ABSTRACT
Ajeerna (Indigestion) is the state of unfinished process of digestion of ingested food. Kana Kajjali is a classical formulation indicated in the treatment of Ajeerna. It is prepared by Kana (Piper longum)- a herbal drug and herbomineral preparation Kajjali (Black sulphide of mercury). In the present study, an effort has been made to assess the effect of herbomineral formulation Samaguna (Hg:S=1:1) Kana Kajjali and Shadadguna (Hg:S=1:6) Kana Kajjali (Black sulphide of Mercury with Piper longum)on indigestion. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 83 patients of indigestion. Patients were divided into three groups with simple random sampling method: Group A was treated with Samaguna Kana Kajjali tablet at the dose of 125 mg; Group B was treated with Kana tablet 250 mg; while group C was treated Shadaguna Kana Kajjali tablet at the dose of 125 mg; twice a day after meal. Duration of the treatment was 10 days. Assessment was done on the basis grading of classical signs and symptoms of the disease with application of paired t- test. Results: Highly significant (p<0.001) effect was seen in Samaguna Kana Kajjali group on symptoms like Angamarda, Tiktoamlodgara and Shadguna Kana Kajjali on one Vataja symptom viz. Pravahanam and three Kaphaja symptom viz. Utlesha, Arochaka and Avipaka with best result with Shadguna Kana Kajjali especially on Kaphaja symptoms. Conclusion: Above study confirms that an increase in the concentration of Gandhaka in Parada enhances the therapeutic efficacy of the later drug.
ABSTRACT
This study verifies the environmental effects on agraphia in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. We compared elderly Japanese subjects living in Japan and Brazil. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the database of the Prevalence Study 1998 in Tajiri (n=497, Miyagi, Japan) and the Prevalence Study 1997 of elderly Japanese immigrants living in Brazil (n=166, migrated from Japan and living in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area). In three Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) groups, i.e., CDR 0 (healthy), CDR 0.5 (questionable dementia), and CDR 1+ (dementia) , the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) item of spontaneous writing and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) domain of dictation were analyzed with regard to the number of Kanji and Kana characters. Formal errors in characters and pragmatic errors were also analyzed. Results: The immigrants in Brazil wrote similar numbers of Kanji or Kana characters compared to the residents of Japan. In spontaneous writing, the formal Kanji errors were greater in the CDR 1+ group of immigrants. In writing from dictation, all the immigrant CDR groups made more formal errors in Kana than the Japan residents. No significant differences in pragmatic errors were detected between the two groups. Conclusions: Subjects living in Japan use Kanji frequently, and thus the form of written characters was simplified, which might be assessed as mild formal errors. In immigrants, the deterioration in Kanji and Kana writing was partly due to decreased daily usage of the characters. Lower levels of education of immigrants might also be related to the number of Kanji errors.
Este estudo verifica os efeitos do meio ambiente sobre a agrafia em comprometimento cognitivo leve e demência. Nós comparamos indivíduos idosos vivendo no Japão e Brasil. Métodos: Nós, retrospectivamente, analisamos a base de dados do Estudo de Prevalência 1998 em Tajiri (n=497, Miyagi, Japão) e do Estudo de Prevalência 1997 de imigrantes idosos japoneses vivendo no Brasil (n=166, imigrados do Japão e residindo na área metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo). Em três grupos de CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating), isto é, CDR 0 (saudáveis), CDR 0.5 (demência questionável) e CDR1+ (demência), o item de escrita espontânea do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o domínio de ditado do Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) foram analisados em relação ao número de caracteres em Kanji e Kana. Erros formais nos caracteres e erros pragmáticos foram também analisados. Resultados: Os imigrantes no Brasil escreveram número similar de caracteres de Kanji e Kana comparados aos residentes no Japão. Na escrita espontânea, os erros formais de Kanji foram maiores no grupo de CDR1+ em imigrantes. Na escrita sob ditado, todos os grupos de CDR de imigrantes fizeram mais erros formais em Kana do que os residentes no Japão. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada em erros pragmáticos entre os grupos. Conclusões: Sujeitos vivendo no Japão usam Kanji freqüentemente, e então, a forma de caracteres escritos foi simplificada, o que pode ser avaliado como discretos erros formais. Em imigrantes, a deterioração na escrita em Kanji e Kana foi parcialmente devida ao uso diário restrito dos caracteres. Baixos níveis educacionais dos imigrantes podem estar relacionados ao número de erros em Kanji.
Subject(s)
Humans , Agraphia , Cognition , Dementia , Education , Health of the ElderlyABSTRACT
Korean written language is composed of ideogram (Hanja) and phonogram (Hangul), as Japanese consists of Kanji (ideogram) and Kana (phonogram). Dissociation between ideogram and phonogram impairment after brain injury has been reported in Japanese, but few in Korean. We report a 64-yr-old right-handed man who showed alexia with agraphia in Hanja but preserved Hangul reading and writing after a left posterior inferior temporal lobe infarction. Interestingly, the patient was an expert in Hanja; he had been a Hanja calligrapher over 40 yr. However, when presented with 65 basic Chinese letters that are taught in elementary school, his responses were slow both in reading (6.3 sec/letter) and writing (8.8 sec/letter). The rate of correct response was 81.5% (53 out of 65 letters) both in reading and writing. The patient's performances were beyond mean-2SD of those of six age-, sex-, and education-matched controls who correctly read 64.7 out of 65 and wrote 62.5 out of 65 letters with a much shorter reaction time (1.3 sec/letter for reading and 4.0 sec/letter for writing). These findings support the notion that ideogram and phonogram can be mediated in different brain regions and Hanja alexia with agraphia in Korean patients can be associated with a left posterior inferior temporal lesion.