Differences and changes in the empathy of Korean medical students according to gender and vocational aptitude, before and after clerkship / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is any change in the empathy scores of third-year medical graduate students after they have taken a clerkship and have begun gaining more opportunities to meet patients through the clerkship. METHODS: The participants were 109 third-year students in 2014 and 110 fourth-year students in 2015 at Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine. The author measured empathy using a modified and expanded version of the Korean version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy of Physician Empathy-Student version and used the Holland-III aptitude test-S to assess vocational aptitude. RESULTS: As a results, male students in their third year exhibited higher scores, but there was no significant difference in the fourth year. The empathy score increased slightly when third-year students became fourth-year students, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant change in the scores of both male and female students between the 2 years. The results of the vocational aptitude test showed that students who preferred person-oriented specialties had higher empathy scores when they entered their fourth academic year compared to objectively-oriented students. CONCLUSION: In this study, male students showed higher empathy scores than female students, an atypical finding that was inconsistent with the results of previous studies. However, the distribution of scores among male students was wider than that of female students, a finding consistent with previous studies. As such, individual differences need to be considered when developing curriculum in order to improve the empathy of medical students.

Declinación en el género y la empatía en alumnos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central (Ecuador): estudio transversal. Género y declinación empática: un estudio transversal / Decline in gender and empathy in students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Central University (Ecuador): cross-sectional study. Gender and empathic decline: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: Diagnosticar el comportamiento empático en general y de cada uno de sus componentes en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Quito, Ecuador. Material y Métodos: Este trabajoes de tipo exploratorio y transversal. A los participantes se les aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson sometida a criterio de jueces para verificar la validez cultural y de contenido y adaptarla para estudiantes de odontología.Se estimó el alpha de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y T2 de Hotelling. Se estimaron la mediay desviación estandar. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA multivariado) bifactorial (modelo III) Se estimóel potencial total de crecimiento posible. Se utilizaron gráficos de cajas aritméticos simples y procesados con SPSS22.0. El nivel de significación fue de α ≤ 0,05 y ß ≥ 0,80. Resultados: Se encontraron bajos niveles de empatía enrelación a otras facultades de América Latina y un alto desarrollo relativo de los niveles del componente cuidado concompasión. Los componentes restantes se mantuvieron con valores de crecimiento bajos y, en algunos casos, negativos; no se cumple el modelo de erosión empática, y en general, no existen diferencias estadísticas entre los géneros.Conclusiones: El diagnóstico realizado permite crear las condiciones para construir una estrategia de intervenciónmás específica(AU)

Objective:To make a diagnosis of empathic behaviour as a whole and in each of its components in the students of Facultadde Odontologia de la Universidad Central de Quito, Ecuador. Materials and methods: This is an exploratory and crosssectional research. Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale was applied to the participants. It was submited to judges to verify thecultural and content validity and to adapt it to dentistry students. Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient andHotelling's T2 were estimated, as well as the mean and standard deviation. A bifactorial (model III) analysis of variance(multivariate ANOVA) was applied. Total possible growth potential was estimated. Simple and SSPSS22.0 processedarithmetic box graphs were used. The level of significance was α ≤ 0.05 and ß ≥ 0.90. Results:We found low levelsof empathy in comparison with other faculties from Latin America and a high relative development of the levels of thecompassionate component, with the remaining components with low, and in some cases negative growth values. The modelof empathic decline is not fulfilled and, generally, there are no statistical differences between genders. Conclusions: Theresults presented here may create conditions to build a more specific intervention strategy(AU)

Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in Dental Practitioners of Bareilly City – A Cross sectional Study.

Background & objectives: Empathy and Emotional Intelligence are the two affective domain parameters which significantly affect a doctor’s way of treating patients; hence they may influence the doctor-patient relationship. Establishing a proper doctor-patient relationship has a great impact on professional success of the doctor. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess whether there is any association between empathy of dental practitioners towards their patients and the dental practitioners’ emotional intelligence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 243 dental practitioners including clinicians, academicians and post-graduate students from Bareilly city who were instructed to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of the Health Professional (HP) version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and the Schutte’s Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to test the statistical significance of the observations. Results: A positive correlation was found between empathy and emotional intelligence. The correlation was significant p=0.05, even after adjusting for the confounders and the regression model showed significance with r value of 0.12 Interpretation & Conclusion: Empathetic dentists were found to have higher emotional intelligence. Irrespective of variations in age, gender, qualification, occupation and years of working experience, empathy and emotional intelligence showed positive correlation.

Empatía en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Perú) / Empathy in dental students of National University of San Marcos (Peru)

Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de empatía de los alumnos de odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Material y métodos: La muestra se conformó con 200 estudiantes (55 % cursaban los niveles 1 al 5); se les aplicó la Escala de Empatía para Odontólogos de Jefferson (EEMJ), versión en español para estudiantes (versión S). Los datos primarios fueron sometidos inicialmente a la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk en los dos factores estudiados: Año y Género, la prueba de homocedasticidad de Levene y un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) bifactorial. Resultados: Se encontró que no existen diferencias significativas entre ambos factores estudiados (cursos o años y géneros). Conclusiones: La empatía en los estudiantes de odontología de la UNMSM muestran pequeñas variaciones absolutas, pero ni en el género ni en el nivel de estudio existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of empathy of Dentistry students of the National University of San Marcos (UNMSM). Material and methods: The sample consisted of 200 students, 55 % of students enrolled in first through fifth year of dental school. It was applied the Spanish version of The Jefferson (JSPE) empathy scale for students (S version). Primary data were initially subjected to normality test of Shapiro-Wilk in the two studied factors Year and Gender, Levene's homoscedasticity test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) bivariate. Results: It was found in the ANOVA test Bifactorial no significant differences between them (p> 0.05) The result of empathic orientation of dental students of San Marcos show small absolute changes, but gender or level of study there were not significant different.

Medical students' empathy and its effect on the physicianpatient relationship / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Recent studies have emphasized the importance of empathy in the physician-patient relationship (PPR). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between empathy scores, as measured by the student version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, Korean edition (JSE-S-K), and PPR scores on the clinical performance examination (CPX). METHODS: The sample comprised 104 third-year medical students. Prior to undertaking 12 cases on the CPX, the students completed the JSE-S-K and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. We analyzed the differences in empathy and PPR scores according to their sociodemographic characteristics and personality types and verified the link between empathy and PPR scores by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: PPR scores were positively associated with total JSE-S-K scores (r=0.232, p<0.05) and its affective domain scores (r=0.229, p<0.05). Education program (undergraduate or graduate entry) and empathy score were the best predictors of PPR score (R2=0.153). CONCLUSION: The positive association between empathy and PPR scores suggests that empathy is an important factor that influences the PPR.

Orientación empática de estudiantes de medicina en tres universidades de Barranquilla, Colombia y en una universidad de República Dominicana / Empathic orientation among medical students from three universities in Barranquilla, Colombia and one university in the Dominican Republic

Objetivo. Comparar la orientación empática entre estudiantes de Medicina de tres facultades de Medicina de Colombia y una de República Dominicana. Material y métodos. Se midió la orientación empática de los estudiantes de Medicina mediante la escala de empatía médica de Jefferson, en la versión en español para estudiantes (versión S) validada en México y Chile, y adaptada culturalmente a Colombia y República Dominicana. Los datos se compararon mediante un análisis de varianza trifactorial (modelo III) y por un análisis discriminante. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias de orientación empática entre los cursos ni entre los sexos, pero sí entre las facultades de Medicina consideradas como una unidad en cada uno de los países estudiados. Conclusiones. Los niveles de orientación empática tienden a disminuir a medida que los cursos avanzan. Este hecho se produce en estudiantes de ambos sexos y en todas las facultades analizadas.

Objective. To compare empathic orientation among medical students from three schools of medicine in Colombia and one in the Dominican Republic. Material and Methods. Empathic orientation of medical students was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE), Spanish version for students (the "S" version) validated in Mexico and Chile, and culturally adapted to Colombia and the Dominican Republic. Data were compared using a three-factor analysis of variance (model III) and a discriminant analysis. Results. No differences in empathic orientation were observed among courses and between sexes, but differences were found in schools of medicine considered as a unit in each studied country. Conclusions. Empathic orientation levels tend to reduce as courses advance. This was observed in both male and female students and in all schools analyzed.

Niveles de orientación empática en los estudiantes de Odontología / Evaluation of empathetic orientation in Odontology students

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la orientación empática, considerando los factores curso y género, en los estudiantes de la carrera de Odontología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Latinoamericana de Ciencias y Tecnología (ULACIT) de Costa Rica. Se tomó una muestra de 225 estudiantes pertenecientes al equivalente de los niveles 1ro., 2do., 3ro., 4to. y 5to. de la Carrera de Odontología. Se encuestaron con una herramienta llamada Escala de Empatía para Odontólogos de Jefferson, versión S, durante una semana, un día determinado por nivel. Después de realizar el análisis estadístico se encontró que los años superiores muestran niveles de orientación empática mayores que el resto de los cursos examinados en ambos géneros. Esto se debe al aumento, en la práctica clínica, de los estudiantes al final de la carrera y a la responsabilidad y compromiso que llegan a tener con sus pacientes. Además, en general, la orientación empática es mayor en el género femenino que en el masculino y esta va evolucionando de diferente forma para ambos géneros a lo largo de la carrera(AU)

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the emphatic orientation, considering the gender and course factors, in Odontology students in the Health Sciences Faculty of the Latin American University of Sciences and Technology in Costa Rica. The sample was composed of 225 students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th levels in Odontology Studies. They were inquired using a tool called The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S) during a week, a determined day per level. After carrying out the statistical analysis, it was found that the higher levels show higher levels of empathetic orientation than the rest of the courses examined in both genders. It is due to the increase of the students' clinical practice at the end of the studies and to the responsibility and commitment they achieve with their patients. Also, in general, empathetic orientation is higher in females than in males and it is evolving differently through years of studies(AU)

Validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy / 医学教育

  Emotional intelligence and empathy are crucial in patient–physician relationships and clinical outcomes. It has been reported that both emotional intelligence and empathy decrease as students advance through medical school. This study aimed to validate Japanese versions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form （TEIQue–SF）, developed by Petrides and Furnham （2001）, and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy （JSPE）, developed by Hojat et al. （2001）.<br>1）The TEIQue–SF and JSPE were translated and administered to 370 medical students. Valid responses were obtained from 321 students（88%）.<br>2）Cronbach’s alpha for internal reliability was high for both the TEIQue–SF （0.87） and the JSPE （0.89）. All item total score correlations were positive for both the TEIQue–SF （range, 0.29 to 0.64） and the JSPE （range, 0.27 to 0.72）.<br>3）Cronbach’s alpha was smaller if an item was deleted than if all items were included for both the TEIQue–SF （0.84–0.85） and the JSPE （0.81–0.86）.<br>4）Factor analysis of both the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE revealed that the Japanese versions had some structural differences from the original versions. However, criterion–related analysis showed that the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE were highly correlated with the NEO–Five Factor Inventory, a measure of the Big Five personality traits.<br>5）These findings provide support for the construct validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE when used for medical students. Further investigation is needed.

Análisis del nivel de empatía en un curso de quinto año de medicina, a través de una escala validada para este efecto / Analysis of level empathy in fifth grader medicine students, through falidated scale

La empatía es un concepto amplio y en la literatura se pueden encontrar múltiples definiciones. El aspecto cognitivo de la empatía se refiere la habilidad para entenderlas experiencias y sentimientos de la otra persona y la capacidad de ver el mundo desde la perspectiva del otro. Se ha demostrado que la empatía presente en el personal de salud otorga ventajas. Por ejemplo, mejora la satisfacción del paciente, aumenta la complacencia, incrementa la habilidad del médico en el diagnóstico y tratamiento y baja significativamente el riesgo de juicio por mala práctica. El objetivo del presente trabajo es implementar la escala de empatía denominada“The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy” en un curso de alumnos de medicina del HCUCh y realizar un análisis descriptivo del grado de empatía presente, según sexo y especialidad a seguir. Las mujeres obtuvieron un puntaje mayor de empatía con respecto a los hombres. Se encontraron diferencias en el grado de empatía según la especialidad a seguir del estudiante. El análisis estadístico no mostró que estas diferencias fueran significativas.

The empathy is a wide concept and in literature there are many definitions. Thecognitive aspect of the empathy talks about the ability to understand the experiences and feelings of the other person and the capacity to see the world from the perspective of the other. It has been shown that empathy foster patient’s satisfaction, improve compliance, increase physician’s ability to properly diagnose and reducesrisk of malpractice. The objective of the present work is to implement “TheJefferson Scale of Physician Empathy ” in a medicine course of the HCUCh and make a descriptive analysis ofthe degree of empathy, according to sex and speciality to follow. The women tend to score higher on empathy rating than men. Differences were found in the empathy degree of the students according to the speciality they follow. No statistical differences were found in both cases.