evident. Also, anxiety and depressive syndromes showed a notable increase. Prevalence of abnormal language and probable epilepsy were also increased on different age-groups. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in light of longitudinal reports in the literature as well as on reports in adolescent population in Mexico.

Criação e trajetória inicial do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da UFPI / Creation and initial trajectory of the Post-graduation Program in Psychology at UFPI / Creación y trayectoria inicial del Programa de Posgrado en Psicología de la UFPI

Trata-se de um relato sobre a criação e a trajetória inicial do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia na UFPI, com base em um levamento documental. Implantado na cidade de Parnaíba-PI, desde abril de 2017, ressalta-se que é o único PPG em Psicologia do estado, possibilitando psicólogos e demais profissionais articularem o desenvolvimento científico e a produção do conhecimento na região. Com área de concentração em Psicologia, conta com 10 docentes permanentes distribuídos em duas linhas de pesquisa: 1) Processos psicossociais e sua avaliação em diferentes contextos; 2) Psicologia, Saúde Coletiva e Processos de subjetivação e 55 discentes com matrícula ativa e 13 egressos. A análise considerou as atividades desenvolvidas, dificuldades e desafios com base nos caminhos e desafios postos à pós-graduação brasileira. Conclui-se no empenho do PPGPsi para sua consolidação na pesquisa e ensino da pós-graduação, na formação de recursos humanos e no impacto social.

This is an account of the creation and initial trajectory of the Graduate Program in Psychology at UFPI, based on a documentary background. Implemented in the city of Parnaíba-PI, since April 2017, it is noteworthy that is the only PPG in Psychology of the state, enabling psychologists and other professionals to articulate scientific development and knowledge production in the region. With a concentration area in Psychology, it has 10 permanent professors distributed in two research lines: 1) Psychosocial processes and their evaluation in different contexts; 2) Psychology, Collective Health and Subjectivation Processes and 55 students with active enrollment and 13 graduates. The analysis considered the activities developed, difficulties and challenges based on the paths and challenges posed to the Brazilian graduate. It concludes PPGPsi's commitment to its consolidation in postgraduate research and teaching, human resources training and social impact.

Este es un relato de la creación y la trayectoria inicial del Programa de Posgrado en Psicología en la UFPI, basado en antecedentes documentales. Implementado en la ciudad de Parnaíba-PI, desde abril de 2017, es notable que sea el único PPG en Psicología del estado, lo que permite a los psicólogos y otros profesionales articular el desarrollo científico y la producción de conocimiento en la región. Con un área de concentración en Psicología, cuenta con 10 profesores permanentes distribuidos en dos líneas de investigación: 1) Procesos psicosociales y su evaluación en diferentes contextos; 2) Procesos de psicología, salud colectiva y subjetivación y 55 estudiantes con matrícula activa y 13 egresos. El análisis consideró las actividades desarrolladas, las dificultades y los desafíos basados en los caminos y desafíos planteados al graduado brasileño. Concluye el compromiso de PPGPsi con su consolidación en investigación y enseñanza de posgrado, capacitación en recursos humanos e impacto social.

Evolução, distribuição e expansão dos cursos de medicina no brasil (1808-2018) / Evolution, distribution and expansion of medicine courses in brazil (1808-2018)

Resumo O estudo identificou o padrão de evolução, distribuição e expansão dos cursos de medicina no Brasil e descreveu os processos governamentais relacionados à ampliação da oferta de vagas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, baseado em dados disponíveis no sistema do Ministério da Educação sobre escolas médicas. Com as informações sobre os cursos, desde os primeiros implantados, estabelecem-se seis períodos de governo para análise: de 1808 a 1963 (monarquia e governos republicanos iniciais), de 1964 a 1988 (governos militares - José Sarney), de 1989 a 1994 (Fernando Collor - Itamar Franco), de 1995 a 2002 (Fernando Henrique Cardoso), de 2003 a 2010 (Lula) e 2011 a 2018 (Dilma Rousseff - Michel Temer). Observou-se relevante expansão de escolas a partir dos governos militares, com pico em 2014 (Dilma Rousseff), frente à implementação do Programa Mais Médicos. Ao longo dos períodos analisados, o ensino médico tornou-se progressivamente privatizado e parcialmente deslocado para as Regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste e para cidades de médio e pequeno portes populacionais no interior dos estados. Os resultados apontam que a combinação de gestão governamental das políticas de saúde e educação e de desenvolvimento socioeconômico influenciaram a expansão dos cursos de medicina e as marcadas diferenças intra e interregionais.

Abstract The study identified the pattern of evolution, distribution and expansion of the undergraduate medicine courses in Brazil and described the governmental processes related to the increase in the capacity of the courses. It is a descriptive study based on data available in the system of the Brazilian Ministry of Education about medical schools. With information about the courses dating back to the first that were implemented in the country, we could establish six periods of government for the analysis: from 1808 to 1963 (from the Monarchy to the first republican governments); from 1964 to 1988 (from the military dictatorship to the government of José Sarney); From 1989 to 1994 (Fernando Collor - Itamar Franco); from 1995 to 2002 (Fernando Henrique Cardoso); from 2003 to 2010 (Lula); and from 2011 to 2018 (Dilma Rousseff - Michel Temer). We observed a significant expansion of the schools starting with the military dictatorship and peaking in 2014 (Dilma Rousseff), and the implementation of the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos, in Portuguese). Throughout the analyzed periods, the teaching of Medicine became ever more privatized, and was partially shifted to the Northern, Northeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil, and to medium-sized and small municipalities in the countryside of the states. The results indicate that the combination of the management by the government of the health, education and socioeconomic development policies had an influence on the expansion of the Medicine undergraduate courses and the marked intra- and interregional differences.

Resumen El estudio identificó el patrón de evolución, distribución y expansión de las carreras de Medicina en Brasil y describió los procesos gubernamentales relacionados al aumento de la oferta de vacantes. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, con base en datos disponibles en el sistema del Ministerio de Educación sobre escuelas de medicina. Con la información sobre las carreras, desde las primeras implantadas, se establecen seis períodos de gobierno para análisis: desde 1808 hasta 1963 (monarquía y gobiernos republicanos iniciales), desde 1964 hasta 1988 (gobiernos militares - José Sarney), desde 1989 hasta 1994 (Fernando Collor - Itamar Franco), desde 1995 hasta 2002 (Fernando Henrique Cardoso), desde 2003 hasta 2010 (Lula) y desde 2011 hasta 2018 (Dilma Rousseff - Michel Temer). Se observó una importante aumento de las escuelas a partir de los gobiernos militares, con un pico en el 2014 (Dilma Rousseff), frente a la implementación del Programa Más Médicos. A lo largo de los períodos analizados la educación médica se ha ido privatizando progresivamente y se trasladó parcialmente hacia las Regiones Norte, Nordeste y Centro-Oeste, y a ciudades de tamaño medio y pequeño en el interior de los estados. Los resultados indican que la combinación de la gestión gubernamental de las políticas de salud y educación y de desarrollo socioeconómico influyeron en la expansión de las carreras de medicina y las marcadas diferencias intra e interregionales.

Formação em Psicologia e oligopolização do ensino superior no Brasil / Training in psychology and the oligopolization of higher education in Brazil / Formación en psicología y oligopolización de la enseñanza superior en Brasil

Objetiva-se situar o cenário atual da organização dos cursos de Psicologia no Brasil frente ao processo de expansão e mercantilização do ensino superior. Metodologicamente realizou-se pesquisa descritiva-exploratória com base nas informações oficiais da educação superior relacionadas aos cursos de Psicologia, além de relatórios financeiros dos grupos educacionais e consultorias especializadas em fundos de investimentos das IES que ofertam cursos de Psicologia. Os resultados indicam o aprofundamento do contexto de mercantilização do ensino superior e a formação de players da educação (grandes oligopólios), que concentram significativas parcelas do mercado. A formação em Psicologia segue a mesma tendência: intensificação do caráter privado e interiorização das agências formadoras, inclusive em localidades de menor porte populacional, além de um considerável percentual (26,25%) de cursos vinculados a grandes grupos educacionais no Brasil.

This article aimed to describe the current scenario of organization of psychology courses in Brazil, considering the process of expansion and mercantilization of higher education. Methodologically, this study was of exploratory-descriptive design, based on official information related to higher education, and on financial reports of educational groups and specialized consultancies in investment funds. Results showed a deepening of the process of mercantilization of higher education and the formation of players in education (great oligopolies), which concentrate a significant share of the market. The training in psychology follows the same tendency: intensification of the private sector and interiorization of the institutions, including smaller regions, it was also observed that a significant percentage (26.25%) of courses are linked with larger educational groups in Brazil.

El objetivo es situar el escenario actual de la organización de los cursos de psicología en Brasil, a través del proceso de expansión y mercantilización de la enseñanza superior. Metodológicamente se llevó a cabo una investigación descriptiva y exploratoria basada en las informaciones oficiales de la educación superior, además de informes financieros de los grupos educacionales y consultores especializados en fondos de inversión. Los resultados indican la profundización del contexto de mercantilización de la enseñanza superior y la formación de players de la educación (grandes oligopolios), que concentran importantes cuotas del mercado. La formación en psicología sigue la misma tendencia: la intensificación del carácter privado y la interiorización de las agencias de formación, incluso en los pueblos más pequeños, además del importante porcentaje (26,25%) de cursos vinculados a los grandes grupos educacionales en Brasil.

Eating disorder symptomatology: Comparative study between Mexican and Canadian university women / Sintomatología de trastornos alimentarios: Estudio comparativo entre mujeres universitarias mexicanas y canadienses

Abstract The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare Mexican and Canadian university students regarding disordered eating behaviors (DEB), body thin-ideal internalization (BTHIN), and body image dissatisfaction (BID); and (2) to examine the relationship of these three variables to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-cultural study was carried out in a sample of 129 university women students aged from 18 to 25 years (M = 20.18, SD =1.59): 52% were Canadian (Moncton University [MU]) and 48% were Mexican (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo [UAEH]). The Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire were applied while the BID was evaluated using a continuum of nine silhouettes. In addition, the weight, height and WC of each participant were recorded. Mexican students had greater values of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and DEB, with 4.6 times greater risk than UM students. In contrast, the presence of BTHIN and BID was similar between samples. Considering these findings, women from at least two different ethnic groups are vulnerable to the development of eating disorder symptomatology.

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) comparar entre estudiantes universitarias mexicanas vs. canadienses respecto a conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización de la figura corporal delgada (IFCD) e insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (ISC); y 2) examinar la relación de esas tres variables con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (CC). En este estudio transcultural participaron 129estudiantes universitarias de 18 a 25 años de edad (M = 20.18, DE =1.59): 52% canadienses (Universidad de Moncton [UM]) y 48% mexicanas (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo [UAEH]). Fueron aplicados el Cuestionario Breve para medir Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo y el Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire, mientras que la ISC se evaluó mediante un continuo de nueve siluetas. Además se registró el peso, la talla y la CC de cada participante. Las estudiantes mexicanas registraron significativamente mayor presencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, obesidad abdominal y CAR, con 4.6 veces mayor riesgo que las estudiantes de la UM. Por el contrario, la presencia de IFCD y de ISC fue similar entre las muestras. Con base en estos hallazgos se puede concluir que las mujeres de dos grupos étnicos diferentes son vulnerables al desarrollo de sintomatología de trastornos alimentarios.

Unindo-se à família humana / Joining the human family / Uniéndose a la familia humana

Discutem-se os fenômenos de imitação neonatal e de imitação recíproca mãe e bebê para a promoção de sintonia em relação ao senso de self em desenvolvimento e à vivência de pertencimento do bebê. Formulam-se vínculos com o conceito psicanalítico de identificação primária, bem como com as teorias psicanalíticas de espelhamento, imitação e identificação introjetiva. Propõe-se que essa imitação evolutiva [developmental imitation] pressupõe o equilíbrio entre a posição do bebê real e a de suposto ocupante interno da mãe. Considera-se que esse equilíbrio forneça o alicerce para a identificação projetiva e a assimilação da experiência, conduzindo ao enriquecimento do senso de identidade. Em contraposição, pode ocorrer a identificação adesiva ou a identificação projetiva na imitação que envolve mimetização. Ilustram-se essas hipóteses com material proveniente de observações de bebê e do tratamento de duas crianças do espectro autístico.

The phenomena of neonatal imitation and of mutual imitation by mother and baby in the service of attunement are discussed in relation to the infant's developing sense of self and experience of belonging. Links are proposed to the psychoanalytic concept of primary identification, as well as to psychoanalytic theories of mirroring, imitation and introjective identification. It is suggested that developmental imitation presupposes a balance between the position of the actual baby and that of the mother's supposed internal occupant. This balance is seen as underlying introjective identification and the assimilation of experience, leading to an enriched sense of identity. In contrast, in the kind of imitation involving mimicry, adhesive or projective identification may be operative. These hypotheses are illustrated with material from infant observation and from the treatment of two children on the autistic spectrum.

Se discuten los fenómenos de imitación neonatal y de imitación recíproca madre y bebé para promover la sintonía en relación al sentido del self en el desarrollo y la vivencia de pertenencia del bebé. Se formulan vínculos con el concepto psicoanalítico de identificación primaria, así como con las teorías psicoanalíticas de reflejo, imitación e identificación introyectiva. Se propone que esta imitación evolutiva [developmental imitation] presupone el equilibrio entre la posición del bebé real y la de supuesto ocupante interno de la madre. Se considera que este equilibrio ofrece la base para la identificación proyectiva y la asimilación de la experiencia, llevando al enriquecimiento del sentido de identidad. En contrapartida, puede ocurrir la identificación adhesiva o la identificación proyectiva en la imitación que involucra la mimetización. Se ilustran estas hipótesis con material proveniente de observaciones de bebé y del tratamiento de dos niños del espectro autístico.

Interiorización de ideales estéticos y preocupación corporal en hombres y mujeres usuarios de gimnasio / Internalization of aesthetic ideals and body concern in males and females gym users

Este estudio exploró la interiorización del modelo estético corporal de delgadez y la preocupación por la musculatura y por la delgadez entre cuatro grupos: dos de hombres y dos de mujeres (usuarios y no usuarios de gimnasio). Particularmente, se examinó la presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en los cuatro grupos; se comparó la preocupación por la delgadez, por la musculatura y la interiorización del ideal de delgadez entre los grupos; y se analizó la relación entre las variables para cada grupo. Participaron 467 hombres y mujeres (169 usuarios de gimnasio y 298 no usuarios de gimnasio) de 13 a 53 años de edad, quienes completaron tres medidas: Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal, Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura. La presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en varones usuarios de gimnasio fue de 15%, y menor de 3% en mujeres usuarias de gimnasio y participantes no usuarios de gimnasio de ambos sexos. Las usuarias de gimnasio puntuaron más alto en el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal en comparación con los hombres y se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la interiorización de ideales corporales y la preocupación por la delgadez y por la musculatura. La relación entre el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura puede interpretarse como el deseo que existe en los dos grupos de hombres y en el grupo de mujeres usuarias de gimnasio, de tener ambas, musculatura y poca grasa en el cuerpo; las dos vías conducen a la práctica de conductas alimentarias no saludables.

This study explored the internalization of thinness aesthetic body model, and the muscularity and thinness concern, in four groups: two of men and two of women (gym and non-gym users). Specifically, it was explored the presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in four groups, the muscularity -and body shape concern and internalization of thin ideals in the four groups were compared, and the relationship between variables for each group was analyzed. The sample included 467 men and women (169 gym users and 299 non-gym users) from 13 to 53 years-old, who completed three measures: The Influence of the Body Shape Model Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Drive for Muscularity Scale. The presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in males gym users was 15% and lower than 3% in women gym users, as well as in -males and females non-gym users. The women gym users scored higher in the Body Shape Questionnaire compared to the men, and a positive and significant association was observed between the internalization of the body ideals, the thinness concern, and drive for muscularity. The relationship between Body Shape Questionnaire and Drive for Muscularity Scale can be interpreted as the desire in both groups of men and in the gym-users women to have both, muscularity and leanness in body; both ways lead to the practice of unhealthy eating behaviors.

A reorganização espacial dos homicídios no Brasil e a tese da interiorização / Spatial reorganization of homicides in Brazil and the interiorization thesis / La reorganización espacial de los homicidios en Brasil y la tesis de la interiorización

Este artigo analisa a distribuição espacial e temporal dos homicídios no Brasil a partir dos anos 1980, quando se verifica forte incremento nas taxas de homicídios, bem como sua evolução nas três décadas seguintes, 1990, 2000 e 2010, quando ocorrem processos distintos, tais como: queda, crescimento e estabilização nas diferentes regiões do país. A fonte principal dessa primeira parte são as seguidas edições do Mapa da violência (WAISELFISZ, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011). Além da análise da distribuição espacial e temporal, o artigo aborda a tese da interiorização difundida por esses estudos. Em seguida, a partir de um período mais concentrado (1999 a 2006), é realizada a análise geográfica dos homicídios no Brasil no contexto de suas macrorregiões, explorando e qualificando os fenômenos da "interiorização" e "disseminação da violência". Para tanto, são utilizados os registros de homicídios do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde para a produção de taxas de risco e mapeamento coroplético no plano municipal. A tese mais geral é de que a reorganização da violência no território nacional estudada pelos registros dos homicídios revela um processo complexo que vai além do que se convencionou a chamar de interiorização da violência. Há uma reorganização que obedece a algumas lógicas de aglomeração, com presença de claros efeitos de contágio e formação de clusters de homicídios em áreas que, nos últimos anos, apresentaram algum dinamismo econômico ou reorganização do espaço em virtude de mudanças em suas formas de usos e funções.

This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal distributions of homicides in Brazil since the 1980s, when a sharp increase in death rates occurred. It also analyzes the evolution of homicides during the three following decades (1990s, 2000s and 2010s), when distinct processes took place, such as population reduction, stabilization and growth in different regions of the country. The main source of data for the first part of the paper consisted of various editions of "Mapa da Violência" (Map of Violence) by WAISELFISZ (1998, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Besides analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of homicides, we will examine the widespread thesis of internalization, disseminated by these studies. Then, based only on the period of 1999 to 2006, the paper includes a geographical analysis of homicides in Brazil by geographical macro-region, exploring and describing the phenomena of "internalization" and the "spread of violence." To do so we will use homicide records published by SVS/MS in order to produce risk rates and coropleth mapping at the municipal level. This article’s main thesis is that the reorganization of violence in Brazil based on homicide records reveals a complex process that goes beyond what is conventionally called the "internalization of violence." There is a reorganization that follows the logic of agglomeration, with the clear presence of effects of contagion and the formation of clusters of homicides in areas that, in recent years, experienced economic dynamism or the reorganization of their spaces due to changes in land-use and functions.

Este artículo analiza la distribución espacial y temporal de los homicidios en Brasil desde los años 1980, cuando se verifica un fuerte incremento en las tasas de homicidios, así como su evolución en las tres décadas siguientes, 1990, 2000 y 2010, cuando ocurren procesos distintos, tales como: reducción, crecimiento y estabilización en las diferentes regiones del país. La principal fuente de esa primera parte son las seguidas ediciones del Mapa da violência (WAISELFISZ, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011). Además del análisis de la distribución espacial y temporal, el artículo aborda la tesis de la interiorización difundida por estos estudios. En seguida, a partir de un periodo más concentrado (1999 a 2006), se lleva a cabo el análisis geográfico de los homicidios en Brasil en el marco de sus macroregiones, explorando y calificando los fenómenos de la "interiorización" y "diseminación de la violencia". Para ello se utilizan los registros de homicidios del SIM/MS para la producción de tasas de riesgo y mapeo coroplético en el ámbito municipal. La tesis más general es que la reorganización de la violencia en el territorio nacional estudiada por los registros de los homicidios revela un proceso complejo que va más allá de lo que se acordó llamar de interiorización de la violencia. Hay una reorganización que obedece a algunas lógicas de aglomeración, con la presencia de claros efectos de contagio y formación de clusters de homicidios en áreas que, en los últimos años, presentaron algún dinamismo económico o la reorganización del espacio en virtud de cambios en sus formas de usos y funciones.

Role of Peer Influence and Thin-ideal Internalization on Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Mexican Girls / Rol de la Influencia de Pares y de la Interiorización del Ideal de Delgadez sobre la Insatisfacción Corporal y Alimentación No Saludable en Jóvenes Mexicanas / O Papel da Influência de Pares e da Interiorização do Ideal de Delgadeza na Insatisfação Corporal e na Alimentação Não Saudável em Jovens Mexicanas

The aim of this study was to examine the role of peer influence and thin-ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Sociocultural Influences on the Aesthetic Body Shape Model were administered to 130 female students, with a mean age of 19.44. The results showed that thin-ideal internalization mediated the relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction (β=0.14, p>.05), and the relationship between peer influence and disordered eating (β=0.09, p>.05). This study supports the hypothesis that the thin-ideal internalization is an important mediator on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in Mexican girls.

Con el objetivo de examinar el rol de la influencia de pares y de la interiorización del ideal de delgadez sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en una muestra comunitaria, se aplicó el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias, el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y el Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mujeres estudiantes, cuya media de edad fue de 19.44 años. El análisis de datos reveló que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez medió la relación entre la influencia de pares y la insatisfacción corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), así como la relación entre la influencia de pares y la alimentación no saludable (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudio apoya la hipótesis de que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez es un importante mediador sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en jóvenes mexicanas.

Com o objetivo de examinar o papel da influência de pares e da interiorização do ideal de delgadeza na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em uma amostra comunitária, aplicou-se o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares, o Questionário de Imagem Corporal e o Questionário de Influências do Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mulheres estudantes, cuja média de idade foi de 19.44 anos. A análise de dados revelou que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza mediou a relação entre a influência de pares e a insatisfação corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), assim como a relação entre a influência de pares e a alimentação não saudável (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudo apoia a hipótese de que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza é um importante mediador na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em jovens mexicanas.

Desarrollo y validación de una escala para medir imagen corporal en mujeres jóvenes / Development of a scale to measure body image in young women

Introduction Body image is a concept which involves the feelings, attitudes and perceptions people have about their own body, and is influenced by the adoption of social standards. Body image studies are used in the field of eating disorders research in order to analyze the degree of body dissatisfaction. However, most of the scales proposed to assess body image have been developed in Anglo-Saxon and European countries. Therefore, research on this topic in other socio-cultural contexts requires the standardization and validation of culturally adapted instruments. The aim of the present study was to determine and discuss the reliability and validity of a Mexican scale which measures body image. Additionally, comparisons regarding body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, social influence, age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were made between groups of female college students with and without disordered eating. Materials and methods The sample of this study comprised 508 female college students from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, selected by means of a probabilistic stratification procedure taking into account the proportion of female students enrolled in each academic area of the university. Their average age was 20.1 years; their mean weight was 57.2 kg with an average height of 1.58 m, whereas the average BMI was 22.8. Based on the theoretical assumptions, three indicators were defined to structure the Body Image Scale: body dissatisfaction, social influence and the internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, measured by a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from never (1) to always (5). A pilot study was carried out in a population of 100 college women; as a result, some adjustments were made in the instructions and in the order of the items. Additionally, a content validation was conducted through the judgments of four professional experts in the clinical mental health area. The scale contains thirty-three items; six of them refer to criticism and family pressure to maintain a slim silhouette and twelve address body dissatisfaction. The remaining fifteen items were taken from the Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire developed by Unikel, Gomez Peresmitré and Juarez. Results After using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's (KMO) and Bartlett's tests for establishing the factor structure of the instrument and obtaining a value of 0.94 (p<0.001), the composition of the final version of the scale consisted of twenty-six items grouped into three factors: Factor I: Body dissatisfaction, containing 10 items, with a mean of 3.1 (s.d. = 0.8), accounting for 17.9% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .84. Factor II: Internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, including 10 items with a mean of 3.5 (s.d.=0.9) which explained 15.2% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .89. Factor III: Social influence consisted of 6 items with a mean of 3.8 (s.d.=0.8), and accounted for 9.9% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .82. A discriminant analysis was performed in order to determine if there were any differences according to body image and disordered eating and to establish the predictive validity of the scale. The results indicated that 13 of the 26 items correctly classified the body image scale in 98.2% of the original grouped cases and 97.4% of the cases grouped by cross-validation. A comparative analysis using Student's t-test was conducted among students who had high and low scores in BCCAR (Brief Questionnaire to measure Risky Eating Behaviors), yielding significant differences in their scores on all three factors of the scale. This indicates that women with disordered eating show significantly higher degrees of body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness and social influence than women without disorder. Discussion The results of the study showed that the Body Image Scale has acceptable levels of validity and reliability, making it an adequate instrument for differentiating between women with and without disordered eating. The results reveal that high levels of body dissatisfaction were expressed in the majority of the sample, which is consistent with a previous study performed by Baile, Raich and Garrido in Spain, where 80% of the teenage girls expressed dissatisfaction with their body image. Lamerias et al. also found that 85% of the Spanish female college students were dissatisfied with their weight. A considerable degree of internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal was observed in the sample, as a significant percentage of the participants with body dissatisfaction referred that body weight is important for getting nice clothes and that they are willing to do anything for a slimmer body shape. Also, physical appearance and body weight are deemed necessary for feeling fine. As the difference in body image in terms of eating behaviors risk is concerned, women presenting more risk obtained higher mean scores on the body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal and social influence factors, which could be a consequence of their perception of disapproval and body disgust. Troisi et al. also reported having found significant negative correlations between body image satisfaction and the presence of eating disorders. The findings of the comparison between body image dissatisfaction in terms of BMI showed that women with low weight are the least satisfied, followed by the ones who present obesity. This suggests that individuals with extreme thinness tend to have greater body image dissatisfaction, whereas Mirza, Davis and Yanovsi found that persons who are overweight or obese are the most dissatisfied. Regarding the internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal and BMI, the highest scores were obtained in underweight women, followed by the obese ones. This is consistent with what Unikel et al. refer, mentioning that a thin body is socially perceived as more attractive, and also eating less is considered to be more feminine. It is concluded that, according to the results of the study, the proposed scale constitutes an adequate instrument for measuring body image in Mexican samples. Taking some items from already validated instruments proved to be useful for integrating all dimensions of the construct. However, it is considered necessary to obtain data on concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity values in other samples and to determine cut-off points, in order to confirm its usefulness for research on body image.

Introducción La imagen corporal es la representación mental del cuerpo que cada individuo construye en términos de sentimiento y actitudes hacia el propio cuerpo. El propósito de este estudio es: desarrollar, validar y encontrar el grado de confiabilidad de una escala para medir la imagen corporal en dos grupos de mujeres estudiantes de nivel universitario, uno con conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y otro sin ellas, así como establecer comparaciones respecto a la edad y al índice de masa corporal (IMC). Material y método El trabajo se realizó en una muestra probabilística estratificada de 508 mujeres que estudian en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Para realizar la integración del constructo de imagen corporal se definieron tres indicadores: insatisfacción corporal, influencia social e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez. Primero se piloteó la escala de imagen corporal compuesta por 40 reactivos aplicándose a una muestra de tipo intencional en 100 mujeres universitarias de nivel superior. Una vez modificada la escala se llevó a cabo una validación de contenido a través del método de expertos. Asimismo, para medir las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se utilizó el Cuestionario Breve para medir Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo (CBCAR) de Unikel, Bojórquez y Carreño. Para el procesamiento de los datos se llevaron a cabo análisis de consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach) y análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Para la comparación de medias se utilizó la t de Student y para la exploración de la diferencia entre las variables de imagen corporal, una prueba de análisis de varianza (Anova de una vía) y la prueba a posteriori de Scheffé para la diferenciación entre imagen corporal, edad e IMC. Resultados La composición de la versión final de la prueba fue de 26 reactivos, integrados en tres factores: El factor I se denominó insatisfacción corporal, consta de 10 reactivos con una media de 3.1 (d.e.=0.8), un total de la varianza explicada de 17.9% y un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.84. El factor II se denominó interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez, se formó por 10 reactivos, con una media de 3.5 (d.e.=0.9), varianza explicada de 15.2% y un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.89. El factor III se denominó influencia social, se formó de seis reactivos, con una media de 3.8 (d.e =0.8), varianza explicada de 9.9% y un alfa de Cronbach de 0.82. Para observar el nivel de confiabilidad total del instrumento se realizó un análisis de consistencia interna de los 26 reactivos restantes con el cual se obtuvo un valor alfa de Cronbach de 0.94. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de comparación con la prueba t de Student la cual indicó que las mujeres con CAR mostraron mayor insatisfacción corporal, interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez e influencia social. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a la comparación por edad, mientras que resultaron significativas las comparaciones entre el IMC y los factores de insatisfacción corporal e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez. Discusión La evidencia indica que la escala de medición de imagen corporal cuenta con valores de validez y confiabilidad adecuados. De la misma manera se observó una validez predictiva aceptable que permitió clasificar correctamente una elevada proporción de los casos (97.4%). Estos resultados pusieron de manifiesto que la insatisfacción corporal es un factor presente en la mayoría de la muestra estudiada. Respecto a la diferencia de medias de la imagen corporal entre mujeres que presentan CAR y las que no, se encontró que en las primeras las puntuaciones fueron mayores. En cuanto a la insatisfacción corporal y el IMC, se observó que los grupos con mayor grado de insatisfacción fueron los de las mujeres con bajo peso seguidos de las mujeres con obesidad.