Feasibility of Building a Biotech Industry

The performance of Cuban biotechnology from 2008 to 2021 has shown a growing pipeline of valuable biomedical solutions. As the transformation of this sector into an industrial group has changed its R&D productivity and bio manufacturing capacity, we summarize here the results of R&D projects with impact on public health, constraints found in Cuba, lessons, and opportunities to develop this science-based industry in developing countries

Aportes del uso de Simuladores educativos en aula como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje de los alumnos de la Facultad de Psicología de la UAQ / Contributions of the use of educational simulators in the classroom as a tool to improve the quality of learning in the students of the faculty of psychology of the UAQ

Dentro de este magnífico mundo de enseñanza ­aprendizaje existen muchos elementos de influencia más allá de solo un maestro, un alumno o un aula; crear ambientes de aprendizaje dinámicos, efectivos y orientados a la generación de aprendizaje significativo es tarea de todos los profesionales de la educación; para ello debemos romper esquemas, modelos anacrónicos y pensar en estrategias propositivas adaptadas a las nuevas y diferentes formas de aprender de las generaciones actuales y futuras creando entornos amigables, prácticos y efectivos. Este artículo plantea la utilización de simuladores en los ámbitos educativos, como una forma de facilitar el aprendizaje mediante el uso de los métodos y herramientas de transmisión de conocimiento adaptadas a las necesidades de aprendizaje actuales, es decir, de explotar las herramientas propias de la época en la que vivimos; en este caso las tecnológicas; esto se vuelve necesario considerando que tanto los métodos de enseñanza ­aprendizaje, como los sistemas educativos de hoy en día, ya no son del todo suficientes para cubrir las expectativas de educación actuales, debido a que hoy en día en muchos países aún se siguen utilizando métodos y estrategias educativas diseñadas para cubrir las necesidades de las sociedades del siglo pasado. En este documento se habla sobre la necesidad actual de contar con herramientas que potencialicen la calidad y efectividad del proceso de enseñanza ­aprendizaje en las aulas y de la propuesta de un método de investigación participativa en la cual es posible identificar cómo la implementación de herramientas TIC por medio del uso de simuladores en aula, es efectiva y benéfica para mejorarla adquisición y dominio de conocimiento en los estudiantes de la licenciatura de Psicología del trabajo de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, logrando en ellos un mejor desempeño profesional y mayor éxito en las actividades propias de su profesión.

Around the magnific world of the teaching -learning, exist many influencing elements more than the only a professor, a student or an classroom; work to make a dynamic and effective learning environments and oriented to create significative learning is a job of all the professionals of learning, to do that, we have to broke schemes, anachronic models and think In propositives strategies aligned to the new and different ways of learn of the actually and future generations, creating friendly, practical and effective environments. This article proposes the use of simulator systems in educational environments, is a way to facilitate the learning through the use of methods and tools to help the transmission of knowledge adapted to current learning needs, that is to, exploit the modern tools; the technology tools. That becomes necessary considering that both the teaching ­learning methods and the actually educational systems, are very far from covering the current education expectations and needs because in many countries are using educational methods and strategies designed to comply the needs of the last century societies. This article, talk about the current need to count with tools that enhance the quality and effectiveness of the teaching -learning process in the classrooms and the proposal of a participatory investigation method with which is possible to identify how the implementation of TIC tools across the use of simulators in classroom is effective and beneficial to get better and acquire mastery of learning on the psychology students of autonomous university of Querétaro, achieving a better professional performance in them and greater success in professional activities.

A habilidade incorporada enquanto dimensão política: a transmissão do saber-fazer artesanal em uma fábrica de doces / Embodied ability as political dimension: artisanal know-how transmission in a candy factory

Neste artigo, partimos da seguinte questão: se a técnica é passível de objetivação, como pode a habilidade ser tão dificilmente transmissível,mesmo em organizações artesanais? Para respondê-la, realizamos pesquisa etnográfica em uma fábrica de doces artesanais em Pelotas, RS, com o objetivo de compreender os modos de transmissão de um saber-fazer incorporado. A análise dos dados empíricos, à luz do paradigma do embodiment, demonstra que muito embora o produto artesanal em questão oriente um sistema produtivo relativamente simples, nem todos os envolvidos na produção alcançam o mesmo domínio técnico. Disso decorre que a manutenção e propagação de dado saber-fazer depende deinteresses que contribuem para restringi-lo por força de fatores sociais, econômicos e simbólicos.Constatamos que a habilidade incorporada através da prática apresenta uma dimensão política, que se manifesta à medida que determinado saber-fazer postula a distinção de uma pessoa ou grupo de pessoas em relação às demais

In this paper, we address the following question: if it is possible to objectify a technique, how can ability be so hard to transmit even in artisanal organizations? To answer it, we made anethnographical research in an artisanal candy shop in Pelotas, RS, in order to understand the ways of transmission of an embodied know-how. In the light of the embodiment paradigm empirical data shows that even though this handmade good may guide a relatively simple production system, it was not taken for granted that everyone involved in this production could reach the same technical domain. It follows that the maintenance and propagation of know-how is conditional to interests that can restrict it according to social,economic and symbolic factors. We found that embodied ability acquired through practice has a political dimension that manifests it self as certain know-how sett les the distinction of a personor a group over another

Los saberes en el rediseño del plan de estudios de la carrera de medicina: escuela “José María Vargas” de la Universidad Central de Venezuela 2a parte / The knowledge in redesigning the curriculum of the medical course: school

La elaboración de las competencias del perfil de egreso del médico de la Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas” partió de las consideraciones que una comisión de la UNESCO hiciera a finales de la década de los años noventa sobre los aprendizajes(1). Al considerar la importancia del aprendizaje, que no es sólo de conceptos, sino también de habilidades de diversos tipos, por ejemplo, cognitivas, sociales, destrezas, actitudes y valores que se integran en la denominada competencia, la Comisión de Currículo de la institución procedió a estudiar una variedad de aspectos relacionados a la competencia laboral y a la competencia educativa. A partir de esos dos conceptos se generaron la definición de competencia yla definición de competencia médica; se elaboraronlas competencias del perfil de egreso de ese profesionaly se continuó luego con el análisis de los enunciados de las mismas(2). En esta propuesta de plan de estudios, el saber-saber y el saber-hacer se desprendieron de la evaluación de los contenidos de las asignaturas del plan de estudios vigente, la opinión de los docentes que las administran, los nuevos avances científicos y tecnológicos en materia de salud, las políticas y programas del Estado y las políticas de la institución universitaria. Los valores y las actitudes, es decir el saber ser y el saber convivir, obedecen a las expectativas que tiene la sociedad del ser y del actuar de ese profesional de la salud, como médico y como ciudadano. Los resultados de este análisis han sido divididos en dos partes. En la Parte I, ya publicada en esta revista(3), se hace referencia a los aspectos generales de los saberes y al saber-saber. En la Parte II se presenta el resultado del análisis del saber- hacer, el saber-ser y el saber-convivir.

The elaboration of the profile by medical competencies of our Medical School had its origin in the considerations of the Commission of Unesco at the end of the nineties about education. By considering the importance of learning, not only concepts should be considered, but also diferent abilities like cognitive, sicial, attitudes, values and abilities. Our Curricular Comision decided to study aspects related to laboral competence and educative competence. In this proposal the know-know and know-to do concepts originated from the evaluation of the different contents of the current study plan, the opinion of the teachers, the new technologival and scientific advancements in health, the State and Universities politics. The values and attitudes, meaning know to be and know to live together, originate from the expectations that the society has about this professional as a physician and a citizen. The first parte has been published before (Med Interna (Caracas), 2012, vol 28: 196 - 201).

What Must We Know and Know How to Do for Implementation During the PENTA UC School Program?: A View from the Teachers / ¿Qué debemos saber y saber hacer para implementar el Programa PENTA UC Escolar?: Una mirada desde los profesores

This study explored what should be known, by a teacher of talented children, when implementing the PENTA UC School program. This study included a sample of 18 educators directly involved in the implementation process of this enrichment program. Teachers established bridges between verbalized knowledge and their pedagogic practice, recognizing know and know-how as two fundamental spheres of knowledge for the implementation of this program. The results show that these spheres traverse five different dimensions: planning, implementation, evaluation, learning environment, and collaborative work; which, in conjunction, allow the teacher to apply a differentiated instruction, taking into consideration the particular learning paces and characteristics of talented children. Furthermore, the need to consider these spheres in teacher's preparation programs was confirmed.

Este estudio exploró qué debe saber y saber hacer un profesor de niños con talento cuando está implementando el programa PENTA UC Escolar. Este estudio incluyó una muestra de 18 educadores directamente involucrados en los procesos de implementación de este programa de enriquecimiento. Los profesores establecieron puentes entre lo verbalizado y su práctica pedagógica reconociendo los saberes y saberes hacer, como dos esferas del conocimiento necesarias para implementar este programa. Los resultados muestran que éstas atraviesan cinco dimensiones: planificación, implementación, evaluación, clima de aprendizaje y trabajo colaborativo, las que en su conjunto permiten al profesor aplicar una instrucción diferenciada considerando ritmos de aprendizaje y características de niños con talento. Además, confirma la necesidad de considerar estas esferas de conocimiento en los programas de preparación de profesores.

A atividade humana, simultaneamente intelectual e vital: esclarecimentos complementares de Pierre Pastré e Yves Schwartz / Human activity, both intellectual and vital: complementary approaches of Pierre Pastré and Yves Schwartz

Toda situação de trabalho se presta a uma dupla abordagem. É o local onde se realiza uma tarefa, pensada anteriormente e provocadora de uma intensa atividade intelectual pelo trabalhador. Mas é igualmente um momento único da vida, com suas arbitragens. Nesse caso, a tarefa não é mais vista como primeira, ela entra no 'debate de normas' que caracteriza a atividade do trabalhador sob o ângulo vital, aquele das escolhas que um ser humano não cessa de fazer. Entendemos que essas duas perspectivas correspondem, respectivamente, à de Pierre Pastré e à de Yves Schwartz. Elas se completam e enriquecem a análise: seu entrecruzamento confere, notadamente, um destaque inédito à questão das competências.

There can be a dual approach to every work situation. It is the place where a task is done, one which has been planned previously and which leads the worker to an intense intellectual activity. But it is also a unique moment in life, with its arbitrations. In this case, the task is no longer seen as the first. In fact, it enters the realms of the debate of rules that characterize the worker's activity from the critical perspective, the one of the choices a human being never ceases making. We believe these two perspectives correspond to Pierre Pastré and Yves Schwartz's views, respectively. They complement and enrich the analysis: the intersection between them gives rise, notably, to an unprecedented emphasis on the issue of skills.

A case study on evaluation of hospital "know-how" using contingent valuation method / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To explore a new evaluation method for hospital intangible assets through a case study on evaluation of hospital "Know-how". Methods: Using the contingent valuation method(CVM) we designed a questionnaire to survey the willingness of patients to pay for hospital "Know-how". The data was analyzed by econometrics methods and a model was established for evaluating the "Know-how" in hospitals. Results: Under three scenarios, the effect of "Know-how" increased gradually; the percentages of patients who were willing to pay were 58.48%, 65.50% and 98.54%, respectively. The mean maximal payments were 4,5,and 5 folds that of the basal level. The annual family income was the most important factors influencing the patients' willingness to pay. According to the model established,the value of the hospital "Know-how" was between 85.014 95 million to 252.229 million RMB in 2006. Conclusion: CVM may serve as a new method to evaluate hospital "Know-how" and should be further studied in the future.

O saber da pessoa com doença crônica no auto-cuidado / People with chronic diseases and their knowledge about self-care

Introdução: A pessoa com doença crónica possui saberes e estratégias que a ajudam a (con)viver com a mesma, influenciando assim a sua qualidade de vida. O presente estudo tem como objectivo compreender como é que a pessoa com doença crónica mobiliza saberes sobre a sua doença no auto-cuidado, durante a prestação de cuidados de enfermagem, com vista à melhoria da sua condição de saúde. Métodos: Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa, mais especificamente o método fenomenológico. A colheita de dados foi efectuada através da observação participante e diários de campo. A análise dos dados foi realizada por intermédio da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A pessoa possui saberes sensíveis à sua doença crónica, os quais, advêm de diferentes fontes e são mobilizados quando a pessoa executa os auto-cuidados de forma independente, quando solicita assistência ao prestador de cuidados formal e/ou informal ou por outro lado não mobiliza saberes apesar de os deter. O uso dos saberes que a pessoa possui é influenciado pelo processo de adaptação à doença. Por outro lado, a não utilização dos saberes está relacionada com factores como sejam as limitações físicas, a necessidade de confrontar limites físicos e ainda o desejo de evitar participar no processo de cuidados. Conclusões: Conhecer e valorizar os saberes da pessoa com doença crónica sabendo respeitá-los e mobilizando-os nos cuidados de enfermagem, contribui para uma prestação de cuidados de enfermagem de qualidade, e promovem o bem estar e qualidade de vida da pessoa.

Background: People suffering from a chronic disease possess a certain amount of knowledge and have strategies that help them cope with such disease and influence the quality of life. The present study results from the necessity of understanding how people with a chronic illness use their knowledge about the disease during self-care and while receiving nursing care to improve their health condition. Methods: A qualitative approach was used. Data were obtained through direct observation and daily field records. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis according to Bardin. Results: People with a chronic illness have information about their disease. Such knowledge stems from different sources and is activated during self-care or when care is requested from a formal or informal caregiver. However, sometimes this knowledge is not used. The use of the knowledge a patient possesses is influenced by the process of self-adaptation to the illness. On the other hand, the fact that this knowledge is not used is related to several causes such as the physical limitations, the need to test physical capacity and limits, as well as the urge to avoid self-responsibility in the care process. Conclusions: Knowing and valuing the patient’s knowledge about chronic diseases, in addition to respecting and mobilizing such knowledge while providing nursing care, can contribute to the delivery of qualified nursing care and improve the patient’s well-being and quality of life.

Brief Discussion on the Economic Value of Applying for Patent and Know-how for Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the economic value between patent application and know-how,the two measures for intellectual property rights protection of traditional Chinese medicine.METHOD:The legal features of intellectual property rights protection for Chinese traditional medicine were analyzed and its economic value was evaluated with economic model.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The know-how has a greater economic value to enterprises under the current intellectual property rights protection system.