Biomechanical Effects of Jumping Distance on Stress Distributions of Anterior Dental Implant with Socket-Shield Technique / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the biomechanical effect of jumping distance on dental implants with socket-shield technique (SST), so as to provide references for clinical standards of jump distance. Methods Based on clinical characteristics, four groups of three-dimensional (3D) SST implant system models with 0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 mm jumping distance were established, and the corresponding material parameters were assigned. The peak stress and stress distributions on models were simulated under specific occlusal condition. Results When the jumpingdistance was non-zero, namely, the implant was not in contact with the retained root fragment, the stress of the implant and abutment increased with the increase of jumping distance, and the peak stress in root fragment and periodontal membrane decreased with the increase of jumping distance. When the jumping distance was zero, the peak stress of the implant, abutment, root fragment and periodontal membrane reached the maximum, far exceeding that of the other groups. Conclusions The jumping distance has a significant effect on the SST implant system. It is recommended to take a larger jumping distance in clinical practices. The edge of the root fragment should be rounded, and the size of the lower edge should not be too small.

Two new species of Kalcerrytus Galiano, 2000 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Tambopata River, Madre de Dios, Peru

Jumping spiders of the genus Kalcerrytus inhabit the moist tropical forests of the Neotropical region. This genus includes 18 species, only both sexes are known for half of these and of K. leucodon only the female is known; the vast majority of species are registered for Brazil and there are records from Bolivia, Ecuador and French Guiana. Males are characterized by having a robust palp and more scleroti-zed than in other genera of the Freyina subtribe; females are distinguished by their broad epigynum with large funnel-shaped copulation openings and oblique edges. Two new species are herein described, and they represent the first record of the genus in Peru. Kalcerrytus mapinguari sp. nov. and Kalcerrytus yacuruna sp. nov. were collected in the Tambopata River region, which is characterized by its highly biodiverse tropical lowland evergreen forests. Illustrations of both male and female genitalia are provided as well as maps recording their distribution.

Las arañas saltarinas del género Kalcerrytus habitan en los bosques tropicales húmedos de la región neotropical. Este género incluye 18 especies, solo se conocen ambos sexos para la mitad de estas y de K. leucodon solo se conoce la hembra; la gran mayoría de las especies están registradas para Brasil y existen registros de Bolivia, Ecuador y Guyana Francesa. Los machos se caracterizan por tener un palpo robusto y más esclerotizado que en otros géneros de la subtribu Freyina; las hembras se distinguen por su ancho epigino con grandes aberturas de copulación en forma de embudo y bordes oblicuos. Aquí se describen dos nuevas especies que representan el primer registro del género en Perú. Especímenes pertenecientes a Kalcerrytus mapinguari sp. nov. y Kalcerrytus yacuruna sp. nov. fueron recolectados en la región del río Tambopata, que se caracteriza por la alta biodiversidad que exhiben sus bosques amazónicos bajos. Aquí se proporcionan ilustraciones de la genitalia del macho y de la hembra, así como mapas que registran su distribución.

Effects of Athlete’s Posture on Aerodynamic Characteristics During Flight in Ski Jumping / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the effects of athlete’s posture (including bending angle of upper body and angle between body and skis) on aerodynamic characteristics during flight in ski jumping. Methods The athlete and skis were regarded as a multi-body system. By using partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) turbulence model and numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the aerodynamic characteristics during flight under different postures were predicted. The calculation conditions for bending angle of upper body were 10°, 14°, 18°, 22° and 26°, and the calculation conditions of angle between body and skis were 8°, 12°, 16°, 20° and 24°. Results As the bending angle of upper body increased, the lift force and drag force of the multi-body system, the athlete and skis, and the pitch moment of skis all showed a monotonously decreasing trend, but the ratio of total lift force to total drag force increased first and then decreased. Meanwhile, the pitch moment of the multi-body system decreased first and then increased, and the pitch moment of athlete increased slightly and then decreased. As the angle between body and skis increased, the lift force and drag force of the multi-body system and skis increased first, then decreased and then increased, but the ratio of total lift force to total drag force decreased first, then increased and then decreased. Meanwhile, the lift force, drag force and pitch moment of the athlete increased monotonously, and the pitch moment of the multi-body system and the skis increased first and then decreased. The effect of bending angle of upper body on aerodynamic characteristics during flight in ski jumping was generally significantly larger than that of angle between body and skis. Conclusions The optimal range for bending angle of upper body is 14°-18°, and the optimal range of angle between body and skis is 16°-20°. The influence mechanism for bending angle of upper body and angle between body and skis on aerodynamic characteristics during flight in ski jumping can provide effective auxiliary support for on-the-spot prediction and decisionmaking,

Serum amyloid A and muscle activity biomarkers in horses submitted to equestrian show jumping / Biomarcadores de amilóide sérica A e de atividade muscular em cavalos submetidos a salto equestre

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P<0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P<0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.(AU)

The Short Term Effects of Ankle Strengthening Emphasis with Jumping on Strength, Mechanical Properties, and Balance with and without Wearing High Heel in Ankle Instability

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the short term effects of ASEJ (ankle strengthening with emphasis on jumping) for 3weeks on strength, mechanical properties, and balance and to compare the balance with and without HH(high-heel) condition. METHODS: ASEJ (a combined exercise of squat, heel raise up, and jumping) were performed for the subjects in 11 female ankle instability young females (21.7±2.0 yrs Cumberland ankle instability score 19±6.5). To investigate the effect of ASEJ, investigator used dynamometer for measuring strength, MyotonPRO for measuring mechanical properties(tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscles), I-Balance test for static balance, and Y-balance test for dynamic balance between the condition with and without HH condition. All data were normally distributed and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Comparing pre- and post-intervention and the condition with and without HH conditions data were examined using the paired t-test. The level of significance was chosen as 0.05 for all the analyses. RESULTS: 3wks of ASEJ would strengthen leg muscles and increasing muscle tone and stiffness in most muscles however there was decreasing muscle elasticity of gastrocnemious. In addition, the ASEJ improves the static balance for ankle instability young females and increases the dynamic balance when wearing the heels especially. CONCLUSION: the ASEJ could recommend to improve the strength and balance for ankle instability young females. Also, measuring the balance with HH conditions well represents the risk of ankle damage in female.

Effect of warm-up intensity on horse-rider dyad's performance in jumping / O efeito da intensidade do aquecimento sobre os resultados de um conjunto cavalo-cavaleiro em competições de saltos

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the intensity of warm-up and scores of horse-rider dyads in jumping competitions, and which factors affect the warm-up regime. Three international competitions of 120, 130, and 135cm obstacle height, completed by 82 competitors, were studied. Warm-up intensity was measured by the time spent in the schooling area, number of practice jumping efforts, and coefficient of practice obstacle height. Out of the official final scores in the competitions, penalty points in the round and converted final placings were used as outcome measures. The data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation, multifactorial analysis of variance, and Tukey's test. The rider's sex, part of the world that the riders came from, horse's sex, age, and competitive level (obstacle height) were considered. Results showed that more jumps and higher obstacles during warm-up decrease the horse-rider dyad's performance in jumping competition, whereas the duration of the total warm-up time does not affect the score. Female riders warm up horses longer but jump lower fences than male riders. Riders do not differentiate the warm-up regime with regard to the horse's sex, whereas they considered the horse's age. The warm-up intensity does not increase proportionally to the competitive level.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi determinar se existe uma correlação entre a intensidade do desempenho de aquecimento e os resultados de um conjunto cavalo-cavaleiro em competições de saltos, assim como também determinar os fatores que afetam esta intensidade. Avaliaram-se três concursos internacionais com obstáculos de 120, 130 e 135cm de altura, que foram completadas por 82 conjuntos. A intensidade do aquecimento foi medida pelo tempo gasto na área de prática, o número de saltos realizados durante o treino e o coeficiente de altura dos obstáculos saltados durante o treino. Dos resultados oficiais finais da competição, utilizaram-se como indicadores os pontos de penalização e o posicionamento obtido. Os dados foram analisados por meio da correlação de Spearman, da análise multivariada de variância e do teste de Tukey. Levaram-se em conta o sexo do cavaleiro, a sua naturalidade; sexo e idade do cavalo e o nível da competição (altura de obstáculos). Os resultados demonstram que quanto mais saltos executados e quanto maiores eram os obstáculos utilizados durante o aquecimento, piores foram os resultados conjunto na competição, contudo, o tempo de aquecimento não afeta os resultados. As amazonas aquecem o cavalo por mais tempo e saltam obstáculos mais baixos do que os homens. Os cavaleiros não diferenciam a intensidade do aquecimento em função do sexo do cavalo, mas, levam em consideração a idade do cavalo. A intensidade do aquecimento não aumenta proporcionalmente com o nível da competição.

First record of Heteropsylla caldwelli Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from Brazil and its population dynamics on earpod tree in Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract Heteropsylla caldwelli Burckhardt (Psyllidae, Ciriacreminae) is reported for the first time from Brazil (States of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul) from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. The earpod tree, from Albizia edwallii (Hoehne) Barneby and J.W. Grimes and Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), all previously unknown hosts. The population dynamics of the psyllid were investigated in a seven-year-old plantation of E. contortisiliquum in an abandoned open-pit coal mine in Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul during two years. The population showed peaks in spring and summer, correlating directly with the mean air temperature and the population size of microhymenoptera.

Acute effect of different warm-up interventions on neuromuscular performance of recreational soccer players / Efeito agudo de diferentes intervenções de aquecimento pré-exercício sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de jogadores amadores de futebol

Pre-exercises interventions are frequently implemented in order to maximize athletic performance. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of three distinct pre-exercise interventions on acute neuromuscular performance in recreational soccer players: 1) parallel squat; 2) static stretching; and 3) ballistic stretching. After all interventions, participants performed a flexibility evaluation (sit-and-reach-test), followed by a squat jump, a counter-movement jump and a 30 meter-sprint test. A one-way analysis of variance revealed: a) a significant decrease in jumping performance was induced by both Stretching conditions when compared to the parallel squat intervention; b) a significant increase in lower limb flexibility after both stretching interventions when compared to parallel squat. In conclusion, it is suggested that a pre-exercise intervention comprised of stretching exercises acutely increase flexibility, while may interfere in jump performance in recreational athletes...(AU)

Intervenções pré-exercício são frequentemente adotadas para maximizar o desempenho atlético. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de três diferentes intervenções pré- exercício sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de jogadores de futebol amadores: 1) agachamento paralelo, 2) alongamento estático e 3) alongamento balístico. Após as intervenções, os participantes realizaram a avaliação de flexibilidade (teste de sentar e alcançar) e, em seguida, o salto com agachamento, o salto com contramovimento e o teste de velocidade de 30 metros. Os resultados da ANOVA one-way revelaram: a) redução significante no desempenho do salto para ambas às condições de alongamento quando comparadas ao agachamento paralelo e b) aumento significante da flexibilidade dos membros inferiores após ambas às intervenções de alongamento em comparação ao achamento paralelo. Em conclusão, sugere-se que as intervenções pré-exercício compostas de exercícios de alongamento aumentam agudamente a flexibilidade, paralelamente, podendo prejudicar o desempenho de saltos de atletas amadores...(AU)

Effect of post-activation potentiation in Athletics: a systematic review / Efeito da potencialização pós-ativação no Atletismo: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Post-activation potentiation is a physiological phenomenon reported to increase muscle performance during high-intensity exercise. To induce post-activation potentiation, maximal strength or power short-duration activities are performed minutes prior the main activity in an attempt to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate previous publications on the effects of post-activation potentiation on athletic performance. This systematic review used Scielo, Pubmed and SporDiscus database with the following search terms either alone or grouped together: post-activation potentiation, exercise, athletics, track and field, sprint, long jump, triple jump, high jump, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw e discus throw. The review provided evidence that performing squat, jump and sprint exercises prior to the main activity elicited a state of potentiation that would improve sprint and throw performances and that preparatory activities that can cause post-activation potentiation should be used to improve athletic performance.

Resumo A potencialização pós-ativação é um fenômeno fisiológico capaz de aumentar o desempenho muscular durante exercícios de alta intensidade. Para induzir a potencialização pós-ativação, atividades de curta duração com força máxima ou potência muscular são realizadas minutos antes da atividade principal na tentativa de aumentar o desempenho. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as publicações anteriores sobre os efeitos da potencialização pós-ativação sobre o desempenho no atletismo. Esta revisão sistemática utilizou os bancos de dados Scielo, Pubmed e SportDiscus com os seguintes termos de pesquisa juntos ou separados: post-activation potentiation, exercise, athletics, track and field, sprint, long jump, triple jump, high jump, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw e discus throw. A revisão evidenciou que a realização de agachamentos, saltos e sprints, antes da atividade principal, desencadeia o estado de potencialização, que então aumenta o desempenho de sprints e lançamentos, e que atividades preparatórias que causam potencialização pós-ativação podem ser utilizadas para aumentar o desempenho no atletismo.

Specific warm-up exercise is the best for vertical countermovement jump in young volleyball players

Abstract We evaluated the effect of performing various distinct warm-up exercises on vertical countermovement jump (VCMJ) performance. Eight volleyball players (age 15.4 ± 0.5 yrs) performed five different warm-up activities (in a counterbalanced, randomized crossover study) over five days, at 24-h intervals: stretching (4 × 30 s, 30 s between sets), cycloergometer (5 min at 50 W + 5 min at 100 W), resistance exercise (leg press 45°, 3 × 5 repetitions maximum, 3-min pause between sets), specific vertical jumping (4 × 10 VCMJ, 2-min pause between sets), and no warm-up at all (control condition). Beginning 3 min after their warm-up, the players performed 3 attempts (at intervals of 3 min) of VCMJ (on a contact carpet), and each player's best jump was considered in the analysis. All warm-up activities presented higher VCMJ performance (p< 0.05) than the control condition, with the exception of stretching. Vertical jumping revealed a large effect size(0.8) than other interventions. We conclude that in practical terms, vertical jumps are the best warm-up exercise (when applied by itself) to acutely improve VCMJ performance in volleyball players, but that other exercises can make a complementary contribution.

Using a jumping spider fauna inventory (Araneae: Salticidae) as an indicator of their taxonomic diversity in Misiones, Argentina / Uso de inventario de arañas saltadoras (Araneae: Salticidae) como un indicador de diversidad taxonómica en Misiones, Argentina

AbstractFaunistic studies, with a taxonomically complete inventory of species, provide an important source of quantitative compiled information for several and specific regions. This information can be used in diversity analysis and has great potential in setting conservation priorities. In this study, I used the relatively well known salticid spider fauna of Misiones to generate Clarke & Warwick taxonomic diversity indices. For this, information of three ecoregional salticid diversities was obtained and analyzed between Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (UPAF), Araucaria Moist Forest (AMF), and Southern Cone Mesopotamian Savanna (SCMS). Results showed differences between the three ecoregions of the province, mainly Southern savannas regarding the forests of Northern Misiones. Most species were registered in UPAF followed by AMF, however the α-taxonomic diversity of salticids was higher in SCMS than in UPAF and AMF. The β-taxonomic diversity showed that the proportions of shared species between SCMS and UPAF (or and AMF) were the lowest. The high taxonomic dissimilarity among ecoregions is an indication that the three assemblages are distant, showing a variation in their vegetation habitat and/or bioclimatic characteristics as a possible reason. The need to expand with new samples in subsampled or underexplored areas of Misiones remains essential, however this study contributes to information about biodiversity levels of salticid fauna in three ecoregions of Northeast Argentina, and will provide reference data for future studies for management plans. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 875-883. Epub 2016 June 01.

ResumenLos estudios faunísticos, con un inventario de especies taxonómicamente completo, proveen una fuente importante de información compilada cuantitativa acerca de varias regiones. Esta información puede ser utilizada en análisis de diversidad y tiene gran potencial en el establecimiento de prioridades de conservación. En este estudio, yo utilicé la relativamente bien conocida fauna de arañas saltícidas de Misiones para generar índices de diversidad taxonómica de Clarke y Warwick. Para ello, la información de tres diversidades ecorregionales de saltícidos fue obtenida y analizada entre la Selva Atlántica del Alto Paraná (UPAF), el Bosque Húmedo de Araucaria (AMF), y la Sabana Mesopotámica del Cono Sur (SCMS). Fueron encontradas diferencias entre las tres ecorregiones de la provincia, principalmente en las sabanas del sur con respecto a las selvas del norte de Misiones. La mayoría de las especies fueron registradas en UPAF seguida por AMF, sin embargo la diversidad α-taxonómica de saltícidos fue mayor en SCMS que en UPAF y AMF. La diversidad β-taxonómica mostró que las proporciones de especies compartidas entre SCMS y UPAF (o AMF) fueron las más bajas. La alta disimilitud taxonómica entre ecorregiones es un indicador de que los tres ensamblajes son distantes, mostrando una variación en la vegetación de su hábitat y/o características bioclimáticas como una posible razón. Sigue siendo esencial la necesidad de ampliar con nuevas muestras en áreas no- o sub-muestreadas de Misiones, sin embargo este estudio contribuye a la información acerca de los niveles de biodiversidad de la fauna de saltícidos en tres ecorregiones del nordeste de Argentina, y proporcionará datos de referencia para futuros planes de gestión.

Desprendimiento de Retina Bilateral Asociado al Bungee Jumping: Reporte de Caso / Bilateral retinal detachment associate to bungee jumping: Case report

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente joven con antecedente de miopía bilateral y degeneración en Lattice en el ojo izquierdo (OI), que desarrolló un desprendimiento de retina bilateral después de realizar una actividad de alto riesgo tipo bungee jumping. Diseño: Reporte de caso. Metodología: Reporte de caso retrospectivo mediante la recopilación de datos clínicos, estudios imagenológicos y valoraciones postoperatorias. Resultado: Recuperación de la agudeza visual posterior a tres procedimientos quirúrgicos de 20/400 en ojo derecho (OD) y de 20/30 en OI en el paciente con antecedente de desprendimiento de retina bilateral. Conclusión: El desprendimiento de retina traumático secundario a actividades de alto riesgo donde está implicado el movimiento de latigazo es poco común, sin embargo, la identificación temprana de patologías como la miopía y degeneración en lattice, en personas que van a realizar deportes extremos, debe considerarse. También es importante que las compañías que promocionan este tipo de actividades conozcan esta patología, ya que a pesar de ser infrecuente, puede llegar a desarrollarse.

Purpose: To describe the case of a young patient with a history of bilateral pathologic myopia and lattice degeneration in the left eye who developed bilateral retinal detachment after making a bungee jumping activity. Design: Case report. Methods: A descriptive, case report study type was performed by collecting clinical data, imaging studies and postoperative evaluations. Result: Subsequent recovery of visual acuity after three surgical procedures of 20/400 in right eye and 20/30 in the left eye in the case report patient with a history of bilateral retinal detachment. Conclusion: Traumatic retinal detachment secondary to high-risk activities where is involved the whipping motion is uncommon, however, early identifi cation of diseases as myopia and lattice degeneration in people who practice this extreme sports should be identifi ed. It is also important that companies promoting such activities acquire knowledge about it, taking into account, that despite it is a rare disease, it may develop.

Heat pack treatment does not attenuate repeated muscle damage in collegiate females / O tratamento térmico não atenua lesão muscular em mulheres universitárias

OBJECTIVE: Unaccustomed exercise causes transient Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS); creatine-kinase and DOMS are indirect markers of muscle damage. Heat pack treatment increases blood flow and relieves pain. We determined the effects of heat pack treatment on DOMS, Creatine-Kinase, pain and jumping following maximum calf-raise exercises. METHODS: Exercise (3 days): calf-raise, 1 movement every 3 seconds until subjects could not maintain movement speed, Recovery: monitored for 7 days. Subjects: 14 female collegiate students (age: 20-22) with previous regular moderate exercise history, divided into heat pack treatment (n = 7; 40ºC, 20-min on both calf muscles immediately after exercise) vs. no treatment (n = 7). Measured parameters: number of daily movements, Creatine-Kinase, one-leg long jumping (JUMP) and perceived pain (PAIN). Maximum dorsiflexion, calf maximum circumference and isometric muscle strength were also measured, but showed no significant variation. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups regarding the number of the calf-raise repetitions; Creatine-Kinase increased significantly from day 3 of the Exercise-period to day 5 of the recovery period and peaked on Recovery day 2 in both groups; it was higher in the treated-group vs. controls; PAIN significantly decreased immediately after the heat pack treatment; DOMS peaked in both groups on day 3 of the Exercise-period, and recovered by day 4 of the recovery period. JUMP values decreased significantly after the initial exercise and recovered to initial values by Day 4 of the recovery period. CONCLUSION: Heat pack treatment for 20 minutes did not minimize DOMS following the maximum calf-raise exercise, but reduced immediate muscle soreness.

OBJETIVO: Exercícios desacostumados causam Dor Muscular Transitória Tardia (DMT); a creatina quinase e a DMT são marcadores indiretos de lesão muscular. Tratamento térmico aumenta o fluxo sanguíneo e alivia a dor. Determinamos os efeitos do tratamento de calor sobr a DMT, a creatina quinase, e a dor causada exercícios máximos de elevação da panturillha. MÉTODOS: Exercício (3 dias): elevação da panturrilha, um movimento cada 3 segundos até que os participantes não puderam manter a velocidade de movimento; esta fase foi seguida por sete dias de recuperação monitorada. Participantes: 14 estudantes universitários do sexo feminino (idade: 20-22) com história anterior exercícios moderados e regulares, divididos em participantes tratados com calor (n = 7; 40 º C, 20 min em ambos os músculos da panturrilha imediatamente após o exercício) vs. nenhum tratamento (n = 7). Os parâmetros medidos foram: número de movimentos diários, creatina quinase, slato em distância com uma única perna (JUMP) e dor percebida (DOR). Foram também medidos a dorsiflexão máxima, circunferência máxima da panturrilha e a força muscular isométrica, que não exibiram variações significativas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto ao número de repetições de elevação de panturrilha; a creatina quinase aumentou significativamente desde o dia 3 do período de exercício até o dia 5 do período de recuperação e chegou ao máximo no dia 2 de recuperação em ambos os grupos; seu valor foi mais elevado no grupo tratado versus controles; a DOR diminuiu significativamente imediatamente após o tratamento de calor; DMT atingiu o pico em ambos os grupos aos 3 dias do período de exercício e desapareceu no dia 4 do período de recuperação. Os valores de JUMP diminuíram significativamente após o exercício inicial e recuperam aos valores iniciais no Dia 4 do período de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento térmico por 20 minutos não minimizou a DMT após o exercício máximo de elevação de panturrilha, mas reduziu a dor muscular imediata.

Effects of shoe collar height on kinematics and kinetics of ankle joint in sagittal plane under different jumping maneuvers / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the effects by wearing high-top and low-top basketball shoes on kinematics, kinetics and sports performance of ankle joint in sagittal plane under different jumping maneuvers. Methods Twelve subjects were required to wear high-top and low-top basketball shoes to perform drop jumps(DJ) and lay-up jumps(LJ), and the parameters such as minimum/maximum joint angle, torque, power, stiffness, jumping height and dorsiflexion angle during their jumping maneuvers were simultaneously collected by the Vicon motion capture system and Kistler force plates. Results (1) The dorsiflexion angle of ankle joint was significantly decreased when wearing high-top basketball shoe (P<0.05). During DJ and LJ, no significant differences were found in jumping height, touch-down ankle angle, minimum/maximum ankle angle, and ankle range of motion (ROM) in the two shod conditions. (2) There were no significant differences in flexion/extension torque and power of ankle joint in the two shod conditions during DJ. However, during LJ, the peak value of plantarflexion torque and power from wearing high-top shoes was significantly smaller than that with low-top shoes (P<0.05). Conclusions Wearing high-top shoes do not restrict the performance of ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion under actual jumping situation. However, the kinetics of ankle joint in sagittal plane under different jumping maneuvers can be partly restricted. The selection and design of shoe collar height should be carefully considered to improve the mechanical effect of ankle joint in sagittal plane and optimize sports performance along with considering ankle protection.

Efeito do treinamento sobre a cinemática de equinos no salto de obstáculos / Effects of training on kinematic traits of jumping horses

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do treinamento sobre as variáveis da cinemática de equinos jovens da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo no salto em liberdade. Foram utilizados 14 equinos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo com idade de 40 a 42 meses, peso vivo de 436,3±11,6kg e 448,2±12,7kg e altura na cernelha de 1,57±0,03m e 1,58±0,03m ao início e ao final do experimento, respectivamente. Os equinos realizaram dois protocolos de avaliação de salto, um antes e outro após o treinamento. O treinamento teve a duração de cinco meses e consistiu em 50 minutos de atividade física por dia, montados, sendo dois dias de flexionamento, dois dias de condicionamento físico e dois dias de trabalho específico de salto de obstáculos. Nos protocolos de avaliação, foram filmados cinco saltos em liberdade sobre um obstáculo oxer, com o primeiro e o segundo elemento na altura de 0,90m e 1,00m de altura, respectivamente, e 0,90m de largura. Foram fixados marcadores reflexivos nos equinos em pontos anatômicos utilizados como pontos de referência para a avaliação das características cinemáticas no salto. As filmagens foram realizadas com câmera de 100Hz, e as imagens, processadas no Simi Reality Motion Systems (r). Os resultados das variáveis avaliadas foram comparados com o teste de t pareado (P<0,05). O treinamento resultou no aumento das variáveis (P<0,05): velocidade da passada anterior ao salto, velocidade do salto, deslocamento horizontal da cernelha no salto, ângulo escapuloumeral, distância vertical entre as articulações escapuloumeral e metacarpofalângica, ângulo coxofemoral e ângulo femorotibial. No entanto, os valores dos ângulos umerorradial e tibiometatarsiano apresentaram redução após o treinamento (P>0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento específico para salto com cinco meses de duração altera algumas variáveis cinemáticas dos equinos no salto de obstáculo proporcionando melhoria, principalmente, na trajetória do salto...

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of training on the kinematic traits of young Brazilian Sport Horse in free jumping. 14 Brazilian Sport Horse were used, aged between 40 and 42 months, with body weight of 436.3±11.6kg and 448.2±12.7kg and height withers of 1.58±0.03m and 1.58±0.03m at the beginning and end of training, respectively. Two jumping evaluation protocols were used: before and after training. The training had the duration of five months and consisted of 50 minutes of exercise activities by day with a rider; two days of flexing, two days of physical conditioning and two days of specific jumping exercises. The evaluations were carried out, and five free jumps in each evaluation were record in an oxer, with the front fence of 0.90m and the back fence of 1.00m height and 0.90m of width. The horse's anatomical points were highlighted by reflective markers. The recordings were performed with 100Hz camera and the images processed in Simi Reality Motion Systems(r). The results were analyzed as paired data (P<0.05). The training increased the traits kinematics (P<0.05): last stride velocity speed prior to jumping, jumping velocity, horizontal withers displacement at jumping, scapulohumeral angle, vertical distance between scapulohumeral and metacarpophalangeal joint, coxofemoral angle and femorotibial angle. However, the kinematic traits reduced with training: humeroradial angle and tibiometatarsal angle (P<0.05). In conclusion, the jumping training with a five month duration changed some kinematic traits of free jumping in horses, especially the jumping trajectory...

Revista do globo: as mulheres porto-alegrenses nas práticas equestres / Revista do globo magazine: Porto Alegre’s women in equestrian practices

O turfe e o hipismo são assuntos veiculados pela Revista do Globo, editada em Porto Alegre, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, de 1929 até 1967. O objetivo deste estudo histórico foi identificar que representações das mulheres nas práticas equestres em Porto Alegre foram produzidas pela Revista do Globo no período de sua publicação. Realizou-se uma análise de conteúdo das reportagens da revista acerca destas práticas. As reportagens sugerem duas imagens sobre as mulheres no contexto das práticas equestres: no turfe, a presença feminina é limitada à assistência, associada à elegância, à fragilidade; no hipismo, as mulheres competem com igualdade com os homens, alcançando vitórias. Este olhar remete à análise do contexto sociocultural e político-econômico porto-alegrense que sustentou tais práticas equestres, cada qual reservando à mulher distintas possibilidades de atuação. Tais representações construídas pela revista podem resultar das distintas origens históricas e étnico-culturais do turfe e do hipismo.

Turf and show jumping are topics diffused by Revista do Globo magazine, edited in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul’s capital state, from 1929 until 1967. The aim of this study was to identify which women’s representations in equestrian practices in Porto Alegre were produced by Revista do Globo magazine in its publication period. A content analysis of the magazine´s reports about these practices was carried out. The reports suggest two images about women in equestrian practices context: in turf, feminine presence limited to assistance and to elegance and frailty. In show jumping, women, competing with equality with men, reaching victories. This magazine’s look remits to social cultural and political economical Porto Alegre´s context analysis which sustained both equestrian practices, each one reserving different possibilities of actuation to the woman. These representations constructed for women by the magazine can result from the different historical and ethnic-cultural origins of turf and show jumping.

Características antropométricas, composición corporal, somatotipo y rendimiento anaeróbico y aeróbico de mujeres juveniles baloncestistas chilenas / Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, somatotype and anaerobic/aerobic performance of young chilean female basketball players

El objetivo del estudio fue describir y comparar las características antropométricas, la composición corporal, el somatotipo y el rendimiento de las variables anaeróbicas y aeróbicas de un grupo de mujeres juveniles baloncestistas chilenas en función a la posición de juego. Fueron evaluadas 16 atletas juveniles con una media de 16,9±1,3 años, donde fueron medidas 10 variables antropométricas con el propósito de determinar la composición corporal y el somatotipo, así como los niveles de saltabilidad (Squat Jump, Counter Movement Jump, Saltos 15s, Abalakow), velocidad 20 m., distancia de 0-5m y el componente aeróbico mediante la predicción del VO2max. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética, desviación estándar y para verificar las diferencias significativas entre las posiciones de juego se aplicó ANOVA y la prueba de especificidad (P<0,001). Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas (p<0,001) en relación a la estatura y peso corporal entre pivotes (Estatura=1,721±0,03m, Peso=70,3±4,6kg), bases (Estatura=1,647±0,0, Peso=61,4±2,1) y aleras (Estatura=1,664±0,02, Peso=65,8±8,0), así como en relación a la velocidad de 0-5m entre bases (0,93±0,13) con aleros (1,15±0,1) y pivotes (1,13±0,08) respectivamente. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables del somatotipo, % de grasa, velocidad 20 m, test de saltos, Abalakow y VO2max, ya que el presente grupo estudiado muestra relativamente homogeneidad en su rendimiento físico. Finalmente se concluye que los resultados muestran comparativamente rangos inferiores en relación con las características antropométricas con referencias internacionales.

The objective was to describe and compare the anthropometric, body composition, somatotype and performance of anaerobic and aerobic variables of a group of young female basketball players according to Chilean playing position. 16 young athletes were evaluated with an average of 16.9 ± 1.3 years old; 10 anthropometric variables were measured in order to determine body composition, somatotype and jumping levels (Squat Jump, Counter Movement Jump, Jumping 15s, Abalakow), speed 20m., 0-5m distance and aerobic component by predicting VO2max. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were used for arithmetic mean, standard deviation and to verify the significant differences between playing positions ANOVA was applied and tested for specificity (P <0.001). The results show significant differences (p <0.001) in relation to height and body weight between pivots (Height = 1.721 ± 0.03 m, weight = 70.3 ± 4.6 kg), bases (Height = 1.647 ± 0.0, Weight = 61.4 ± 2.1) and eaves (Height = 1.664 ± 0.02, weight = 65.8 ± 8.0) and in relation to the speed of 0-5m between bases (0.93 ± 0.13) with eaves (1.15 ± 0.1) and pivots (1.13 ± 0.08) respectively. However, we found no significant difference in the somatotype variables, % fat, Speed 20m, jumping test, abalakow and VO-2max, as this study shows a relatively homogeneous group in their physical performance. Finally it was concluded that the results show comparatively lower ranks in relation to anthropometric characteristics with international benchmarks.

Alterações fisiológicas do salto de paraquedas, uma revisão / Physiological alterations associated with parachute jumping, a review

Os esportes radicais são caracterizados por um forte componente de risco e aventura, sendo responsáveis por desencadear elevados níveis de estresse psicológico e fisiológico. O estresse é uma reação do organismo que ocorre em função de alterações psicológicas e fisiológicas desencadeadas no indivíduo, quando esse se depara com situações que o amedrontam, excitam, confundem ou até mesmo promovem sensações de prazer. Assim, este artigo visa contribuir com a compreensão das alterações fisiológicas, ocorridas no organismo de praticantes de pára-quedismo, em decorrência do salto. Para elaboração do manuscrito foram consultadas as bases de dados Web of Science, Medline e Scielo com as palavras-chaves: parachute jumping, skydiving, psychological stress, epinefrine, norepinephrine and lactate. Com base nos estudos investigados, foi constatado que devido ao estresse psicológico ocasionado pelo salto de pára-quedas, há um aumento nos níveis plasmáticos de adrenalina, noradrenalina, lactato, cortisol, sódio e potássio, que a longo prazo podem trazer conseqüências a saúde.

Radical sports are characterized by a strong component of risk and adventure, promoving high levels of psychological and physiologic stress. Stress is a reaction of the organism that it happens due to the psychological and physiologic alterations, when the individual faces situations of fear, excitement, confuses, or even situations that promote pleasure sensations. Thus, the purpose of this article is contribute with the understanding of the physiologic alterations, that it happen in the organism of parachutists praticing, due to the jump. Databases Web of Science, Medline and Scielo were consulted for elaboration of this review, by search with the keywords parachute jumping, skydiving, psychological stress, epinephrine, norepinephrine and lactate. Based on the investigated studies, was evidenced that psychological stress caused by parachute jumping there is a increase in the plasmatic levels of the epinephrine, norepinephrine, lactate, cortisol, sodium and potassium that the long-time can have consequences for the health.

Avaliação da resistência de força explosiva em voleibolistas através de testes de saltos verticais / Assessment of explosive strength-endurance in volleyball players through vertical jumping test

O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a existência de diferenças entre o teste de salto vertical com natureza contínua de 60 segundos (TSVC) e o teste de salto vertical com natureza intermitente de quatro séries de 15 segundos (TSVI). Os dados foram obtidos através de amostra composta por 10 voleibolistas do sexo masculino (19,01 ± 1,36 anos; 191,5 ± 5,36cm; e 81,74 ± 7,45kg), todos com participação voluntária. As variáveis estudadas foram: as estimativas do pico de potência (PP), potência média (PM) e o índice de fadiga (IF). O desempenho estimado através dos testes TSVC, com duração de 60 segundos, e o TSVI foi determinado em quatro séries de 15 segundos, com 10 segundos de recuperação entre cada série. Os dados foram determinados através da estatística descritiva e do teste de Wilcoxon; o nível de significância utilizado foi de p < 0,05. Foi possível averiguar entre os testes diferenças estatisticamente significantes no desempenho da PM (p < 0,05) e o IF (p < 0,01). A PM apresentou valores médios no TSVI significativamente superiores aos do TSVC. No entanto, os testes TSVC e o TSVI diferiram na estimativa da resistência de força explosiva.

The aim of this study was to verify the differences between the continuous jump test of 60 seconds (CJ60 sec) and the intermittent jump test of 4 sets of 15 seconds (IJ4x15 sec). The sample was composed of 10 male volleyball players with 19.01 ± 1.36 years, 191.5 ± 5.36 cm height and 81.74 ± 7.45 of body mass, who participated in this research as volunteers. The variables studied were estimated as the peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI). These performances were measured through tests of vertical jump with duration the 60 seconds and with the performance of 4 sets of 15 seconds with 10 seconds of recovery between the sets. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test. The significance level was of p < 0.05. It was possible to analyze that the continuous and the intermittent jump test presented significant differences in MP (p < 0.05), FI (p < 0.01), and in the number of the vertical jump in 60 seconds (p < 0.01), and the height in 60 seconds exercise (p < 0.05). The MP found in IJ4x15sec was significantly higher than in the CJ60 sec in volleyball players. In conclusion, the results suggest the existence of significant differences between the CJ60sec and IJ4x15 sec.