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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected the health of the global population, with sleep quality being one of the affected parameters. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep quality and its associated factors in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: A population-based cross-sectional serological survey of 1,762 adults in the Iron Quadrangle region of Brazil. METHODS: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. Sociodemographic variables, health conditions, health-related behaviors, anxiety, vitamin D levels, weight gain/loss, and pandemic characteristics were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses using Poisson regression with robust variance were performed to identify factors associated with sleep quality. RESULTS: More than half of the participants reported poor sleep quality (52.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with poor sleep quality included living alone (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.73), anxiety disorder (PR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08-1.62), 5.0% weight loss (PR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02-1.44), 5.0% weight gain (PR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.03-1.55), vitamin D deficiency (PR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01-1.35), and COVID-19 symptoms (PR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10-1.52). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that more than half of the participants experienced poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors associated with poor sleep quality included vitamin D deficiency and weight changes related to the pandemic.
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Background: Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) have largely been ignored, because ages so present study are done in females specifically having PMS comparing with females with no PMS. Very little work has been done in past in this field, because females revealing menstrual history are a big taboo in our society. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to study brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in females having premenstrual symptoms and comparing it with females having no premenstrual symptoms. Materials and Methods: BAEP was conducted on 60 females age group of 18–40 years in two groups in Research laboratory, Department of Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College in collaboration with SVBP Hospital, Meerut for 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group A having premenstrual symptoms and Group B having no premenstrual symptoms. The test was conducted in later part of luteal phase 23rd–25th day of menstrual cycle. The absolute latencies (ALs) and interpeak latencies (IPLs) were the parameters measured for the analysis of BAEP. Results: IPL, that is, interpeak latencies I–III and III–V in age group 18–25 years, showed statistically significant decrease in luteal phase in females having premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as compared to normal cycling females. Conclusion: Premenstrual symptoms females are showing few significant changes in auditory responses at mid brain level as recorded by BAEP study which can be due to the modulatory effect of female gonadal hormones progesterone and estrogen on neurotransmitters (serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate) in central nervous system.
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Background: Neuronal studies on diabetes mellitus (DM) were previously based on peripheral and autonomic nerves. With the advent of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEPs), studies on sensory pathways in the central nervous system become easier and more productive. BAEPs is a non-invasive electrophysiological tool to detect retro-cochlear lesion. Hence, it is helpful to detect early Impairment of the auditory nerve and brainstem function. Aim and Objective: DM Type 2 (T2DM) is a known cause of neuropathy and in earlier course, it involves sensory nerves. T2DM runs in families and it has a genetic predisposition. BAEP is one of the methods to find out problems related to hearing by analyzing latencies of waveforms and inter-peak latencies. Hence, BAEPs in apparently healthy subjects with and without family history of T2DM is assessed. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, casecontrol study. We have taken 110 volunteers from MBBS students of IMS, BHU of 17–23 years of age. Those with co-morbid conditions (eg. diabetes and hypertension), neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathy, schizophrenia, and those on ototoxic and neurotoxic drugs are excluded from the study. After taking consent and conducting a preliminary physical examination, BAEPs are recorded using a proper BAEP recording device. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS 2016 software trial version with Chi-square test. Results: The subjects with positive family history of T2DM in paternal grandfather showed deviation in latencies of BAEPs wave I (P < 0.001), wave III (P = 0.019), wave V (P = 0.033), and inter-peak latency between wave I and wave V (P = 0.019) from the normal values in the left ear. The subjects with positive family history of T2DM in paternal grandmother showed deviation from the normal in case of V/I % in the right ear (P = 0.016). Conclusion: The presence of T2DM in families can affect the wave latencies and inter-peak latencies of BAEPs.
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Background: Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and among its complications neuropathies are the most common. Diabetes may alter both the central and peripheral nerve functions but the peripheral manifestations of diabetic neuropathy are more frequently discussed in the literature than the impairment of central nervous system. Objective: To study the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) in 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compared to age and sex matched 30 non diabetic group. Methods: 30 Type 2 diabetics and 30 age and sex matched control group were selected and subjected to BAER. Duration of latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitudes were recorded. Results: According to BAER report, Left side latencies III , both left and right IPL III – V , right side ampliude V decreased with p > 0.05 in type 2 DM compared to control group . Conclusion: The study showed bilateral changes in BAER report in type 2 DM. This indicates use of evoked potentials like BAER helps in evaluating central neuropathy in patients with type2 DM. Earlier diagnosis of central neuropathy is recommended for proper management.
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Objective: This cross-sectional comparative study tried to assess the hearing status of the high risk infants by Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA) and compare with that of the normal infants. Material & Methods: BERA was done on 127 infants of 6 to18 months age of which 87 were high risk. All were given monaural acoustic stimulation using Cz-M1/M2 Montage. Waves I, III and V were analysed for absolute & interpeak latencies (in ms) & also for amplitudes (in µv) & their ratio. All the parameters were compared at 70 dB stimulus at p<0.05 significance. Results were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 14.0. Results: There was no significant difference of mean age and sex between the two group. In the study froup, mean values of all the Absolute and Inter-Peak Latencies of both ears were significantly higher and mean Amplitudes of waves I and V of both ears were significantly smaller than that of the Control group. Conclusion: The study found evidence of persistent injury to the various parts of the auditory pathway even as the high risk infants grew up.
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Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry test is a method to diagnose and differentiate the type, degree and the location of cochlear and retroocochlear hearing loss for infants early. Test methods to determine cochlear and retroocochlear hearing loss was introduced relatively late in the clinical practice of our country. Even though, we started to conduct BERA tests since 2007, there hasn’t beenany research conducted for determining the normal results for children aged 0-5. Aim: The study aims to determine some average Results of BERA tests for Mongolian children aged 0-5 with normal hearing by age groups using Octavus-BERA apparatus.The research has been conducted using cross sectional method of analytic research from 2009-2013.For the study, 110 children from children aged 0-5 who were diagnosed to have normal hearing from audiological department of Otorhinolaryngological hospital and 16 children with sensorineural (cochlear) hearing loss have been selected randomly. When the latency of waves for children aged 0-5 with normal hearing were measured and the average results for 70 dB were obtained in the BERA test: wave I was identified to be 1.64±0.15 – 2.08±0.5msec. Wave III was 3.68±0.18 - 4.47±0.73 msec, Wave V was 5.37±0.23 - 6.76±0.65 sec. When the latency between waves were measured and the average results were obtained in the BERA test: Between waves I-III, it was 2.05±0.20 – 2.39±0.53 msec. Between waves III-V was 1.69±0.10 -2.34±0.70 msec and between waves I-V was 3.70±0.29 - 4.65±0.56 msec. The latency of wave I for children with sensorineural hearing loss was 2.32±0.76 msec, 4.62±0.59msec for wave III and 6.55±0.65 msec for wave V, which was elongated with a statistical probability (p=0.00-0.05). Latency between waves was 2.39±0.45 msec between wave I-III, 1.83±0.16 msec between waves III-V and 3.97±0.88 msec between waves I-V, which doesn’t have statistically significant difference from the normal results.As the children’s age increases, the latency of the waves will shorten and becomes relatively stable from 25-30 months which is similar to adults. While the latency between waves I-III had no difference with statistical probability for children with all ages, latencies for waves III-V and I-V shortens as children’s age increases.Latency for children with sensorineural hearing loss was elongated with statistical probability (p0.05). This Result has critical importance in diagnosing cochlear deafness.
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Objective: To explore the neurophysiological properties of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), so as to provide evidence for the diagnosis of HNPP. Methods: Three families (8 individuals) with clinically affected and asymptomatic HNPP patients underwent routine electrodiagnostic tests, including median, ulnar, radial, tibial and proneal motor and sensory nerve conduction, and the results: were compared with those of 30 healthy subjects. Results (1) Prolongation of the distal nerve conduction latencies was the most seen abnormality (92.1%), mainly found in the median and common peroneal nerves, including those with and without symptoms. (2) The rate of motor nerve conduction slowing was 63.2%, mostly seen in the median and common peroneal nerves. (3)The rate of sensory nerve conduction slowing was 89.6%, mostly affecting the sural and median nerves. (4)The conduction block of the ulnar nerve at the elbow was more commonly seen than that of the proneal nerve at the fibular head. Conclusion: Neurophysiological examination is a noninvasive, fast, simple and accurate diagnosis way for clinically suspected HNPP patients, and it can be used for screening the family members of HNPP patients and for prevention of HNPP.
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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical applicability of cognitive evoked potentials (CEPs) to identify the cognitive disorder in cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: The P3 latencies, amplitudes and latency to amplitude ratios (LARs) of CEPs were measured in 25 healthy controls and 35 patients with CVD. The association of CEPs with variables including age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), CVD types, loci of hemiplegic limbs, duration, education, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were also analyzed. RESULTS: 1) The P3 latencies (447.87+/-113.06 msec) and LARs (65.83+/-43.25) were prolonged in CVD (p or =24 (363.39+/-19.67 msec, 38.40+/-8.37 and 9.81+/-1.76 microV, respectively). 3) The BPRS and IADL in CVD with MMSE or =24. 4) On analyzing the association of CEPs with variables in CVD, the P3 latencies were correlated positively with age, BPRS and IADL, while negatively with MMSE and DLFA. The amplitudes were correlated positively with MMSE, while negatively with age, BPRS and IADL. The LARs were correlated positively with age, BPRS and IADL, while negatively with MMSE. 5) On analyzing the association of CEPs with variables in CVD with MMSE> or =24, the P3 latencies were correlated positively with age, while negatively with MMSE. The amplitudes and LARs were not correlated with variables. 6) On analyzing the association of CEPs with variables in CVD with MMSE<24, the P3 latencies were correlated positively with BPRS, while negatively with MMSE. The amplitudes were positively correlated with age. The LARs were positively correlated with IADL. CONCLUSIONS: The P3 latencies and LARs of cognitive evoked potentials seemed to a useful clinical measures to assess cognitive disorders in CVD.