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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; mai. 2014. 149 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-836917

ABSTRACT

O presente trabalho investigou se a exposição em períodos precoces da vida à ração com alto teor de gordura animal altera o risco de câncer de mama na vida adulta em ratas. Ratas mães foram expostas à ração com alto teor de gordura (ATG) à base de banha de porco (60 % de energia proveniente de gordura) ou uma dieta controle AIN93G (16 % de energia proveniente de gordura) durante a gestação ou gestação e lactação. A prole feminina com 7 semanas de idade foi induzida a carcinogênese mamária com o carcinógeno 7,12-dimeti-benz[a]antraceno. Comparado à prole do grupo controle, observou-se menor suscetibilidade à carcinogênese mamária na prole do grupo de ratas prenhas submetidas à ração ATG durante a gestação (menor incidência de neoplasias, multiplicidade e peso das neoplasias) ou gestação e lactação (menor multiplicidade). Prole feminina de ratas exposta à ração ATG durante a gestação apresentou menor crescimento da árvore epitelial mamária, proliferação celular (Ki67) e expressão de NFkB p65 e maior expressão de p21 e níveis globais de H3K9me3 na glândula mamária. Além disso, esta apresentou uma tendência na redução da razão Rank/Rankl (p=0,09) e níveis de progesterona sérica (p=0,07). Glândula mamária da prole feminina do grupo exposto à ração ATG durante a gestação e lactação apresentou menor número de TEBs, crescimento da árvore epitelial e razão BCL-2/BAX e maiores níveis de leptina em comparação à prole do grupo controle. Análise de lipidômica das glândulas mamárias revelou que exposição à ração ATG especificamente durante a gestação apresentou pequenos efeitos no perfil de ácidos graxos na prole feminina, enquanto que a exposição à essa ração durante a gestação e lactação promoveu menor concentração de ácidos graxos saturados (exceto ácido esteárico) e maior concentração de ácidos graxos polinsaturados da série n-6, monoinsaturados e ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA). De acordo com análise de dependência de redes diferencial (DDN) dos genes diferentemente expressos pela análise de "microarray" exposição à ração ATG em períodos precoces da vida altera a rede transcricional da glândula mamária na vida adulta. Especificamente, ratas expostas à ração ATG somente durante o período fetal apresentou aumento da expressão de Hrh1 e Repin1 em comparação ao controle. A prole exposta à ração durante o período fetal e lactacional apresentou maior e menor expressão de Stra6 e Tlr1 em comparação ao contole, respectivamente e menor expressão de Crkrs em comparação à prole exposta à ração somente durante o período fetal. Nossos dados confirmam que o risco de câncer de mama da prole pode ser programado pela alimentação materna. No entanto, ao contrário do que se esperava, exposição a altos níveis de gordura animal no início da vida diminuiu a suscetibilidade ao câncer de mama na vida adulta. Dentre os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nessa proteção encontram-se a modulação da morfologia e perfil lipídico da glândula mamária, redução da proliferação celular e aumento dos níveis proteicos de reguladores do ciclo celular, modulação de marcas epigenéticas como H3K9me3, modulação da expressão gênica global com alteração de redes de sinalização, bem como regulação de vias de sinalização específicas como RANK/RANKL/NFκB. Porém esses mecanismos são dependentes do tempo e período de exposição


The present study investigated whether early life exposure to high levels of animal fat changes breast cancer risk in adulthood in rats. Dams consumed a lard-based high-fat (HF) diet (60% fat-derived energy) or an AIN93G control diet (16% fat-derived energy) during gestation or gestation and lactation. Their 7-week-old female offspring were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to induce mammary tumors. Compared to the control offspring, significantly lower susceptibility to mammary cancer development was observed in the offspring of dams fed on HF diet during gestation (lower tumor incidence, multiplicity and weight), or gestation and lactation (lower tumor multiplicity only). Mammary epithelial elongation, cell proliferation (Ki67), and expression of NFkB p65 were significantly lower, and p21 expression and global H3K9me3 levels were higher in the mammary glands of rats exposed to HF lard diet in utero. They also tended to have lower Rank/Rankl ratios (p=0.09) and serum progesterone levels (p=0.07) than control offspring. In the mammary glands of offspring of dams consuming the HF diet during both gestation and lactation, the number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and the BCL-2/BAX ratio were significantly lower, and serum leptin levels were higher than in the controls. Lipidomic analysis on mammary glands showed that exposure to a lard-based HF diet only during gestation had little effects on fatty acids profile on offspring, whereas this exposure during gestation and lactation promoted significant changes on the offspring's mammary glands. In general, it decreased SFA (except for stearic acid) and increased n-6 PUFA, MUFA and CLA concentrations in mammary gland. According to Differential dependency network (DDN), analysis of genes differently expressed by microarray, exposure to HF diet during early life changes the transcriptional network of the mammary gland in adulthood. Specifically, rats exposed to HF diet only during the fetal period showed increased expression of Hrh1 e Repin1 compared to the control. The offspring exposed to the HF diet in utero and nursing had higher and lower expression of Stra6 and Tlr1, respectively, compared to the control and lower expression of Crkrs compared to the offspring exposed only in utero. Our data confirm that the breast cancer risk of offspring can be programmed by maternal dietary intake. However, contrary to our expectation, exposure to high levels of lard during early life decreased later susceptibility to breast cancer. The mechanisms involve modulation of mammary gland's morphology and lipid profile, decrease of cell proliferation and increase of cell cycle regulators, modulation of epigenetics marks as H3K9me3, modulation of global gene expression with alteration of transcriptional network and RANK/RANKL/NFκB pathway. However, these mechanisms are dependent on the duration and period of exposure


Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Nutritional Status , Health Services Programming/methods , Transcriptome/genetics , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Epigenetic Repression
2.
Acta cir. bras ; 29(supl.1): 39-44, 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-720397

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dietary lipid quantity and/or quality on penis morphology in adult rats. METHODS: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: normal lipid diet (NL), high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids (HF-S), high-fat diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-P), and high-fat diet rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-SP). Blood samples were collected and the penises were removed for histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: All high-fat diets promoted an increase in the body mass (p<0.0001). The HF-S and HF-SP groups presented hyperglycemia (p=0.0060), hyperinsulinemia (p=0.0030), and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0020). Concerning the penis, the high-fat diets led to an increase in the collagen fibers (p<0.0001) and smooth muscle cell density area (p=0.0027), and a decline in the sinusoidal space density area (p<0.0001) and corpus cavernosum cell proliferation (p=0.0003). CONCLUSION: Diets rich in saturated and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids promoted overweight and induced penile changes in rodent models, which may lead to the development of erectile dysfunction. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Erectile Dysfunction/etiology , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/adverse effects , Penis/pathology , Actins/analysis , Collagen/analysis , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/metabolism , Models, Animal , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism , Overweight/metabolism , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Risk Factors
3.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 289-293, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-154816

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Changes in human body composition can affect the accuracy of spine bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether fat and water in the soft tissue of the abdomen influence lumbar spine BMD measurements obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duplicate BMD measurements were carried out on healthy volunteers (10 men and 10 women) and the Hologic anthropomorphic spine phantom had on the same day before and after placement of following 3 materials in the abdominal area: lard 900 g, 1.5 cm thick; oil 1.4 liters in a vinyl bag; and water 1.2 liters in a vinyl bag. RESULTS: In the case of human participants, following the placement of exogenous water to mimic extracellular fluid (ECF), there was a significant decrease in lumbar spine BMD (-0.012 g/cm2, p=0.006), whereas the placement of exogenous lard and oil to mimic abdominal fat produced a slight increase in lumbar spine BMD (0.006 g/cm2, p=0.301; 0.008 g/cm2, p=0.250, respectively). The average percentage of lumbar spine BMD change with and without exogenous lard, oil, and water showed increase of 0.51%, and 0.67%, and decrease of 1.02%, respectively. Using the phantom, BMD decreased with the placement of both lard (-0.002 g/cm2, p=0.699) and water (-0.006 g/cm2, p=0.153); however, there was no difference in BMD after oil placement. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in cases where changes in fat and ECF volume are similar, ECF exerts a greater influence than fat on DXA lumbar BMD measurements.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Absorptiometry, Photon , Bone Density/drug effects , Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Fats/pharmacology , Lumbar Vertebrae/drug effects , Water/pharmacology
4.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2011. 97 f p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-751066

ABSTRACT

As dietas ricas em lipídios saturados provocam efeitos deletérios no metabolismo de glicose, secreção de adipocinas e inflamação, entretanto, outros tipos de lipídios podem modular de forma diferenciada tais efeitos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídios, no tecido adiposo e no fígado. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=10/grupo): animais que receberam dieta controle (standart chow, SC, 10% de lipídios, grupo controle) e animais que receberam diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas (High-fat, HF, 60% de lipídios): à base de banha de porco (lard, grupo HF-L), à base de óleo de oliva (olive oil, grupo HF-O), à base de óleo de girassol (sunflower oil, grupo HF-S) e à base de óleo de canola (canola oil, grupo HF-Ca).Os animais foram alimentados com as dietas experimentas por 10 semanas. Diariamente a ingestão alimentar era verificada e semanalmente a massa corporal foi aferida. A glicose de jejum e o teste intraperitoneal de tolerância a insulina (TITI) foram realizados uma semana antes da eutanásia. No dia da eutanásia o sangue foi coletado, o tecido adiposo e o fígado dissecados e pesados. A insulina, leptina, adiponectina, resistina, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFα), interleucina-6 (IL-6), proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 (MCP-1) e inibidor do ativador de plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1) foram dosadas por ELISA. Com os dados de insulina e glicose foi calculado o índice HOMA-IR. Os animais dos grupos HF-L e HF-O apresentaram os maiores valores de insulina, resistina, leptina e HOMA-IR em comparação aos outros grupos (P < 0,0001)...


Diets rich in saturated fat have a deleterious effect on glucose metabolism, adipokine release and inflammation. However, other lipid sources may modulate these parameters differently. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of high-fat diets from different sources on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adipose tissue and liver. Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into 5 groups (n=10/group): standard chow fed mice (SC, 10% lipid, control group), and mice fed with high-fat diets (HF, 60% lipids) as follow: lard (HF-L), olive oil (HF-O), sunflower oil (HF-S), and canola oil (HF-C). Diets were offered for 10 weeks. Food intake was recorded daily and body mass weekly. One week before euthanasia, fasting glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) were assessed. At euthanasia, blood was collected, and the liver and adipose tissue were weighed. Insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interlekin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured by an Elisa assay. The HOMA-IR index was calculated based on fasting glucose and insulin. Insulin, resistin, leptin and HOMA-IR were higher in HF-L and HF-O groups compared with the remainder groups (P < 0.0001). IL-6 was higher in the HF-L group compared with the other groups (P < 0.0005), whereas adiponectin levels were the lowest (P < 0.0001)...


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Obesity/epidemiology , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Fatty Liver , Liver/metabolism , Insulin Resistance , Inflammation/prevention & control , Eating/physiology , Lipids , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism
5.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2008. 162 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-837334

ABSTRACT

O leite humano é um alimento completo, possui todos os nutrientes em quantidade e qualidade necessárias, proporciona proteção contra infecções e alergias e estimula o sistema imunológico. Os lipídios do leite humano são fonte energética; veículos para as vitaminas lipossolúveis; contêm ácidos graxos poliinsaturados necessários para o desenvolvimento cerebral; contêm precursores de prostaglandinas e hormônios; e são constituintes essenciais para as membranas celulares. Muitas mães, por razões médicas, metabólicas ou econômicas, dependem de fórmulas artificiais para alimentar seus filhos. Portanto, a composição dos ácidos graxos e a sua distribuição nas cadeias dos triacilgliceróis devem ser alvos de estudos em fórmulas infantis, sendo que os triacilgliceróis do leite humano devem servir de modelo para os componentes lipídicos. Recentemente, diversos estudos apontam a interesterificação como alternativa para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar diversas possibilidades da modificação lipídica para a obtenção deste sucedâneo. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram banha e óleo de soja, gorduras facilmente obtidas e de baixo custo no Brasil. Neste trabalho, foram produzidos lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química e enzimática, sendo que na interesterificação enzimática foram utilizadas duas lipases puras, a AY30TM (Candida cylindracea) e a M10TM (Mucor circinelloides), e a lipase imobilizada Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomices lanuginosa). Os lipídios estruturados foram submetidos a análises de suas propriedades químicas e físicas, que foram comparadas às propriedades da gordura do leite humano e do lipídio estruturado comercial BetapolTM. Os resultados apresentados demonstraram a viabilidade da interesterificação como método de modificação para obtenção de lipídios estruturados sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano. Tendo em vista a possibilidade de maior controle reacional devido à especificidade das lipases e a busca por processos ambientalmente corretos, a interesterificação enzimática mostra-se alternativa mais interessante para esta modificação lipídica. A mistura de banha e óleo de soja demonstrou ser opção viável para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano


Human milk is a complete food with all the nutrients in quantity and quality provides protection against infections and allergies and stimulates the immune system. The lipids of human milk are source of energy; vehicles for liposoluble vitamins; contain polyunsaturated fatty acids for brain development; contain precursors of prostaglandins, hormones; and are essential constituents to the cell membranes. Many mothers, for medical, metabolic or economic reasons, depend on artificial formulas to feed their children. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution chains in the triacylglycerols must be targets of studies on infant formula, and the human milk triacylglycerols should be a model for the lipid components. Recently, several studies indicate the interesterification like an alternative for the production of substitutes of human milk fat. The objective of this study was to explore various possibilities of lipid modification to achieve this substitute. The raw materials used were lard and soybean oil, fats easily obtained and cheap in Brazil. In this work, were produced structured lipids by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. For enzymatic interesterification were used two pure lipases, AY30 TM (Candida cylindracea) and M10 (M (Mucor circinelloides) and one immobilized lipase, Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomices lanuginosa). The structured lipids were submitted to analysis of their chemical and physical properties, which were compared with the human milk fat and the structured commercial lipid Betapol TM. The results demonstrated the feasibility of interesterification as a method of modification to obtain structured lipids substitutes of human milk fat. The possibility of greater control reaction because the specificity of lipases and the search for environmentally correct procedures makes enzymatic interesterification the most attractive alternative for modifying lipids. The mixture of soybean oil and lard is a viable alternative for the production of human milk fat substitutes


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Soybean Oil/adverse effects , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Vegetable Fats , Breast Feeding/instrumentation , Dietary Fats/analysis , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Immune System/immunology , Lipids/chemical synthesis
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