ABSTRACT
Public health legislation plays an important role in the containment of any epidemic or pandemic. During a pandemic, it might be necessary to override the existing laws or (individual) human rights for the containment of the pandemic. The objective of the study is to review the legal framework pertaining to COVID-19 pandemic preparedness in India. This study has been done as an unsystematic narrative review where various legislations were assembled from electronic data base, websites from various legislative and Ministries and discussion with experts. Owing to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus Government of India announced nationwide lockdown on 24th March, 2020. For proper implementation of lockdown measures various legislative laws belonging to different ministries is required. There are two pioneer acts namely The Epidemic disease act of 1897 and The Disaster management act of 2005. Under these two acts the government has laid down various rules and regulations that have to be followed during lockdown. This article describes the need for the law in a crisis like this and various legislations that have been implemented during lockdown.
ABSTRACT
This article shows the evolution of the Brazilian legislation in recent years in the area of herbal products and discusses the concept of phytotherapy in Brazil, bringing information about how it works in Europe.
ABSTRACT
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Control Programme in Sudan adopted salt iodization as the long-term strategy in 1994. In 2000, it was found that less than 1% of households were using adequately-iodized salt. The objectives of this study were to: (i) study the coverage and variation of different geographical regions of Sudan regarding access to and use of iodized salt, (ii) explore the possible factors which influence the use of iodized salt, (iii) develop recommendations to help in the implementation of the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) strategy in Sudan. This paper is based on the Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS) dataset. A total sample of 24,507 households was surveyed, and 18,786 cooking salt samples were tested for iodine levels with rapid salt-testing kits. Nationally, the percentage of households using adequately-iodized salt increased from less than 1% in 2000 to 14.4%, with wide variations between states. Access to iodized salt ranged from 96.9% in Central Equatoria to 0.4% in Gezira state. Population coverage with iodized salt in Sudan remains very low. The awareness and political support for USI programme is very weak. National legislation banning the sale of non-iodized salt does not exist. Utilization of the already-existing laws, like the National Standardization and Metrology Law (2008), to develop a compulsory national salt specification, will accelerate the USI in Sudan.
ABSTRACT
Women smokers are likely to increase as a percentage of the total. If the percentage of women who smoke in developing countries rise to the levels of men smokers, there will be more than 500 million women smokers in the next generation. Because women who smoke die from the same tobacco-caused diseases as men, such an increase will have dramatic effects on women's health and on the health and incomes of their families. In addition, women smokers are also at risk for developing cancer of the reproductive organs and osteoporosis. A gender perspective contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiological trends, social marketing strategies, economic policies, and international actions relating to women and the tobacco epidemic.
Subject(s)
Adult , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Marketing/methods , Nicotiana/adverse effects , Nicotiana/toxicity , Tobacco Products/adverse effects , Tobacco Products/supply & distribution , Tobacco Products/toxicity , Tobacco Products/statistics & numerical data , WomenABSTRACT
Este artigo parte do reconhecimento da importância de colóquios científicos para a reflexão sobre os direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes, criticando a dicotomia entre teoria e prática. Aborda a sexualidade infanto-adolescente no contexto geral da sexualidade humana, situando-a no marco internacional dos direitos humanos, do direito constitucional brasileiro e da sua dogmática vigente. Analisa tal dogmática à luz dos paradigmas ético-políticos e dos princípios jurídicos, submetendo aquela a estes.
This article recognizes the importance of scientific conferences to discuss the theme of human rights of children and adolescents, criticizing the dichotomy between theory and practice. Discusses sexuality of children and adolescents in the general context of human sexuality, placing it within the framework of international law of human rights and constitutional law in Brazil and its dogmatic force. It analyzes the legal dogmatic paradigms in the light of ethical and political and legal principles, submitting the first to the second one.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adolescent , Child , Sexuality , Child Advocacy/psychology , Human Rights/psychologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: verificar en los instrumentos de política pública de carácter normativo la forma en que se insertan mecanismos de protección y garantía del derecho a la salud e identificar la percepción sobre la protección de este derecho en los actores de política (Policy Makers) y usuarios del sistema general de seguridad social en salud en Manizales. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de tipo cuali-cuantitativo realizado en la ciudad de Manizales, 2008. Población de estudio: 422 usuarios del sistema de seguridad social en salud afiliados a los regímenes contributivo, subsidiado y población no asegurada. 40 entrevistas a actores de política representantes del sector ejecutivo, jurisdiccional, académico, organismos de control y vigilancia, y legislativo. Variables: instrumentos de protección y garantía del derecho en normas de carácter internacional, nacional y programas de gobierno. Usuarios del SGSSS: caracterización de la población: características demográficas, socioeconómicas, percepción sobre la protección y alcance del derecho a la salud, conocimiento de los derechos como ciudadano, conocimiento sobre medios de protección del derecho y utilización de estos como medio de acceso al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS), respuesta a requerimientos de salud, gastos de bolsillo, y existencia de barreras de acceso y sugerencias para la garantía de protección del derecho a la salud en Colombia. Hallazgos de entrevista a actores: percepción del derecho a la salud, alcance de su garantía en Colombia, observaciones en torno a la garantía de protección del derecho. Hallazgos: se evidencia la diferencia entre lo consagrado normativamente y lo percibido por los actores y usuarios en la protección y alcance del derecho a la salud.
Objective: the identification of protection mechanisms and guarantees to the right to health within the public policy and regulatory instruments, as well as identifying the perception regarding the protection of this right by political actors (Policy Makers) and by the general healthcare system users in Manizales. Materials and methods: it is a descriptive study of qualitative and quantitative character conducted in the city of Manizales in 2008. The study population is made up by 422 users of the healthcare system belonging to the contributions regime, subsidized and unaffiliated population. 40 interviews were carried out with political representatives belonging to the executive, judicial, academic and legislative branches, as well as control and supervisory agencies. Variables: the protection and rights guarantee instruments in international and national laws, and government programs. Regarding the members of the General Healthcare System, a characterization of the population was carried out covering demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the perception on the protection and scope of the right to health, rights knowledge as a citizen, knowledge on ways to protect the right, and their use as a means of access to the General Healthcare System, answer to health needs, pocket expenses, and access barriers and suggestions for ensuring protection of the right to health in Colombia. Findings from the actors interviewed: the perception of the right to health, extent of its guarantee in Colombia, observations on the guarantee of right. Findings: a difference between the norm and what is perceived by the actors and users regarding the protection and scope of the right to health.
Objetivo: verificar nos instrumentos de política pública de caráter normativo a forma em que inserir se os mecanismos de proteção e garantir o direito á saúde e identificar a percepção sobre a proteção deste direito nos atores de política (Policy Makers) e usuários do sistema geral de seguridade social em saúde em Manizales. Materiais e métodos: pesquisa descritiva de tipo Quali- quantitativo realizado na cidade de Manizales, 2008. Povoação de pesquisa: 422 usuários do sistema de seguridade social em saúde afiliados aos regimes contributivos, subsidiário e povoação não assegurada. 40 entrevistas a atores de política representantes do setor executivo, jurisdicional, acadêmico, organismos de control e vigilância, e legislativo. Variáveis: instrumentos de proteção e garantia do direito em normas de caráter internacional, nacional e programas de governo. Usuários do SGSSS: caracterização da povoação: características demográficas, socioeconômicas, percepção sobre a proteção e alcance do direito á saúde, conhecimento dos direitos como cidadão, conhecimento sobre médios de proteção do direito e utilização destes como médios de acesso ao Sistema Geral de Seguridade Social em Saúde (SGSSS), resposta a requerimentos de saúde, gastos de paletó, e existência de barreiras de acesso e sugestão para a garantia de proteção do direito á saúde, em Colômbia. Descobrimento de entrevista a atores: percepção do direito á saúde, alcance de sua garantia em Colômbia, observações em torno á garantia de proteção do direito. Descobrimentos: evidencia se a diferencia entre o consagrado normativamente e o percebido por os atores e usuários na proteção e alcance do direito á saúde.