ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of mechanical ventilation on liver cytological and enzymatic indexes in abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) by establishing a porcine model of abdominal hypertension.Methods:Six healthy adult pigs were selected. After general anesthesia, they were intubated and given ventilator assisted breathing. The breathing mode was volume controlled ventilation (VCV), tidal volume (VT) 10 mL/kg, respiratory rate (RR) 16 time/min, fraction of inspiration oxygen (FiO 2) 0.40, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O = 0.098 kPa). Intraperitoneal pressure was simulated by injecting normal saline into the pressurized water sac, and the pressure was measured once every 50 mL of normal saline. 5 mL of blood was collected from ear vein every 1 hour before and 4 hours after operation for liver enzyme examination. 4 hours after operation, the animals were sacrificed and the liver was collected to observe pathological changes under light microscope. Results:Six pigs were successfully modeled. The RR and heart rate (HR) of the animals remained stable. No one suffered from barotrauma or death during the experiment. There was a positive correlation between abdominal pressure and abdominal volume increase (r 2 = 0.839 6, P = 0.003 7). There were no significant differences in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cholinesterase (ChE) preoperative and 1, 2, 3, 4 hours after operation. As time went on, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased first and then decreased, and increased significantly at 1 hour after operation (U/L: 46.84±8.57 vs. 23.35±5.14, P < 0.05), and decreased significantly 2, 3, 4 hours after operation (U/L: 16.33±3.58, 14.54±3.35, 15.44±3.21 vs. 23.35±5.14, all P < 0.05). The level of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) increased and then decreased, but there was significant difference only at 1 hour after operation, compared with baseline (U/L: 101.20±17.79 vs. 51.34±9.13, P < 0.05). Under the light microscope, there were dilation and congestion of interlobular vein, dilation of interlobular bile duct, hyperplasia of small bile duct, hyperplasia of connective tissue in portal area, infiltration of a large number of acute and chronic inflammatory cells, swelling of hepatocytes, light staining of cytoplasm, balloon like transformation of some cells, and punctate necrosis. Conclusion:Abdominal hypertension under mechanical ventilation can cause obvious enzyme changes and cytological damage of liver.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: el síndrome compartimental abdominal es una entidad clínica sistémica desencadenada por incremento en la presión intraabdominal, caracterizada clínicamente por distensión abdominal y alteraciones de las funciones respiratoria, cardiovascular, neurológica y renal. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del síndrome compartimental abdominal en los pacientes críticos que ingresaron en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Provincial "José Ramón López Tabrane". Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, y longitudinal que tuvo como universo los pacientes adultos con factores de riesgo conocidos para síndrome compartimental abdominal, tratados entre enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2015. Se le realizó medición sistemática de la presión intraabdominal transvesical y fueron sometidos a descompresión quirúrgica en caso de hipertensión intraabdominal grados III y IV. Resultados: los valores de presión intraabdominal sostenidamente elevados, son directamente proporcionales al desarrollo del síndrome compartimental abdominal y trae aparejado disfunciones en los diferentes sistemas de órganos; en estos casos apareció complicaciones, las cuales se presentaron combinadas para todos los pacientes, y fueron mayoritarias para el grupo con presión intraabdominal grado IV. La mortalidad se comportó en un número bastante elevado lo cual estuvo relacionado con los niveles de presión intraabdominal, así como la posibilidad de que fueran reintervenidos quirúrgicamente estos pacientes. Conclusiones: se debe protocolizar en todo paciente con sospecha de desarrollar un síndrome compartimental abdominal la medición periódica de la presión intraabdominal (AU).
SUMMARY Introduction: the abdominal compartment syndrome is a systemic clinical entity triggered by an increase of the intra abdominal pressure, clinically characterized by abdominal distension and the alteration of the renal, neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Objective: to characterize the behavior of the abdominal compartment syndrome in critical patients from the intensive care unit of the provincial hospital "Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane". Materials and methods: a longitudinal, descriptive and prospective study was carried out in a universe of adult patients with risk factors known as abdominal compartment syndrome, treated in the period of time from January 2014 to December 2015. Their transvesical intraabdominal pressure was systematically measured and they underwent surgical decompression in cases of intraabdominal hypertension grades iii and iv. Results: the values of intraabdominal pressure steadily increased are directly proportional to the development of the abdominal compartment syndrome and entails dysfunctions in the different systems of organs; in these cases complications were found, that were combined for all patients and mainly in the group with intraabdominal pressure grade iv. Mortality was present in a certainly increased group, and was related to the levels of intraabdominal pressure, and also to the possibility these patients undergoing surgical treatments again. Conclusions: it should be standardized the periodical measure of the intraabdominal pressure in any patient suspected of developing an abdominal compartment syndrome (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Patients/classification , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/epidemiology , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Critical Care/methods , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/classification , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/diagnosis , Patient Acuity , Intensive Care Units/standardsABSTRACT
El síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) es cuando la presión intaabdominal (PIA) es sostenida mayor a 20 mmHg asociada con nuevo fallo/disfunción de órganos. Este síndrome se puede presentar por causas primarias abdomino-pélvicas o causas secundarias. Una de las causas primarias es la presencia de aneurisma de aorta abdominal, su ruptura y complicaciones como hematomas retroperitoneales. Se ha discutido sobre la ventaja de realizar reparación endovascular (RE) en el contexto de ruptura de aneurisma de aorta abdominal (RAAA) versus la tradicional reparación por cirugía abierta (CA), tanto en reducción de mortalidad como de complicaciones postquirúrgicas. En cuanto a causas secundarias, estas están relacionadas con el manejo perioperatorio del paciente con RAAA. Se ha evidenciado que una correcta monitorización y manejo del paciente en el pre, trans y postoperatorio, indistintamente de la técnica quirúrgica empleada, tiene mayor incidencia en la disminución de SCA.
Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) happens when the intra-abdominal pressure maintains above 20 mmHg with new organ failure. This syndrome has primary abdominal pelvic causes or secondary causes. One of the primary etiologies can be the presence of an abdominal aorta aneurysm, its rupture and complications such as retroperitoneal hematoma. It has been discussed about the advantage of endovascular repair (EVAR) in patients with rupture of abdominal aorta aneurysm (RAAA) vs open repair (OR), reducing mortality and complications after surgery. About de secondary etiologies of ACS, these have been linked with perioperative treatment of patients with RAAA. It has been stablished that the right monitoring and treatment of the patient in the pre, trans and postoperative time, regardless of the surgery technique, has a better influence diminishing the incidence of SCA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aortic Aneurysm , Diagnostic Techniques and ProceduresABSTRACT
Aims: We report a case of development of chronic intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) in patient with giant abdominal liposarcoma and finally its presentation as inferior vena cava syndrome. Presentation of Case: A 77- year old patient presented with history of abdominal enlargement in last three years. The patient had dyspnea, legs edema and poorly tolerated supine position but he was without chest pain and complained on urinary frequency. CT scan of abdominal cavity shows huge tumor formation in front of abdominal cavity, and another one in pelvis, which compressed the bladder and spread into the inguinum. The patient had medical history of hypertension, chronic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Discussion and Conclusion: This case report indicates complex pathophysiology of gradually increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP), which occurs in conditions like morbid obesity, big intraabdominal tumors, pregnancy and ascites development. Since the IAH increases gradually over months or years, the compensatory mechanisms adjust gradually as well, and thus reduce a possibility of acute IAH complications and ACS (abdominal compartment syndrome) development. In our case, patient was presented with symptoms of inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) as a result of external compression by a mass on the IVC. This case highlights the importance of understanding of pathophysiological events in chronic IAH as well as in acute IAH.
ABSTRACT
Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, de 67 niños con cirugía abdominal, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario Infantil Sur de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre del 2010 hasta agosto del 2014, a fin de monitorear la magnitud y variaciones de la presión intraabdominal para utilizarlas como criterio de complicación posquirúrgica. El proceder se realizó en las primeras 24 horas del periodo posoperatorio e inmediatamente antes de la reintervención, que fue necesaria en 11 afectados, para lo cual se usó la sonda vesical. Predominaron el sexo masculino (58,2 %), el grupo etario de 5-14 años y la anemia como la afección mayormente asociada. La causa más frecuente de cirugía abdominal fue la apendicitis aguda (32,8 %) y los pacientes con esta enfermedad resultaron ser los más necesitados de reintervención (45,4 %). La presión intraabdominal en el periodo posoperatorio inmediato fue elevada en el total de los casos reintervenidos quirúrgicamente.
A descriptive case series study of 67 children with abdominal surgery, admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of the Southern University Pediatric Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from September, 2010 to August, 2014, in order to control the magnitude and variations of the intraabdominal pressure to use them as criterion of postoperative complication. The procedure was carried out in the first 24 hours of the postoperative period and immediately before the reintervention which was necessary in 11 affected patients, for whom the vesical probe was used. The male sex (58.2%), the age group 5-14 years and the anemia as the mostly associated disorder prevailed. The most frequent cause in abdominal surgery was the acute appendicitis (32.8%), and the patients with this disease turned out to be those who mostly needed reinterventions (45.4%). The intraabdominal pressure in the immediate postoperative period was high in all the cases with a second surgery.