Atividade antibacteriana de nanopartículas de polipirrol diante de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de amostras de leite de vacas e cabras com mastite / Antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in water against biofilm producer or not S. aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis. One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of S. aureus were initially evaluated for biofilm formation by spectrophotometry in microplates. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs in water for planktonic S. aureus were determined. From the bovine samples analyzed, 5 (4.46%) S. aureus isolates showed a strong biofilm production, 17 (15.18%) moderate production, 36 (32.14%) with weak production and 54 (48.21%) did not produce biofilms. Strains from goats (26) showed no biofilm production in 18 (69.23%) strains and weak biofilm production in 8 (30.76%) strains. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus to PPy-NPs were found in the same concentration (125搭/mL) in all strains tested, regardless of biofilm production or not. This finding provides a new insight into the interaction between PPy-NPs and S. aureus, and will offer potential benefits for the control of mastitis.(AU)

Effect of an Active Polyphenol Compound LM49 on Polarization of RAW264.7 Macrophages / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of LM49(2,4′, 5′-trihydroxy-5,2′-dibromobenzophenone) on M1/M2 phenotype in RAW264.7 macrophages by LPS plus INF-γ and its regulation mechanism on M1/M2 polarization. METHODS MTT assay was used to determine the effect of LM49 on cell viability. Different concentrations of LM49 (5, 10, 20 μmol•L-1) were used to intervene in LPS combined with IFN-γ induced macrophages, the expression of macrophage subsets of markers and the effect on JAK/STAT of the signaling pathway were examined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western-blot. RESULTS: Compared with LPS/INF-γ group, LM49 significantly inhibited the number of CD16/32+ cells and the mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-6 and TNF-α, increased the number of CD206+ cells and the mRNA expression of Arg-1 and IL-10, and decreased the ratio of M1/M2 in macrophage. It was demonstrated that LM49 significantly reduced the proteins expression levels of TLR4, Myd88, NF-κB and STAT1, while inhibiting the phosphorylation levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT1 by Western-blot. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that LM49 inhibits M1 polarization and promotes M2 polarization in RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibiting TLR4-Myd88-NF-κB and JAK2-STAT1 pathway, regulating the balance of M1/M2 ratio in macrophages.

Exomorphic Characters of Seeds of Some Species of Capparaceae Family in Taif, KSA

Seed exomorphic characters of six species belonging to four genera of family Capparaceae were studied using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine the importance of seed features as taxonomic evidence. These species are Cadaba farinosa Forssk, Capparis decidua (Forssk). Edgew, Capparis cartilaginea Decne, Dipterygium glaucum Decne, Maerua crassifolia Forssk and Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich. The diagnostic characters at level of the general and specific level are shape of seed, size, color, texture and seed coat surface. There is a wide range of variations of seed shape among the studied species. LM revealed that the studied seeds are mostly varying from ovate to globose or cardiac- shape. All of the seeds lack wings except Dipterygium glaucum Decne. and most of the seed is coarse texture. There are six main types of seed surface sculptures revealed by SEM investigation at higher magnifications; reticulate, rugose-striate, winding undulate, ribbed and papillate.

Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary left main disease / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction @#The left main (LM) bifurcational stenting is coronary high risk interventional procedure (CHIP) which associated with various post procedural outcome.@*Goal@#In this study, we aimed to describe current practice of coronary left main bifurcational stenting and patient’s outcome in Mongolia. @*Materials and Methods@#We selected 50 patients who gave informed consent and treated by left main bifurcational stent. All the patients gave informed consent form which was approved by ethical committee of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Coronary stenosis was evaluated by Syntax score and Medina classification. The 1 year survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimation. @*Results @#A total of 50 patients who received LM bifurcational stent were chosen (mean age 60±11, male gender 78%). Mean syntax I score was 26.1±8.6 and mean Syntax II score was 44.7±6.2. Medina 110 type lesion was 46% (n=23), medina 111 type lesion was 36% (n=18), medina 100 type lesion was 6% (n=3), medina 011 type lesion was 4% (n=2) and medina 010 type lesion was 8% (n=4). The median degree of stenosis was 50% (IQR 30%; 90%) for LM, 90% (IQR 80%; 99%) for LAD and 0% (IQR 0%; 80%) for LCx. The final procedural success with final TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 44 patients (88%). All-cause mortality was occurred 5 patients during follow-up and survival rate at the 1 year was 82% (95% CI 66; 97).@*Conclusion @#The bifurcational stenting is acceptable treatment choice which has good survival for high risk patients with LM bifurcational disease.

Peptídeos antimicrobianos como terapia complementar periodontal: uma análise da literatura / Antimicrobial peptides as periodontal complementary therapy: an analysis of literature

Objetivo: realizar um levantamento sistemático da literatura no que tange ao uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos contra periodontopatógenos e indicar quais os peptídeos e micro-organismos mais estudados, com o objetivo final de traçar um perfil das publicações na área. Material e métodos: a busca por artigos ocorreu na base de dados Pubmed, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: publicação nos últimos dez anos; palavras-chave "Antimicrobial Peptide" and "Periodontal" and "Bacteria", publicados em inglês e disponíveis gratuitamente na íntegra para leitura. Um total de dez artigos foram selecionados após o refinamento dos dados. Resultados: apesar do pequeno número de estudos encontrados, evidencia-se o potencial uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos no controle das principais bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Além disso, os peptídeos produzidos por células da mucosa oral (Defensinas, LL-37 e Histatinas), bem como os micro-organismos Porphyromonas gingivalis e Fusobacterium nucleatum, foram os mais estudados. Conclusão: é possível concluir que o uso de peptídeos antimicrobianos como potencial ferramenta no controle microbiano tem uma importância crescente, provavelmente devido à sua ampla aplicabilidade, mecanismos de ação e baixos índices de resistência. Contudo, estudos relacionados à sua toxicidade sobre células humanas, modo de aplicação e ensaios clínicos precisam ser realizados.

Objectives: to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of antimicrobial peptides against periodontopathogens and indicate the most studied peptides and microorganisms, with the final objective of outlining a profile of publications in the area. Material and methods: the search for articles occurred in Pubmed database with the following inclusion criteria: publication in the last 10 years; Keywords "Antimicrobial Peptide" and "Periodontal" and "Bacteria", published in English and freely available for reading. Results: a total of 10 articles were selected after refi ning the data. Despite the small number of studies found, it is evident the potential use of antimicrobial peptides in the control of the main periodontopathogenic bacteria. In addition, the peptides produced by oral mucosa cells (Defensins, LL-37 and Histatins) as well as the microorganisms Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were the most studied. Conclusion: it is possible to conclude that the use of antimicrobial peptides as a tool in microbial control is of increasing importance, probably due to their wide applicability, mechanisms of action and low resistance indices. However, studies related to its toxicity on human cells, mode of application and clinical trials still need to be performed.

Cloning of AP1 Gene from Lonicera macranthoides "Xianglei" and analysis on its Bioinformatics and Space-time expression / 中草药

Objective: To clone the AP1 (Lm-XL-AP1) gene from a Special Variant Varieties of Lonicera macranthoides "Xianglei", and to analyze its bioinformatics and spatio-temporal expression. Methods: Amplifing the full length of Lm-XL-AP1 gene by RACE technique, using bioinformatics method to analyze homology and similarity of the gene, predicting the coding protein and analyzing the various physical and chemical properties. The expression of the gene in different parts of Lonicera macranthoides Special Variant Varieties was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: The AP1 gene, containing a 729 bp ORF that encoding 242 amino acids, was cloned. And the similarity of the gene compared with the AP1 gene from the MADS-box gene family of Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium up to 80% (Containing a conserved sequence of MADS and K-box). Without transmembrane domain, AP1 was located in cell nucleus. It is expressed in various organs of Lonicera macranthoides Special Variant Varieties. Conclusion: For the first time, the AP1 gene which may be involved in the control of the expression of floral organ was cloned from the total RNA of Lonicera macranthoides Special Variant Varieties.

FlaA gene deletion of LM90 SB2 inducing sheep encephalitis and the influence on virulence / 中国人兽共患病学报

The flagellin of Listeria monocytogenes is encoded by flaA gene;there is no detail report about the influence of flaA gene on the virulence of LM90 SB2.FlaA gene-deleted strain was constructed successfully with recombination technology.The influence of FlaA on LM90 SB2 virulence was evaluated by motility,BF formation,LD50,etc.Results showed that the colony morphology did not change,gene-deleted strain still had good genetic stability,but its growth was slow and the motility was decreased in the environment at 25 ℃,the morphological structure of the mutant BF was looser and incomplete,LD50 was increased from 4.27 × 106 cfu to 1.62 × 107 cfu.Results indicated that the flaA gene affected the flagellar formation of LM90 SB2 significantly,the ability of the BF formation and the virulence of the flaA deleted strain were decreased obviously.

Effect and mechanism of curcumin on proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of curcumin on the growth and apoptosis of human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells and explore the molecular mechanisms.Methods The human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells were treated with different concentrations of curcumin and the cell growth inhibition rate was detected by CCK-8.The effect of curcumin on human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells was observed.Refer to the relevant literature,the human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells were treated with the concentration of 2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0,20.0,40.0,60.0 μmol/L of curcumin for 48 hours,taking the 0 μmol/L curcumin as control group,and the cell growth inhibition rate was detected by CCK-8.According to the results of CCK-8,selecting the concentration of 0 μmol/L as control group and the concentration of 10.0,20.0,40.0 μmol/L as experimental groups,which has significant difference on growth inhibition rates.Cell cloning assay was used to detect cell cloning ability,Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis,and Western blotting to detect the protein expression levels of Mcl-1,Bax,Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.The measurement data were expressed in ((x) ± s),and the single factor analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups.Results CCK-8 assay showed that with treated by the concentration of 2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0,20.0,40.0,60.0 μmol/L,the growth inhibition rates were(6.71 ± 3.45)％,(12.33 ± 5.02)％,(20.07 ± 5.60)％,(57.80 ±7.34)％,(78.37 ±6.53)％,(91.73 ±6.14)％ and (96.18 ±3.45)％,suggesting that curcumin could inhibit the growth of human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells in a dose-dependent manner.Cell clone formation experiment showed that curcumin could inhibit the clone of the human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells,and the clone of the cells was inhibited significantly when the concentration of the curcumin was over 20.0μmol/L.The result of Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining analysis showed that the apoptotic rates of experimental groups and control groups were (5.20 ± 1.44) ％,(9.90 ± 3.31) ％,(55.67 ± 5.29) ％,(79.63 ±4.71)％,with all the apoptotic rates of experimental group over the control groups (P ＜0.05),suggesting curcumin could induce the apoptosis of human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells.The Westen blotting showed that curcumin increased the expression of Bax protein while decreasing expression of Mcl-1 protein significantly in concentration-dependent manner (P ＜ 0.05),but have no effect on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins.Conclusion Curcumin could inhibit the proliferation and clone of human hepatoma HCC-LM3 cells,and induce apoptosis in a dose dependent manner.

Avaliação da eficácia das escovas convencionais e multifilamentadas: Um estudo randomizado cego controlado / Effectiveness of conventional and multifi lamentary toothbrushes: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial

Objetivo: comparar o efeito de escovas multifilamentadas com as escovas dentais convencionais, na formação do biofilme dental bacteriano na área dentogengival, em indivíduos saudáveis. Material e métodos: para a realização deste estudo de delineamento prospectivo, cruzado, cego e randomizado, foram selecionados 16 voluntários periodontalmente saudáveis, os quais inicialmente foram submetidos a uma adequação bucal. Após sete dias de adequação, os indivíduos foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos: A) escova multifilamentos nacional (Sanifill Infinite); B) escova multifilamentos importada (Curaprox); C) escova convencional 1 (Bitufo Class macia); e D) escova convencional 2 (Oral B Indicator ), utilizando o mesmo dentifrício para os quatro grupos. Os voluntários foram instruídos a usarem somente o método de higiene referente ao grupo a que foram designados, por um período de 14 dias, com intervalos (washout) de sete dias entre os períodos experimentais. Durante o washout, todos os indivíduos fizeram uso de escovas, dentifrícios e fio dental padronizados. Os seguintes parâmetros clínicos foram avaliados nos tempos 0 e 14 dias: índice de placa visível e corada (IPV e IPC) e índice de sangramento gengival (ISG). Resultados: após análise dos dados, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas (p > 0,05), nem intragrupo e nem intergrupo, para todos os parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: escovas convencionais e multifilamentadas foram igualmente eficazes no controle do biofilme dental bacteriano, na área dentogengival.

Objective: to compare the effect of multifilament toothbrushes and the conventional ones relating it to the formation of dental bacterial biofilm in the dentogingival region in healthy individuals. Material and methods: to conduct this study in a prospective, crossed, blind and randomized outlining way, sixteen periodontal healthy volunteers were selected and initially submitted to an oral adjustment. After seven days of adjustment, the individuals were randomly divided into four groups: A) the national multifilament toothbrush (Sanifi ll Infi nite); B) the imported multifilament toothbrush (Curaprox); C) the conventional toothbrush 1 (Bitufo Class Macia); and D) the conventional toothbrush 2 (Oral B Indicator); the same toothpaste was utilized by the four groups. The volunteers were instructed to the usage of only one method of oral hygiene which is related to the group they were designed for a period of fourteen days, with intervals (washout) of seven days between the experimental periods. During the washout, all the individuals made use of the toothbrushes, toothpastes and standardized dental floss. The following clinical parameters were evaluated at 0 day and 14 days: visible plaque index and disclosed plaque index (VPI and DPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI). Results: no statistically significant differences were observed (p > 0,05), neither with the intragroup nor the intergroup in all the parameters analyzed. Conclusion: conventional toothbrushes and the multifilamented ones were equally effective in controling dental bacterial biofilm in the dentogingival region.

The design of liquid level detection system by ultrasonic method on automatic enzyme ;immunoassay system / 中国医学装备

Objective:To design the liquid level detection system by ultrasonic method to meet the requirements of automatic enzyme immunoassay workstations and have a precise detection of liquid level. Methods:Because the existing sample needle should move down, liquid surface and the poor conductivity of liquid were invalid. So a method of ultrasonic liquid level detection system was designed. The control signal was launched by a microprocessor to control ultrasonic signal generator chip and the ultrasonic signal reflected when the liquid level in a test tube or microplate. Results: By receiving the reflection echo signal sent to the microprocessor for signal processing, the liquid level was detected. Conclusion: The ultrasonic method applied to the liquid level detection system to overcome the above shortcomings, improve pipetting accuracy and avoid cross pollution, so as to meet the requirement of the automatic enzyme immunoassay workstation test.

Revisión bibliográfica no sistemática sobre la escala cincuentamilesimal / Non-systematic bibliographic review on the fifty-thousand-scale scale

En cuanto a la preparación y la dosis del remedio homeopático Hahnemann hizo modificaciones en busca de una curación suave, pronta y duradera culminando con la propuesta de la escala cincuentamilesimal (LM), expuesta por primera vez en la VI edición del Órganon de la medicina; tuvo la oportunidad de experimentar y comprobar mucho más tiempo con la escala centesimal (C) y se calcula que manejó la escala LM en sus últimos cinco años de práctica médica, experiencia que quedó consignada en sus libros de Casos de París. Este fue uno de los últimos aportes de Hahnemann en la Homeopatía, con la intención que el medicamento fuera administrado según la individualidad del enfermo, buscando disminuir el tiempo de tratamiento y minimizar la agravación homeopática, alcanzando con esta técnica su método "casi ideal", volviéndose referencia puntual para que los médicos homeópatas pudieran usarla en forma más continua. Se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura para la recolección de la información que existe actualmente relacionada con el tema de la escala LM con el fin de aportar a los estudiantes de homeopatía, así como a los médicos homeópatas ya formados, que sirva de base para proponer temas de estudio y futuras investigaciones a partir de la misma.

Biofilm as a virulence marker in Candida species in Nosocomial blood stream infection and its correlation with antifungal resistance.

Nosocomial blood stream infections (BSI) due to fungi especially Candida is increasing steadily. A two year prospective study was conducted in the S.C.B. Medical College with an aim to evaluate the species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and biofi lm formation of Candida spp. isolated from nosocomial BSIs. 34 Candida spp. were isolated from 359 blood cultures. Antifungal susceptibility was performed by microbroth dilution technique and both visual and spectrophotometric method were used for biofi lm detection. C. tropicalis was the common spp. isolated followed by C. parapsilosis and others. Most (92%) of the isolates were susceptible to Amphoterecin-B and highest resistance was observed against Flucytosine (37%) and Fluconazole(35%). Biofi lm production and antifungal resistance was observed more in nonalbicans Candida spp.

Anti-biofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles against MRSA and MRSE isolated from wounds in a tertiary care hospital.

Purpose: Different approaches have been used for preventing biofi lm-related infections in health care settings. Many of these methods have their own de-merits, which include chemical-based complications; emergent antibiotic resistant strains, etc. The formation of biofi lm is the hallmark characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis infection, which consists of multiple layers of bacteria encased within an exopolysachharide glycocalyx. Nanotechnology may provide the answer to penetrate such biofi lms and reduce biofi lm formation. Therefore, the aim of present study was to demonstrate the biofi lm formation by methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistance S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolated from wounds by direct visualisation applying tissue culture plate, tube and Congo Red Agar methods. Materials and Methods: The anti-biofi lm activity of AgNPs was investigated by Congo Red, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) techniques. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be in the range of 11.25-45 μg/ml. The AgNPs coated surfaces effectively restricted biofi lm formation of the tested bacteria. Double fl uorescent staining (propidium iodide staining to detect bacterial cells and fl uorescein isothiocyanate concanavalin A (Con A-FITC) staining to detect the exopolysachharides matrix) technique using CLSM provides the visual evidence that AgNPs arrested the bacterial growth and prevent the glycocalyx formation. In our study, we could demonstrate the complete anti-biofi lm activity AgNPs at a concentration as low as 50 μg/ml. Conclusions: Our fi ndings suggested that AgNPs can be exploited towards the development of potential anti-bacterial coatings for various biomedical and environmental applications. In the near future, the AgNPs may play major role in the coating of medical devices and treatment of infections caused due to highly antibiotic resistant biofilm.

Toxicokinetics of norcantharidin lipid microsphere for injection in Beagle's dog following 90 d repeated iv administration / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate the toxicokinetics and in vivo accumulation of norcantharidin lipid microsphere for injection (NCTD-LM) in Beagle's dogs following 90 d repeated iv administration by comparing with sodium demethylcantharidate injection (NCTD-I). Methods: An ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrum method was employed to determine the NCTD in plasma of Beagle's dog after 1, 44, and 90 d repeated iv administration. The toxicokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration. Results: After the first iv administration of 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/kg NCTD-LM to Beagle's dog, the AUC0-t were (2.22 ± 0.53), (4.77 ± 1.13), and (13.43 ± 3.64) h∙mg/L, respectively, while the t1/2 were (1.37 ± 0.18), (1.64 ± 0.42), and (1.98 ± 0.25) h, respectively. After the 90 d repeated iv administration of 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg NCTD-LM to Beagle's dog, the AUC0-t were (3.58 ± 0.95), (11.4 ± 2.0), and (23.5 ± 3.9) h·mg/L, respectively, while the t1/2 were (3.87 ± 1.90), (5.75 ± 3.29), and (5.84 ± 2.45) h, respectively. For NCTD-I, the AUC0-t were (9.07 ± 2.09) and (14.1 ± 3.0) h∙mg/L respectively after 1 and 90 d repeated iv administration, while the t1/2 were (2.84 ± 1.34) and (3.53 ± 1.26) h. 15 and 30 d after the end of administration, the concentration of NCTD in plasma of Beagle's dog in each group were all dropped below the lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ). Conclusion: NCTD displays a nonlinear elimination at the dose range of 0.8-3.2 mg/kg after iv administration of NCTD-LM to Beagle's dog. Over the 90 d repeated iv administration period, the plasma concentration levels, AUC0-t, and t1/2 for both NCTD-LM and NCTD-I are increased with time increasing. However, no accumulation of NCTD is observed for the both formulations.

Causas de abandono de lactancia materna en el Barrio Cárcova / Causes of abandonment of breastfeeding in the Cárcova neighborhood

Desde hace décadas, el abandono precoz de la lactancia o la decisión materna de no amamantar han sido cuestiones que atraviesan todos los niveles socio económicos y culturales. Es relevante conocer las madres dejan de ofrecer el pecho a sus hijos para evaluar estrategias destinadas a promover y proteger la lactancia materna. Objetivo: Analizar las causas de abandono de lactancia materna (LM) en el Barrio Cárcova. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Población: Mujeres mayores de 10 años que no se encontraban en el período de LM (n=100) en el momento de realización de la encuesta. Resultados: Después del año de vida del niño, el abandono de LM fue tan frecuente en madres que trabajan fuera del hogar (n=41) como en las que no lo hacen (n=59). Las madres adolescentes no fueron más propensas a esta conducta. Los motivos más citados para adoptar la decisión fueron: "Dejó sólo" (20%), "No quise darle más" (15%)"Me quedé sin leche" (15%), el "El bebé ya era grande" (14%) y "Tuve que salir a trabajar" (14%). Conclusión: La edad materna al momento del nacimiento del niño, el nivel de instrucción y la situación laboral no determinaron el abandono de LM. Fomentar la lactancia es una herramienta útil y de bajo costo para contribuir a la salud y bienestar de las madres y al crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños. Es esencial conocer sus motivos de abandono con el fin de brindar la información adecuada y planificar el trabajo en el CAPS

Early breastfeeding cessation or mother's decission not to breastfeed has been a recurring problem for decades that crosses all socioeconomic and cultural levels. Knowing the causes of abandonment of breastfeeding is relevant to evaluate local strategies for the promotion and protection of breastfeeding. Objective: To analyze the causes of breastfeeding's abandonment in Cárcova neighborhood. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study. Population: Women over 10 who were not in the breastfeeding period (n = 100) at the moment of the survey. Results: Regarding the employment status of the mother, mothers who work outside the home (n = 41), and mothers who did not (n = 59) breastfeed their children after the year of the child. In relation to maternal age at child's birth, it was not found a main common cause of abandonment of the breastfeeding for teens. The reason for abandonment of breastfeeding most often mentioned was: "He/She left alone" (20%). Secondly "I wanted to not give more" (15%) and "I ran out of milk" (15%), and in third place "The baby was already big" (14%) and "I had to go to work" (14%). Conclusion: Maternal age at child's birth, their level of education and employment status were not decisive in the abandonment of the breastfeeding in Cárcova. Encourage breastfeeding is one of the most useful and lowest cost tools to contribute to the health and welfare of mothers and the growth and development of children. To know the reasons for abandoning the breastfeeding is essential to provide appropriate information and plan work in the primary health care center

Há décadas que o abandono precoce do aleitamento ou a decisão materna de não amamentar têm sido questões que perpassam todos os níveis socioeconômicos e culturais. Importa conhecer por que as mães deixam de oferecer o peito a seus filhos para avaliar estratégias destinadas a promover e proteger o aleitamento materno. Objetivo: Analisar as causas de abandono do aleitamento materno (AM) no Barrio Cárcova. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal. População: Mulheres acima de 10 anos que não se encontravam no período do AM (n=100) ao momento da realização da enquete. Resultados: Após o ano de vida da criança, o abandono do AM tornouse tão frequente em mães que trabalham fora do lar (n=41) quanto entre aquelas que não o fazem (n=59). As mães adolescentes não foram mais propensas a esta conduta. As razões mais citadas para adotar a decisão foram: "Deixou de mamar" (20%), "Não quis dar-lhe mais" (15%), "Fiquei sem leite" (15%), "O bebê já era grande" (14%) e "Tive que sair a trabalhar" (14%). Conclusão: A idade materna ao momento do nascimento da criança, o nível de instrução e a situação laboral não determinaram o abandono do AM. Fomentar o aleitamento é uma ferramenta útil e de baixo custo para contribuir com a saúde e bem-estar das mães, bem como com o crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças. É essencial conhecer os motivos de abandono para oferecer a informação adequada e planejar o trabalho no Centro de Atención Primaria de la Salud.(Si ése no fuera el nombre de la institución, sino um genérico, corresponderia traducirlo como Centro de atendimento inicial da saúde).

Intelligent Wireless Patient Monitoring and Tracking System (Using Sensor Network and Wireless Communication).

Aim of our work is to monitor the human body temperature, blood pressure (BP), Pulse Rate and ECG and tracking the patient location. The human body temperature, BP, Pulse Rate and ECG are detected in the working environment; this can be sensed by using respective sensors. The sensed information is send to the PIC16F877 microcontroller through signal conditioning circuit in the patient unit. A desired amount of sensor value is set and if it is exceeded preliminary steps should be taken by the indicating by buzzer.The sensor information will be transmitted from the patient unit to the main controller unit with the help of Zigbee communication system which is connected with the microcontrollers in the both units. The main controller unit will send those sensed data as well as the location of that patient by the help of GPS Module to the observer/doctor. The observer/doctor can receive the SMS sent by GSM module and further decision can be taken. The message is sent to a mobile phone using Global system mobile (GSM) Modem. MAX232 was a driver between microcontroller and modem.

Concomitant detection of biofilm and metallo-beta-lactamases production in gram-negative bacilli.

Carbapenems are mainstay of treating serious multidrug resistant gram-negative biofi lm-based infections. However, recent emergence of metallo-beta-lactamases (ML) producing gram-negative bacilli in different parts of world may be related to gain of virulence factors associated with biofi lm production. Objectives: To explore the association of ML and biofi lm production in various gramnegative bacilli. Materials and Methods: In this study, 110 non-repetitive ceftazidime resistant gram-negative bacilli were evaluated for biofi lm and ML production. Biofi lm forming ability of isolates obtained from various specimens was tested by the tube method. Disks of ceftazidime (30 g) and ceftazidime with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (30 g + 750 g, prepared in house) for ML detection were used. Chi-square test was used to study the association between biofi lm and ML production. P value <0.05 was considered signifi cant. Results: 88 (80%) bacilli had shown biofi lm producing ability. The association of biofi lm and ML was signifi cant in cases of non-fermenters as compared to enterobacteriaceae members. Conclusion: The particular combination of virulence factors (biofi lm and ML) in bacteria may be a species specifi c effect which needs to be investigated at molecular level in detail. This may help in designing newer therapies based on interference with biofi lm formation and thus countering clinical episodes of antibiotic resistance.

Emergence of non-albicans Candida among candidal vulvovaginitis cases and study of their potential virulence factors, from a tertiary care center, North India.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of various Candida species and study some of their virulence factors among thevulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC)patients. Study Design and Settings: The study was conducted in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in North India. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out prospectively for a period of 1 year. High vaginal swabs (HVSs) were collected from women in childbearing age group attending the gynecology and obstetrics out-patient departments with the complaints suggestive of vulvovaginitis. Samples were plated on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar slope. Candida spp. isolated was further speciated based on microscopy, biochemical tests and culture characteristics on special media. Virulence factors of these strains were determined by biofi lm formation and phospholipase activity. Result: A total of 464 HVS from 232 patients with the complaints of vulvovaginitis were included in this study. Following laboratory workup, 71 specimens were positive for genus Candida (30.6%). Further speciation showed 32.4% as Candida albicans, 45.07% Candida parapsilosis and 22.53% of Candida glabrata. Biofi lm production was shown by 50 candidal strains (70.4%) and phospholipase activity was given by 41 candidal strains (57.74%). Conclusion: Our study suggests increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida among the VVC cases along with their virulence factors. Therefore, we recommend that microbiological investigation upto species level should be mandatory to determine the emergence of non-albicans Candida as a major cause of VVC.

Light and transmission electron microscopic studies of the third stage larvae of anisakis simplex.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the structures of the third stage larva of Anisakis simplex in marine fish by using light microscope (LM) and transmission and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Methods: L3 Anisakis simplex were processed for conventional light and electron microscopic studies. Results: The body wall of the L3 A. simplex is composed of three layers, the cuticle, hypodermis and somatic muscular layer from the superficial to deep surface of the worm, respectively. The cuticle is thick, functions as a protective barrier and barring the antigenic molecules. Furthermore, TEM reveals that the cuticle is subdivided into cortical, middle and basal layers from outer to inner part of the cuticle. This layer is highly filamentous and the filaments arrange randomly in several directions. The hypodermis is a thin layer which functions as the cuticular productive layer. The lateral hypodermal cords are bilobed. The somatic muscular layer is composed of a single row of muscle cells, which lie along the long axis of the body. The gastrointestinal tract of the worm is a straight tube, lined with stratified epithelium and surrounded by the basal lamina. The intestinal epithelial cells contain various organelles, which its luminal surface presents numerous microvilli for absorption of nutrient molecules. Conclusion: The cross section of LM and TEM can be used to distinguish the nematode species, as the LM reveals the lateral cords of L3 A. simplex are bilobed structures which are different from other species.

Light and electron microscopic studies of the structural damages of acanthamoeba cysts by pouzolzia indica methanolic extract fraction 4 solution.

Objective : This study was to investigate the morphological changes and ultrastructural damages of the Acanthamoeba cysts after treated with the minimal cysticydal concentration (MCC) of Pouzolzia indica methanolic extract fraction 4 solution by light and electron microscopies. Materials and Methods : Acanthamoeba cyst which prepared followed the method of Roongruangchai K15,16 were adjusted to the final concentration of 104 cysts/ml and treated with 1:4 soltion of fraction 4 Pouzolzia indica methanolic extract, the Thai medicinal plant. which was the minimal cysticidal concentration (MCC) 16. The cysts then, were centrifuged and the pellets were prepared for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Result : Light micrographs showed the cytoplasmic clumping and some empty cyst wall. Transmission electron microscopy showed the ruptures of both ectocyst and the endocyst wall with some opercula damages. The cytoplasm aggregated and clumped. Scanning electron microscopy show steps of damage which started from shrinkage and collapsed of the cyst walls, then the cysts began to bulge and swell resulted in decreasing in the wrinkles of the cyst walls. The cytoplasmic contents drain out from the cyst wall and finally the cyst walls were ripped and torn into small pieces. Conclusion : Pouzolzia indica methanolic extract fraction 4 at the MCC of 1:4 caused structural damages to the Acanthamoeba cyst including shrinking of the cyst walls with the ruptured of the ectocyst, endocyst and operculum, edema and break out into pieces. The active ingredients of this Thai medicinal plant should be further studied as this can eventually be one of the regimen for the treatment of the Acanthamoeba keratitis or as a solution for cleaning the contact lens or contact lens case solution.