Effects of puerarin on maternal gestational diabetes mellitus rats and fetal growth / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of oral puerarin (Pue) on the maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rats and its fetal growth and development, so as to provide references for the application of Pue in the treatment of GDM. Methods The GDM rat model was established by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) into the tail vein of pregnant female rats, and the rats were treated with Pue orally for 12 days; the body weight and abortion of pregnant rats were recorded. The fasting blood glucose of pregnant rats was detected before and at the end of the treatment, and the glucose tolerance was tested on the 5th and 10th days after the administration of the drug. The cesarean sections were carried out on the 20th day of pregnancy. The blood glucose content of the fetal rats was detected, and the state of development was observed. The body weight and length were measured, as well as the placenta and the important organs weight, and the indexes of the organs were calculated. Results Compared with the model group, Pue could significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose of GDM pregnant rats and fetal rats, improve the glucose tolerance of pregnant rats, effectively alleviate the excessive weight gain of pregnant rats and overweight of fetal rats caused by GDM, and reduce the abortion rate; it could also reverse the decrease in the indexes of the organs of brain, heart, and liver, and the increase in the indexes of organs of kidney in fetal rats caused by GDM. Conclusions Pue can relieve the maternal and the fetal hyperglycemia in GDM, reduce the rate of miscarriage, reduce the incidence of macrosomia, and promote the development of vital fetal organs.

Application of the fetal adrenal volume evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and its correlation with adverse perinatal outcomes / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the fetal adrenal gland volume (AGV) and corrected adrenal gland volume (cAGV) in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses and observe their associations with the adverse perinatal outcomes.Methods:From February 2021 to August 2022, 32 IUGR fetuses who underwent fetal ultrasound examination in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were prospectively selected as the IUGR group, and 32 normal fetuses matched for gestational age during the same period were selected as the control group. Three-dimensional ultrasound was used to obtain fetal adrenal volume images, and the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) was used to measure AGV, then the cAGV was calculated. The values of AGV and cAGV were appropriately compared between the IUGR and the control groups. The pregnancy outcomes were noted. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the relationship between the cAGV and adverse perinatal outcomes in IUGR fetus, with maternal age and the CPR included as covariates to control for confounding factors.Results:A total of 32 fetuses with IUGR and 32 controls were involved in this prospective study. There was no significant difference in the AGV between these two groups ( P=0.417). The cAGV of the IUGR fetus was substantially larger than that of the normal fetus ( P=0.034). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for maternal age and fetal CPR, the fetal cAGV was noticeably associated with the fetal distress (adjusted OR=0.005, 95% CI=0.000-0.587, P=0.029) and the total adverse perinatal outcomes (adjusted OR=0.014, 95% CI=0.000-0.475, P=0.018). Conclusions:The value of cAGV is increased in the IUGR fetuses and associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The evaluation of fetal AGV could be beneficial to monitoring and managing IUGR fetuses.

Characteristics of the left heart structure and function in 86 term neonates with intrauterine growth restriction / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the left heart structure and functional characteristics of term neonates with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).@*METHODS@#This study included 86 term neonates with IUGR admitted to the Neonatal Ward of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2019 to January 2022 as the IUGR group, as well as randomly selected 86 term neonates without IUGR born during the same period as the non-IUGR group. The clinical data and echocardiographic data were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The analysis of left heart structure and function showed that compared with the non-IUGR group, the IUGR group had significantly lower left ventricular mass, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and stroke volume (P<0.05) and significantly higher ratio of end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness to left ventricular posterior wall thickness, proportion of neonates with a mitral peak E/A ratio of ≥1, and cardiac index (P<0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis suggested that stroke volume was positively correlated with birth weight and body surface area (rs=0.241 and 0.241 respectively; P<0.05) and that the ratio of end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness to left ventricular posterior wall thickness was negatively correlated with birth weight and body surface area (rs=-0.229 and -0.225 respectively; P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The left ventricular systolic function of neonates with IUGR is not significantly different from that of neonates without IUGR. However, the ventricular septum is thicker in neonates with IUGR. This change is negatively correlated with birth weight and body surface area. The left ventricular diastolic function may be impaired in neonates with IUGR.

Poor nutritional status of fifteen-year-old or younger adolescent mothers enhances the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns

Introduction: To analyze the factors (socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures) associated with the birth of small for gestational age newborns.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 15 years old or younger postpartum adolescents divided into small-for-gestational-age newborn (SGA) and non-small-for-gestational age newborn groups (NSGA). Socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures (triceps skinfold (TS), and mid-arm circumference, (MAC)) were collected.Results: 8,153 women gave birth at the obstetric ward and 364 (4.46%) ≤ 15 years old adolescents were enrolled in the study. The proportion of SGA newborns was 34.61%. The SGA group attended fewer prenatal visits (p = 0.037), had a higher prevalence of nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (p < 0.001) and vaginal delivery (p = 0.023), compared to the NSGA group. The nutritional status and vaginal delivery remained significant even after adjustment for confounders. The prevalence risk for SGA birth was 30% higher in the group of mothers with nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.50) (p < 0.001).Conclusions: 15.4% of adolescents ≤ 15 years of age had an arm circumference compatible with the "very low weight" condition, demonstrating the high prevalence of poor maternal nutritional status in this group. The birth of SGA among adolescents ≤ 15 years of age is independently associated with maternal nutritional status classified as "very low weight" by the mid-arm circumference measures (MAC).

Factores de riesgo relacionados con el bajo peso al nacer

La reducción del bajo peso al nacer es importante para obtener mejores resultados en la mortalidad infantil. Por eso nos planteamos el objetivo de: identificar los factores asociados con el riesgo de bajo peso al nacer, por su incremento en el municipio Río Cauto. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que incluyó a 51 gestantes que tuvieron recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer de enero a diciembre del año 2022. Se utilizaron las variables: edad gestacional en el momento del parto, áreas de salud, peso de los nacidos vivos y por grupos de edad materna, paridad y patologías detectadas durante el embarazo. Hubo 528 nacidos vivos y 51 tuvieron un peso inferior a 2500 gramos, con un índice de (9.66 %); el parto pretérmino predominó en el Policlínico "Camilo Cienfuegos" con 5 neonatos (5.00 %) y el crecimiento intrauterino retardado en el Policlínico "Ernesto Guevara" con 14 nacimientos (9.03 %); el mayor por ciento de bajo peso ocurrió de 20 a 34 años de edad, 35 (68.63 %), donde sobresalió el policlínico "Máximo Gómez" con 18 (75 %). En los nacimientos por grupo de edades, el índice de bajo peso fue mayor en pacientes menores de 20 años, 14 (12.84 %). En el bajo peso predominaron: las nulíparas en 25 nacimientos (49.02 %), la anemia y embarazo 27 (52.94 %) y el síndrome de flujo vaginal 20 (39.22).

Summary Reducing low birth weight is important for better outcomes in infant mortality. That is why we set ourselves the objective of: identifying the factors associated with the risk of low birth weight, due to its increase in Río Cauto. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 51 pregnant women who had low birth weight newborns from January to December 2022. The following variables were used: gestational age at the time of delivery, health areas, live birth weight and maternal age groups, parity and pathologies detected during pregnancy. There were 528 live births and 51 had a weight of less than 2500 grams, with a rate of (9.66%); preterm delivery predominated at the Camilo Cienfuegos Polyclinic with 5 neonates (5.00%) and intrauterine growth retardation at the Ernesto Guevara Polyclinic with 14 births (9.03%); The highest percentage of underweight occurred between 20 and 34 years of age, 35 (68.63%), where the Máximo Gómez 18 polyclinic (75%) stood out. In births by age group, the rate of low birth weight was higher in patients under 20 years of age, 14 (12.84%). Nulliparous women predominated in 25 births (49.02%), anemia and pregnancy in 27 (52.94%), and vaginal discharge syndrome in 20 (39.22).

A redução do baixo peso ao nascer é importante para melhores desfechos na mortalidade infantil. Por isso, nos propusemos a identificar os fatores associados ao risco de baixo peso ao nascer, devido ao seu aumento no Rio Cauto. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, que incluiu 51 gestantes que tiveram recém-nascidos de baixo peso ao nascer no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2022. As seguintes variáveis foram utilizadas: idade gestacional no momento do parto, áreas de saúde, peso ao vivo e faixas etárias maternas, paridade e patologias detectadas durante a gestação. Foram 528 nascidos vivos e 51 com peso inferior a 2500 gramas, com taxa de (9,66%); predomínio de parto pré-termo na Policlínica Camilo Cienfuegos com 5 neonatos (5,00%) e retardo de crescimento intrauterino na Policlínica Ernesto Guevara com 14 nascimentos (9,03%); O maior percentual de baixo peso ocorreu entre 20 e 34 anos de idade, 35 (68,63%), onde se destacou a policlínica Máximo Gómez 18 (75%). Nos nascimentos por faixa etária, a taxa de baixo peso ao nascer foi maior nas pacientes com menos de 20 anos, 14 (12,84%). Nulíparas predominaram em 25 partos (49,02%), anemia e gravidez em 27 (52,94%) e síndrome do corrimento vaginal em 20 (39,22).

Management of Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction by Ayurvedic Regime: A Case Report

Maternal nutrition and congenital malformation are considered as very important factors for intra uterine growth restriction. Present case deals with these two factors in parallel way. A 32 years young lady second gravida, G2P0A1, housewife, residence of Jaipur, came to NIA OPD with complaint of amenorrhea since a month. According to patient her last menstrual period was on 3/3/20. Her antenatal care was continued in NIA OPD. First fetal wellbeing scan reveals mild ventriculomegaly so she was advised for second level scan and quadruple marker but due to low socioeconomic condition patient was not able to do second level anomaly scan and she continued her pregnancy on her own risk. After 7 months she came to us with the complaints of decreased fetal movements. Fundal height corresponding to period of gestation and fetal heart sound was present which was regular. A color doppler was advised which shows normal fetoplacental and uteroplacental circulation, fetal weight was normal according to period of gestation. On the eighth month the fundal height was found decreased along with maternal weight decreased by 1kg. She was suspected for IUGR and planned for Ksheerbasti. After four episodes Ksheer basti on the 36 weeks of gestation, mother had significant weight gain of 2 kg along with increase in fundal height. USG was done which reveals Single live intra uterine pregnancy of 33 weeks 2 days with lumbar spina bifida with meningomyelocele, CHIARI-II brain malformation, EFW– 2282gm. She delivered a live female child of 2300gm through normal vaginal delivery at maternity hospital. Child was having severe form of myelomeningocele with brain malformation.

Epidemiological characteristics of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in a high-risk population / Características epidemiológicas de los trastornos hipertensivos durante el embarazo en una población de alto riesgo

Abstract Objectives: the aim is to determine the prevalence of hypertensive disorders and to describe the sociodemographic aspects and risk factors for preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and intrauterine growth restriction. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Maternal characteristics, history from the first prenatal visit and outcomes were obtained. The prevalence and percentages were calculated and described. Results: the prevalence of hypertensive disorders was 12.7%, preeclampsia was 8.0%, followed by gestational hypertension at 4.7%. Of the preeclampsia, 54.8% were severe and 11.9% were of early onset. Moreover, 56.5% of the severe preeclampsia had preterm deliveries. IUGR had a prevalence of 5.3%. Based on maternal history, the most relevant risk factors were a family and personal history of preeclampsia and IUGR. Conclusions: we found a considerable prevalence of preeclampsia with a high percentage of preterm deliveries, associated with varying severity. This data helps health professionals to be aware of the risk factors that can be followed up for preventing complications. The determination of the risk of developing a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy is fundamental to encouraging proper counseling and care for these women through gestation.

Resumen Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de trastornos hipertensivos y describir los aspectos sociodemográficos y los factores de riesgo de preeclampsia, hipertensión gestacional y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se obtuvieron características maternas, antecedentes del primer control prenatal y los resultados obstétricos. Se calcularon y describieron las prevalencias y porcentajes. Resultados: la prevalencia de trastornos hipertensivos fue del 12.7%, la de la preeclampsia fue del 8.0%, seguida de la hipertensión gestacional con el 4.7%. Del total de gestantes con preeclampsia, el 54.8% fueron graves y el 11.9% fue de inicio temprano. Además, el 56.5% de las gestantes con preeclampsia severa tuvieron partos prematuros. La RCIU tuvo una prevalencia del 5.3%. Según los antecedentes maternos, los factores de riesgo más relevantes fueron los antecedentes familiares y personales de preeclampsia y RCIU. Conclusiones: se encontró una prevalencia considerable de preeclampsia con un alto porcentaje de partos prematuros, asociada a una severidad variada. Estos datos ayudan a los profesionales de la salud a conocer los factores de riesgo que se pueden monitorear para prevenir complicaciones. La determinación del riesgo de desarrollar un trastorno hipertensivo durante el embarazo es fundamental para fomentar el asesoramiento y la atención adecuados para estas mujeres durante la gestación.

Study Of Maternal Near Miss Events At The Tertiary Care Hospital

Background:A maternal near miss case is defined as a “a woman who nearly died but survived a complication that occurred during pregnancy,child birth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy”1.MMR is defined as ratio of number of maternal deaths per 1000 live births. All pregnant women deserve a good quality of care especially Emergency Obstetric Care including proper infrastructure, human resources that can detect and manage such complications earliest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the causes of maternal near miss cases, various management modalities performed and maternal and fetal outcome in near miss cases. Material And Methods:A retrospective study was carried out in obstetrics and gynaecology department of SCL municipal general hospital, Ahmedabad for identification of MNM as per MNM-R operational guidelines (2014) in a tertiary care hospital from August 2020 to March 2022. Result:Total deliveries during our study period were 9266 out of which 535 number of patients developed complications, 75 patients ended up becoming near miss cases and 30 maternal mortalities were observed.Hypertensive disorders (38.6%) followed by severe anemia (18.6%) and haemorrhage (13.3%) were the commonest underlying causes leading to MNM. More than one management modality was followed in one case. 25% of patients required blood transfusion. Out of which 11 patients required massive blood transfusion (>5 units of blood) and 16% of patients required blood products along with blood resulting from either severe anemia or altered coagulopathy (DIC). 69.3% of patients required ICU stay of <5 days and majority of patients required hospital stay of 9-14 days.63.6% of patients required ICU stay of 1-4 days.Live birth rate was 82.6%.Conclusion:Maternal health is the direct indicator of prevailing health status in a country. Reduction in maternal mortality is one of the targets of MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS13for 2015 but in spite of full efforts by all the health care professionals, it still remains a challenge in developing countries.There should be prompt and proper management of high-risk groups by frequent antenatal visits. Aggressive management of each complication and close monitoring of women in labour, decision making in mode and time of termination of pregnancy are important to prevent further complications.

Impact of socioeconomic factors on deciduous teeth eruption among infants born after low-risk pregnancy compared to infants diagnosed with intrauterine growth restriction

Aim: The aim is to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors on deciduous teeth eruption among infants born after low-risk pregnancy and infants diagnosed with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Materials and Methodology: The cross-sectional study included 110 neonates recruited at birth using stratified random sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Neonates diagnosed without IUGR were allocated to Group I (n = 55) and those diagnosed with IUGR were allocated to Group II (n = 55). The perinatal case history was recorded, followed by intraoral examination at birth, 6 months, and monthly up to 1 year or till first evidence of teeth eruption. Results: The difference between both groups based on socioeconomic status (SES) was found statistically significant (P = 0.043). The first evidence of eruption of deciduous teeth was found delayed in Group II (P = 0.0001). Secondary school education was found statistically significant between both the groups (P = 0.024). The difference between the two groups based on religion (P = 0.353) and gravidity (P = 0.571) was found statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Lower SES and secondary maternal education can be considered statistically significant risk factors of IUGR and delayed deciduous teeth eruption. No correlation of IUGR with religion and gravidity was found.

Birth weight curves of singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks and their regional differences in 11 cities of China: an analysis of 93 720 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To develop the birth weight curve of singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks, and to investigate the regional differences of the birth weight curve.@*METHODS@#A total of 11 maternal and child health hospitals with more than 7 000 neonates delivered annually were selected in 11 cities of China (Haikou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Liuzhou, Guilin, Quanzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Changsha, Ningbo, and Lianyungang), and all live singleton neonates delivered in the 11 hospitals from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020 were enrolled for the development of birth weight curves.@*RESULTS@#A total of 93 720 singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks from the 11 cities were included in the study. The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities were established, and the birth weight percentile curves were drawn. The birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Shenzhen and Quanzhou was almost the same as the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Haikou, Guangzhou, Guilin, and Liuzhou was slightly lower than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Chongqing, Chengdu, and Changsha was slightly higher than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Ningbo and Lianyungang was higher than the average level of the 11 cities. The average birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in the 11 cities were very close to that of China Neonatal Cooperation Network in 2011-2014.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities are developed, which can be used as a reference for evaluating the intrauterine growth of singleton neonates in the region. The level of intrauterine growth of neonates in some cities is different from the national level.

Correlation of Lipin gene expression with hepatic fat content in rats with intrauterine growth retardation / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the correlation of the expression of Lipin1 in visceral adipose tissue and Lipin2 in liver tissue with hepatic fat content in rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).@*METHODS@#Pregnant rats were given a low-protein (10% protein) diet during pregnancy to establish a model of IUGR in neonatal rats. The pregnant rats in the control group were given a normal-protein (21% protein) diet during pregnancy. The neonatal rats were weighed and liver tissue was collected on day 1 and at weeks 3, 8, and 12 after birth, and visceral adipose tissue was collected at weeks 3, 8, and 12 after birth. The 3.0T 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure hepatic fat content at weeks 3, 8, and 12 after birth. Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression levels of Lipin2 in liver tissue and Lipin1 in visceral adipose tissue. Western blot was used to measure protein levels of Lipin2 in liver tissue and Lipin1 in visceral adipose tissue. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlation of mRNA and protein expression of Lipin with hepatic fat content.@*RESULTS@#The IUGR group had significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of Lipin1 in visceral adipose tissue than the control group at weeks 3, 8, and 12 after birth (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the IUGR group had significantly lower mRNA and protein expression levels of Lipin2 in liver tissue on day 1 after birth and significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of Lipin2 at weeks 1, 3, 8, and 12 after birth (P<0.05). At week 3 after birth, there was no significant difference in hepatic fat content between the IUGR and control groups (P>0.05), while at weeks 8 and 12 after birth, the IUGR group had a significantly higher hepatic fat content than the control group (P<0.05). The protein and mRNA expression levels of Lipin1 were positively correlated with hepatic fat content (r=0.628 and 0.521 respectively; P<0.05), and the protein and mRNA expression levels of Lipin2 were also positively correlated with hepatic fat content (r=0.601 and 0.524 respectively; P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Upregulation of the mRNA and protein expression levels of Lipin1 in visceral adipose tissue and Lipin2 in liver tissue can increase hepatic fat content in rats with IUGR and may be associated with obesity in adulthood.

Diagnóstico prenatal del retraso de crecimiento intrauterino, en pacientes asistidas en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, año 2018

Resumen La restricción de crecimiento intrauterino es un problema de salud que aumenta su conocimiento en la población puede generar acciones en la salud pública, asimismo se asocia a mayor riesgo en adolescentes, a bajo nivel de instrucción, población marginal, bajo peso de la madre y de atención prenatal inadecuado, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la de analizar el diagnóstico prenatal del retraso de crecimiento intrauterino mediante la ecografía, en pacientes asistidas en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, año 2018, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, la muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por 73 historia clínica de madres que presentaron restricción de crecimiento intrauterina diagnosticada por ecografía se consignaron en un formato de recolección de datos a través de la revisión de historias clínicas, se organizaron en una base de datos en Excel y se realizó un análisis descriptivo. El 41% de las madres presentaron edades entre 19 a 34 años, se observó mayor índice con el 64 con procedencia de zonas rurales respecto a las madres con procedencias de zonas urbanas, las mayorías de las madres presentaron un nivel secundario concluida, el 52% de las madres presentaron controles prenatales entre 0 a 5 controles, las madres con edad gestacional < 37 semanas tuvieron significativamente (p=0.000) mayor frecuencia recién nacido con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, el 29% de las madres que tuvieron bajo peso presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, 21 de las madres nulíparas presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino y el 44% de las madres con intervalo intergenésico menor de 2 años presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, y el mayor índice de hijos con retardo de crecimientos intrauterina presentaron madres con una ganancia entre 6 a 9 Kg y se concluye que el retardo de crecimiento intrauterino tiene asociación con factores sociodemográficos y obstétricos, que algunos de ellos pueden ser intervenidos.

Abstract The restriction of intrauterine growth is a health problem that increases their knowledge in the population can generate actions in public health, it is also associated with increased risk in adolescents, at a low level of education, marginal population, low mother and child weight inadequate prenatal care, the objective of this work was to analyze the prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation by ultrasound, in patients assisted in the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este, year 2018, a retrospective descriptive observational study was performed, the sample The study consisted of 73 clinical records of mothers who presented intrauterine growth restriction diagnosed by ultrasound were recorded in a data collection format through the review of medical records, they were organized in a database in Excel and a descriptive analysis showing the following results 41% of the madr es presented ages between 19 and 34 years old, a higher index was observed with 64 originating from rural areas with respect to mothers from urban areas, most of the mothers presented a completed secondary level, 52% of the mothers presented controls Prenatal between 0 and 5 controls, mothers with gestational age <37 weeks had significantly (p = 0.000) higher frequency newborn with intrauterine growth retardation, 29% of mothers who were underweight presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation , 21 of the nulliparous mothers presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation and 44% of the mothers with intergenic interval less than 2 years presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation, and the highest rate of children with intrauterine growth retardation presented mothers with a gain between 6 to 9 Kg and it is concluded that the intrauterine growth retardation tie Ne association with sociodemographic and obstetric factors, which some of them can be intervened.

Factores de riesgo asociado al bajo peso al nacer. Municipio Guisa. Enero- diciembre 2019 / Risk factors associated with the low birth weight. Guise municipality. January - December 2019 / Fatores de risco associados ao baixo peso ao nascer. Municipio Guisa. Enero- diciembre 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la reducción del bajo peso al nacer constituye una prioridad en el país por ser determinante para disminuir la mortalidad infantil. Objetivo: determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados al bajo peso al nacer Guisa, Granma. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, incluyó a 37 gestantes que aportaron los nacimientos con bajo peso en el periodo de estudio. Se analizaron las variables edad materna, evaluación nutricional al inicio del embarazo, edad gestacional al momento del parto, tipo de bajo peso, antecedentes personales y enfermedades asociadas al embarazo. Resultados: se produjeron 511 nacimientos, 37 mostraron un peso inferior a 2500 g. El mayor número de nacimientos ocurrió en edades fértiles de la vida, predominando la evaluación nutricional normopeso al inicio del embarazo. La edad gestacional entre 37-42 semanas fueron las que más aportaron bajo peso, no ocurrieron nacimientos en gestantes con menos de 32 semanas. Predominaron los crecimientos intrauterinos restringidos. Entre los antecedentes patológicos resalta, la hipertensión arterial, seguida por el asma bronquial, la anemia ligera. Conclusiones: el bajo peso al nacer es un problema de salud en el municipio Guisa y por consiguiente su influencia negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los infantes. Las edades extremas no resultaron factores de incidencia en el bajo peso al nacer al igual que el estado nutricional. Las principales causales son el crecimiento intrauterino restringido y el parto pretérmino. La identificación precoz de los factores de riesgo y la adopción de medidas efectivas permitirá disminuir la incidencia de estas causas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: reducing low birth weight is a priority in the country as it is decisive for reducing infant mortality. Objective: to determine the main risk factors associated with low birth weight Guisa, Granma. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, it included 37 pregnant women who provided births with low birth weight in the study period. The variables maternal age, nutritional evaluation at the beginning of pregnancy, gestational age at delivery, type of low weight, personal history and diseases associated with pregnancy were analyzed. Results: there were 511 births, 37 showed a weight less than 2500 g. The highest number of births occurred in fertile ages of life, predominating the normal weight nutritional assessment at the beginning of pregnancy. Gestational ages between 37-42 weeks were the ones that contributed the most to low weight, there were no births in pregnant women with less than 32 weeks. Restricted intrauterine growths predominated. Among the pathological antecedents, arterial hypertension stands out, followed by bronchial asthma, mild anemia. Conclusions: low birth weight is a health problem in the Guisa municipality and therefore its negative influence on the quality of life of infants. Extreme ages were not factors of incidence in low birth weight as well as nutritional status. The main causes are restricted intrauterine growth and preterm delivery. The early identification of risk factors and the adoption of effective measures will reduce the incidence of these causes.

RESUMO Introdução: a redução do baixo peso ao nascer é uma prioridade no país, pois é decisiva para a redução da mortalidade infantil. Objetivo: determinar os principais fatores de risco associados ao baixo peso ao nascer Guisa, Granma. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, com 37 gestantes que realizaram partos com baixo peso ao nascer no período do estudo. Foram analisadas as variáveis ​​idade materna, avaliação nutricional no início da gestação, idade gestacional no parto, tipo de baixo peso, antecedentes pessoais e doenças associadas à gravidez. Resultados: ocorreram 511 nascimentos, 37 apresentavam peso inferior a 2.500 g. O maior número de nascimentos ocorreu em idades férteis de vida, predominando a avaliação nutricional de peso normal no início da gestação. As idades gestacionais entre 37-42 semanas foram as que mais contribuíram para o baixo peso, não ocorrendo partos em gestantes com menos de 32 semanas. Predominaram crescimentos intrauterinos restritos. Dentre os antecedentes patológicos, destaca-se a hipertensão arterial, seguida da asma brônquica, anemia leve. Conclusões: o baixo peso ao nascer é um problema de saúde no município de Guisa e, portanto, influencia negativamente na qualidade de vida dos lactentes. As idades extremas não foram fatores de incidência no baixo peso ao nascer, bem como no estado nutricional. As principais causas são o crescimento intrauterino restrito e o parto prematuro. A identificação precoce dos fatores de risco e a adoção de medidas eficazes irão reduzir a incidência dessas causas.

Magnetic resonance imaging of skull and brain parameters in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction

Abstract Objective: To compare fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and those with normal growth, in terms of skull and brain measurements obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study including 26 single fetuses (13 with IUGR and 13 with normal growth), evaluated from 26 to 38 weeks of gestation. Using MRI, we measured skull and brain biparietal diameters (BPDs); skull and brain occipitofrontal diameters (OFDs); corpus callosum length and area; transverse cerebellar diameter; extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF); and right and left interopercular distances (IODs). Results: The following were significantly smaller in IUGR fetuses than in control fetuses: skull BPD (76.9 vs. 78.2 mm; p = 0.0029); brain BPD (67.8 vs. 71.6 mm; p = 0.0064); skull OFD (93.6 vs. 95 mm; p = 0.0010); eCSF (5.5 vs. 8.2 mm; p = 0.0003); right IOD (9.8 vs. 13.9 mm; p = 0.0023); and left IOD (11.8 vs. 16.3 mm; p = 0.0183). The skull BPD/eCSF, brain BPD/eCSF, skull OFD/eCSF, and brain OFD/eCSF ratios were also lower in IUGR fetuses. Conclusion: IUGR fetuses had smaller OFD and BPD, both skull and brain, and less eCSF when compared to normal growth fetuses.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar medidas do crânio e encéfalo por meio da ressonância magnética (RM) de fetos com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) e com crescimento adequado. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de coorte prospectivo com 13 fetos com RCIU e 13 controles entre 26 e 38 semanas. Foram realizadas as seguintes medidas por RM: diâmetro biparietal (DBP) e diâmetro occipitofrontal (DOF) cerebral e ósseo, comprimento e área do corpo caloso (CPC), diâmetro transverso do cerebelo, líquido cerebroespinhal (LCE) extracerebral e distância interopercular (DIO) direita e esquerda. Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças significativas nas medidas do DBP ósseo (76,9 vs. 78,2 mm; p = 0,0029), DBP cerebral (67,8 vs. 71,6 mm; p = 0,0064) e DOF ósseo (93,6 vs. 95 mm; p = 0,0010) em fetos com RCIU em relação aos fetos com crescimento normal. Observaram-se, ainda, diferenças significativas nas médias do LCE extracerebral (5,5 vs. 8,2 mm; p = 0,0003) e DIO direita (9,8 vs. 13,9 mm; p = 0,0023) e esquerda (11,8 vs. 16,3 mm; p = 0,0183) em fetos com RCIU em relação aos controles. Fetos com RCIU e normais tiveram diferenças entre DBP ósseo/LCE, DBP cerebral/LCE, DOF/LEC, e DOF cerebral/LCE. Conclusão: Fetos com RCIU tiveram menores DBP e DOF, ambos crânio e encéfalo, e menor LCE extracerebral que fetos com crescimento adequado.

Desarrollo renal fetal alterado y riesgo aumentado de enfermedades del adulto / Alterations in fetal kidney development and increased risk for adult diseases

El bajo peso al nacer (BP, < 2500 g), la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y el parto prematuro (PP, < 37 semanas de gestación) son los factores clínicos más habituales para la programación alterada del número de nefronas y se asocian con un mayor riesgo de hipertensión, proteinuria y enfermedad renal futura en la vida. En la actualidad la evaluación indirecta del número total de nefronas mediante el uso de marcadores en el período posnatal representa el enfoque principal para evaluar el riesgo de evolución futura de los trastornos renales en los recién nacidos con BP, RCIU o PP.Se presentan los avances en la investigación en animales y sobre marcadores bioquímicos en humanos, y recomendaciones para la prevención del daño renal preconcepcional, incluidos los factores sociales y las enfermedades crónicas. La evidencia demuestra que la restricción de crecimiento y la prematuridad solas son capaces de modular la nefrogénesis y la función renal y, cuando son concurrentes, sus efectos tienden a ser acumulativos.

A low birth weight (LBW, < 2500 g), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth (PB, < 37 weeks of gestational age) are the most common clinical factors for an altered programming of nephron number and are associated with a greater risk for hypertension, proteinuria, and kidney disease later in life. At present, an indirect assessment of total nephron number based on postnatal markers is the most important approach to evaluate the risk for future kidney disorders in newborn infants with a LBW, IUGR or PB.Here we describe advances made in animal experiments and biochemical markers in humans, and the recommendations for the prevention of preconception kidney injury, including social factors and chronic diseases. According to the evidence, IUGR and prematurity alone can modulate nephrogenesis and kidney function, and, if occurring simultaneously, their effects tend to be cumulative.

Resultados perinatales tras la suplementación de una cohorte de gestantes con vitamina D / Perinatal results after vitamin D supplementation in a pregnant women cohort

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La deficiencia de vitamina D es muy prevalente durante la gestación, siendo cada vez más numerosos los estudios que relacionan esta condición con peores resultados perinatales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir los resultados perinatales y el curso del embarazo de una cohorte de gestantes deficitarias en vitamina D durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, suplementándolas con colecalciferol, así como establecer una comparación entre los resultados perinatales de aquellas pacientes con déficit o insuficiencia que lograron niveles normales de vitamina D en el tercer trimestre frente a aquellas que no lo lograron. Como objetivo secundario se describe el curso del embarazo de una cohorte de pacientes que durante el mismo periodo de tiempo del estudio presentaban normovitaminosis al inicio de la gestación. MÉTODOS: La cohorte de 190 pacientes analizada procede de casos consecutivos en la primera consulta de embarazo. Se determinaron los niveles de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25-OH-D) en la analítica del primer trimestre de 190 gestantes diferenciando entre valores normales (>30ng/mL), insuficiencia (30-15 ng/mL) y deficiencia (<15 ng/mL). Las pacientes con insuficiencia se suplementaron con 1000 UI/día de colecalciferol y las pacientes con deficiencia con 2000 UI/día. En el tercer trimestre se determinaron de nuevo los niveles de 25-OH-D en las pacientes suplementadas, suspendiendo la prescripción en caso de haberse normalizado los valores. Se comparan estadísticamente los resultados perinatales entre aquellas pacientes que mejoraron con la suplementación frente a aquellas que no lo hicieron. RESULTADOS: De las 190 pacientes analizadas, un 45% presentaban insuficiencia; un 27,5% deficiencia; y un 27,5% valores normales. De forma global, un 61% de las pacientes suplementadas habían normalizado sus niveles de vitamina D en la analítica del tercer trimestre, suspendiéndose la prescripción. De ese 61% normalizado, un 63% pertenecían al grupo de insuficiencia y un 37% al de deficiencia. Dentro del grupo suplementado con colecalciferol, un 1,4% de las pacientes desarrollaron hipertensión arterial, mientras que un 33% desarrollaron diabetes en el embarazo, de las cuales un 87% la controlaron exclusivamente con dieta y un 13% precisaron insulina. Un 3,6% de las gestaciones cursaron con retraso del crecimiento y la tasa de prematuridad fue igualmente del 3,6%. La tasa de cesáreas fue del 23%, de las cuales un 77% fueron indicadas intraparto y un 23% cesáreas programadas. El peso medio al nacimiento fue 3205g. Dentro del grupo con valores normales de 25-OH-D en el primer trimestre de la gestación, ninguna paciente desarrolló hipertensión arterial, mientras que un 15% presentaron diabetes gestacional controlada con dieta. Un 3,8% de dichas gestaciones cursaron con retrasos del crecimiento y la tasa de prematuridad fue del 1,9%. La tasa de cesáreas fue del 23%, de las cuales un 50% fueron indicadas intraparto y el 50% restante programadas. El peso medio al nacimiento fue de 3280g. En el análisis comparativo de los resultados perinatales entre el grupo de pacientes suplementadas que normalizaron sus cifras de vitamina D y aquellas que no lo hicieron, no se hallan diferencias estadísticamente significativas para ninguno de los parámetros analizados. CONCLUSIONES: La elevada tasa de hipovitaminosis D en la muestra analizada apoya la extensión del cribado y suplementación a todas las embarazadas y no solamente a aquellas con factores de riesgo. Dado que no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los niveles de vitamina D en el tercer trimestre y las variables perinatales estudiadas, podemos concluir que en nuestro estudio la suplementación con vitamina D no se ha comportado como factor protector de eventos obstétricos adversos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent during pregnancy, with an increasing number of studies linking this condition with worse perinatal outcomes. The objective of this present work is to describe the perinatal results and the course of pregnancy in a cohort of pregnant women deficient in vitamin D during the first trimester of pregnancy, supplementing them with cholecalciferol, as well as to establish a comparison between perinatal results of those patients with deficiencnieve or insufficiency who achieved normal levels of vitamin D in the third trimester compared to those who did not. As a secondary objective, the course of pregnancy is described in a cohort of patients who presented normal levels at the beginning of gestation during the same period of time of the study. METHODS: The cohort of 190 patients analyzed comes from consecutive cases in the first pregnancy visit. The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were determined in the analysis of the first trimester of 190 pregnant women, differentiating between normal values (> 30ng / mL), insufficiency (30-15 ng / mL) and deficiency (<15 ng / mL). Patients with insufficiency were supplemented with 1000 IU/day of cholecalciferol and patients with deficiency with 2000 IU/day. In the third trimester, the 25-OH-D levels were determined again in the supplemented patients, suspending the prescription if the values had normalized. Perinatal outcomes are statistically compared between those patients who improved with supplementation versus those who did not. RESULTS: Of the 190 patients analyzed, 45% had insufficiency; 27.5% deficiency; and 27.5% normal values. Overall, 61% of the supplemented patients had normalized their vitamin D levels in the third trimester analysis, suspending the prescription. Within that 61% normalized, 63% belonged to the insufficiency group and 37% to the deficiency group. In the group supplemented with cholecalciferol, 1.4% of the patients developed arterial hypertension, while 33% developed diabetes in pregnancy, of which 87% controlled it exclusively with diet and 13% required insulin. 3.6% of pregnancies had intrauterine growth restriction and the prematurity rate was also 3.6%. The caesarean section rate was 23%, of which 77% were indicated intrapartum and 23% scheduled caesarean sections. The mean weight at birth was 3205g. Within the group with normal 25-OH-D values in the first trimester of pregnancy, no patient developed hypertension, while 15% had diet-controlled gestational diabetes. 3.8% of these pregnancies had intrauterine growth restriction and the prematurity rate was 1.9%. The cesarean section rate was 23%, of which 50% were indicated intrapartum and the remaining 50% scheduled. The mean weight at birth was 3280g. In the comparative analysis of the perinatal results between the group of supplemented patients who normalized their vitamin D levels and those who did not, no statistically significant differences were found for any of the parameters analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of hypovitaminosis D in the analyzed sample supports the extension of screening and supplementation to all pregnant women and not only to those with risk factors. Since no statistically significant differences were observed between vitamin D levels in the third trimester and the perinatal outcomes studied, we can conclude that in our study vitamin D supplementation has not behaved as a protective factor against adverse obstetric events.

Autophagy and intrauterine growth retardation / 中国药理学通报

Autophagy is involved in the development of multiple organs, and abnormal autophagy can affect the growth and development of the body. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is one of the most common developmental toxicities, which can lead to increased perinatal morbidity and mortality of offspring, and the damage continues to cause adult susceptibility to a variety of chronic diseases after birth. This review mainly reviewed the pathogenesis of autophagy and its relationship with IUGR, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the study of autophagy in IUGR-related diseases.

Effect of electroacupuncture on lung dysplasia in rats with intrauterine growth restriction induced by maternal food restriction / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the protective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST 36) in pregnant rats on lung dysplasia of newborn rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by maternal food restriction.@*METHODS@#Twenty-four female SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a control+EA group, a model group and a model+EA group, 6 rats in each group. From the 10th day into pregnancy to the time of delivery, the rats in the model group and the model+EA group were given with 50% dietary restriction to prepare IUGR model. From the 10th day into pregnancy to the time of delivery, the rats in the control+EA group and the model+EA group were treated with EA at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36), once a day. The body weight of offspring rats was measured at birth, and the body weight and lung weight of offspring rats were measured on the 21st day after birth. The lung function was measured by small animal lung function detection system; the lung tissue morphology was observed by HE staining; the content of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in lung tissue was detected by ELISA.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the body weight at birth as well as the body weight, lung weight, lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and PPARγ at 21 days after birth in the model group were significantly decreased (@*CONCLUSION@#EA at "Zusanli" (ST 36) may protect the lung function and lung histomorphology changes by regulating the level of PPARγ of lung in IUGR rats induced by maternal food restriction.

Recent research on the influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the structure and function of the nervous system / 中国当代儿科杂志

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is caused by many factors, and most newborns with IUGR are small for gestational age (SGA). SGA infants have a relatively high risk of death and disease in the perinatal period, and the nervous system already has structural changes in the uterus, including the reduction of brain volume and gray matter volume, accompanied by abnormal imaging and pathological changes. IUGR fetuses undergo intrauterine blood flow redistribution to protect brain blood supply, and there are still controversies over the clinical effect of brain protection mechanism. SGA infants have a relatively high risk of abnormal cognitive, motor, language, and behavioral functions in the neonatal period and childhood, and preterm infants tend to have a higher degree of neurological impairment than full-term infants. Early intervention may help to improve the function of the nervous system.

Effect of prenatal taurine supplementation on sensorimotor ability and hippocampal synaptophysin expression of juvenile rats with intrauterine growth restriction / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of prenatal taurine supplementation on sensorimotor ability and synaptophysin (Syn) expression in the hippocampus of juvenile rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Methods:The IUGR rat model was induced by food restriction throughout pregnancy.Pregnant rats were randomly divided into normal control group, IUGR group and IUGR+ taurine group.Sensorimotor ability was tested in 2-week-old juvenile rats via grading the tail suspension scores and beam balance test scores, followed by detecting Syn expression in the hippocampus of juvenile rats by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.The correlation between sensorimotor ability scores and Syn expression was assessed.Results:Tail suspension time[(14.62±3.46) s vs.(25.38±5.92) s, P<0.001] and beam balance test scores [(9.08±1.38) scores vs.(12.08±1.16) scores, P<0.001] in the IUGR group were significant lower than those of normal control group.Tail suspension time (22.77±5.16) s and beam balance test scores (11.08±1.38) scores in IUGR+ taurine group were significantly higher than those in IUGR group (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference comparable to those in normal control group ( P>0.05). The average optical density ( A) value [(53.96±2.37)% vs.(61.68±3.07)%, P<0.001] and protein expression of Syn (1.82±0.23 vs.2.23±0.17, P<0.001) in rat hippocampus of IUGR group were all signi-ficantly lower than those in normal control group.The A value [(60.27±2.59)%] and expression of Syn protein (2.07±0.17) in IUGR+ taurine group were significantly higher than those in IUGR group (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference comparable to those in normal control group ( P>0.05). The expression of Syn in rat hippocampus was positively correlated with the tail suspension test time and beam balance test scores (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Prenatal taurine supplementation can improve the sensorimotor ability of juvenile rats with IUGR by upregulating Syn in the hippocampus.