Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Euodiae Fructus by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the chemical constituents in Euodiae Fructus by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Method:The chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with acetonitrile （A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （B） as mobile phase （0-3 min， 6%A； 3-4 min， 6%-10%A； 4-7 min， 10%-12%A； 7-8 min， 12%-14%A； 8-13 min， 14%-15%A； 13-15 min， 15%-20%A； 15-18 min， 20%-30%A； 18-21 min， 30%-49%A； 21-25 min， 49%-51%A； 25-27 min， 51%-73%A； 27-30 min， 73%-80%A； 30-31 min， 80%-100%A； 31-32 min， 100%A） for gradient elution. The column temperature was 35 ℃， and the flow rate was 0.4 mL·min^-1. Mass spectrometry was performed using an electrospray ionization and data were collected in positive and negative ion modes， and the detection range was <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 100-1 200. The chemical constituents in Euodiae Fructus were identified rapidly and comprehensively based on the accurate relative molecular mass and combined with literature data and reference substances. Result:A total of 92 chemical constituents were speculatively identified from the 70% methanol extract of Euodiae Fructus， including 39 alkaloids， 19 flavonoids， 12 limonoids， 20 phenolic acids and 2 organic acids. Among them， 26 compounds were confirmed by the reference substances. Conclusion:The compound types of Euodiae Fructus are multiple and quite different in polarity. The chemical compositions of Euodiae Fructus from different regions and species are similar. The established method is rapid and accurate， with which the chemical compositions of Euodiae Fructus have been identified comprehensively. Therefore， this study provides an experimental reference for further clarifying active and toxic constituents of Euodiae Fructus.

Identification of Prototype Components and Their Metabolites in Rat Serum, Urine and Feces After Oral Administration of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex Aqueous Extract by UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometry （UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid-MS） was applied to analyze the prototypes and their metabolites of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex aqueous extract in the serum， urine and feces of normal rats， and to investigate the pharmacodynamic material basis of Phellodendri Amurensis<italic> </italic>Cortex in rats. Method:Chromatographic separation was performed on the ACQUITY UPLC^® CSH^TM C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） for gradient elution （0-15 min， 2%-25%B； 15-25 min， 25%-50%B； 25-28 min， 50%-98%B）， flow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1， the injection volume was 10 μL and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Heated electrospray ionization （HESI） was used to collect data in the positive ion modes with the scanning range of <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 100-1 000. By comparing chromatogram differences between the blank samples and the samples after administration， prototypes and their metabolites of biological samples after oral administration of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex aqueous extract were identified. Result:After oral administration of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex aqueous extract， a total of 70 compounds including 15 prototypes and 55 metabolites in rat serum， urine and feces were detected. Among them， 15 prototypes included 12 alkaloids and 3 limonoids， and 55 metabolites included 52 alkaloids and 3 limonoids. Desaturation， methylation， oxidation， sulfonation and glucuronide conjugation were observed as the primary metabolic pathways for the chemical constituents of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex aqueous extract. Conclusion:Alkaloids in Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex aqueous extract undergo phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ metabolism in rats， and limonoids mainly undergo phase Ⅰ metabolism in rats. This paper can provide experimental basis for further analyzing the process <italic>in vivo</italic> of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex and elucidating its pharmacodynamic substance basis<italic>.</italic>

Limonoid detection and profile in callus culture of sweet orange

Plant tissue culture has emerged as an important tool to produce bioactive compounds from various plant species, including the sustainable production of limonoids that are receiving considerable attention due to the benefits associated with human health such as anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of limonoids aglycone production from callus culture from sweet orange cv. Pera (Citrus sinensis) seeds and identify the compounds produced in this cell line. Callus induction occurred in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), malt extract, agar and coconut water. For the analysis and identification of the limonoids, CG-MS-EI ion-positive mode and UPLC-QTOF-ESI were used operating in positive and negative mode. An intense peak corresponding to limonin appeared in the callus extracts at a retention time of 58.1 min. in CG-MS-EI and four major limonoids aglycone by positive ion mode UPLC-QTOF-ESI: limonin, nomilin, deacetylnomilin, and nomilinic acid. The culture medium was efficient at the bioproduction of limonoids aglycone in callus cultures of C. sinensis seeds. Therefore, data obtained from UPLC-QTOF-ESI proved its importance at identifying new compounds that benefit human health, and may assist future work in the identification of known or new limonoids in Citrus species and related genera.

Computational study of the potential molecular target for antibreast cancer activity of limonoid derivatives from chisocheton sp

Limonoid is a class of natural compounds that are originated from lemon and other citrus fruits. However, derivativesof limonoids are also produced in other plants, such as Chisocheton sp. Limonoids from Chisocheton sp. showedvarious biological activities, including anticancer. Nevertheless, the molecular target for anticancer activity of thesecompounds is still unclear. Many studies suggested nuclear receptors (NR) as the protein target for limonoids. In thisstudy, we investigated the possible NR as a molecular target for limonoids from Chisocheton sp. using moleculardocking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The docking study was done on AutoDock Vina. Two out of 11NR expressed in breast tissue, i.e., progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor, was used as the mostpotential target for limonoids. The docking pose was further observed by MD simulation. Both receptors showedstable molecular interactions with limonoids, indicated with a low deviation of binding site residues. Interestingly,simulations of PR showed the alteration of Helix-12, which is one of the key factors to the antagonist action of theligand. It is hoped that the findings could shed insight into the further molecular assay development of anticanceragents based on limonoids.

Trichilin-type limonoids isolated from the fruits of Trichilia connaroides / 药学学报

Two new trichilin-type limonoids were isolated from the fruits of Trichilia connaroides along with two known limonoids, 3α-deacetylamoorastatin (3) and mesendanins K (4). Their planar structure and relative configuration were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY data. An antitumor activity assay showed that compounds 1, 2 and known compound 4 had weak cytotoxicity against a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa).

Analysis and Identification of Chemical Constituents of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To analyze and identify the chemical constituents of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbirap HRMS) method. Method::Compounds were separated on Thermo Scientific Accucore™ C18 column (3 mm×100 mm, 2.6 μm). The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid solution and 0.1% formic acetonitrile solution. The flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1, and the column temperature was set at 30 ℃. HRMS was performed using an electrospray ion source (ESI), and scanned in a positive ion mode by means of full scan/data dependent secondary scan (Full MS/dd-MS2). Compound Discoverer 3.0 software that could be linked to mzCloud network database and local high-resolution mass spectrometry database of traditional Chinese medicine components was used to analyze the data, based on accurate molecular mass, retention behaviors and characteristic ion fragmentation of the compounds, as well as literature information and relevant reference materials. Result::Totally 54 chemical constituents in Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were identified, including 16 flavonoids, 17 coumarins, 3 limonoids, 6 nucleosides and nucleobases, 2 organic acids, 3 aromatic aldehydes, 1 amino acid and 6 other components. Conclusion::The established UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS method can be used to effectively and rapidly identify main chemical constituents of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. The findings provide a methodological reference and theoretical foundation for defining the pharmacodynamic material base and optimizing quality control index of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus, which is of guiding significance for further development and utilization of the resources.

Terpenoids isolated from Azadirachta indica roots and biological activities

Abstract The chemical study of roots from Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae, led to the isolation of two new terpenoids, limonoid morenolide and diterpene 17-hydroxy-sandaracopimar-8,15-dien-11-one, in addition to the four well-known limonoids nimbinene, nimbinal, nimbandiol and salannin, and three diterpenoids nimbidiol, ferruginol, and 6,7-dehydroferruginol. Their structural elucidations were based on one and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry spectra data which was compared to the data found in literature. The anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antimycobacterial activities of the identified terpenoids were evaluated.

Limonoids from seeds of Azadirachta indica and their antibacterial activity / 中国中药杂志

Fifteen limonoids were isolated from 95% ethanol extracts of the dry seeds of neem( Azadirachta indica) by various column chromatography techniques including silica gel,Pharmadex LH-20 gel and ODS resin. Based on spectroscopic analysis,their structures were determined as nimbocinol( 1),17β-hydroxynimbocinol( 2),1α,3α,7α-triacetylvilasinin( 3),7α-benzoyltrichilinin( 4),1,3-diacetyl-7-tigloyl-12-hydroxyvilasinin( 5),3-deacetylsalannin( 6),1-O-acetyl-1-detigloylsalannin( 7),2'( R),3'-dihydrosalannin( 8),2'( S),3'-dihydrosalannin( 9),2,3-dihydronimbolide( 10),6-homodesacetylnimbin( 11),gedunin( 12),7-deacetyl-7-epi-dihydrogedunin( 13),7-deacetoxy-7α-hydroxygedunin( 14) and nimbinene( 15). Compound 7 is a new natural product. 4,8,9,13 and 14 are isolated from the genus Azadirachta for the first time. Compound 2 showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis,with MIC values of 32 and 128 mg·L~(-1),respectively. Compound 10 showed moderate inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis with a MIC value of 64 mg·L~(-1). Compound 11 inhibited the growth of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,both with MIC values of 128 mg·L~(-1). Compound 15 exhibited inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa,with a MIC value of128 mg·L~(-1).

Highly oxygenous trichilin-type limonoids from Trichilia sinensis / 中国天然药物

Six new trichilin-type limonoids (1-6) with C-19/29 lactol or acetal bridge and a new ring intact limonoid (7) were isolated from the desiccative ripe fruits of Trichilia sinensis. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods including H NMR, C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY experiments as well as HRESI-MS data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for toxicities against human pulmonary carcinoma A549 and Hela cell lines by sulforhodamine B (SRB) method. Compound 7 showed weak inhibitory activity in Hela cell line at 40 μmol·L.

Research progress on chemical constituents and biological activities of Aphanamixis grandifolia / 中草药

Aphanamixis grandifolia, a perennial herb of genus Aphanamixis (Meliaceae), has the effect of relaxing sinew and activating collaterals, dredging arthralgia, expelling wind-evil and removing wetness, etc. Previous phytochemical investigations on this plant resulted in the isolation of various terpenoid derivatives, including limonoids, tirucallane-type, dammarane-type, and cycloartane-type triterpenoids, as well as diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Moreover, bioactivities of those compounds were evaluated, which displayed extensive biological properties, such as antibacterial, insecticidal, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and antibacterial activities, etc. In this paper, the systematic classification, chemical constituents, and biological activities of A. grandifolia were summarized. It may provide the reference for the further studies of this plant.

Simultaneous Extraction and Separation of Oil and Azadirachtin from Seeds and Leaves of Azadirachta indica using Binary Solvent Extraction

Conventional extraction of oil and azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide, from Azadirachta indica involves defatting the seeds and leaves using hexane followed by azadirachtin extraction with a polar solvent. In order to simplify the process while maintaining the yield we explored a binary extraction approach using Soxhlet extraction device and hexane and ethanol as non-polar and polar solvents at various ratios and extraction times. The highest oil and azadirachtin yields were obtained at 6 h extraction time using a 50:50 solvent mixture for both neem leaves (44.7 wt%, 720 mg(Aza)/kg(leaves)) and seeds (53.5 wt%, 1045 mg(Aza)/kg(seeds)), respectively.

Limonoids from seeds of Azadirachta indica and their cytotoxic activity / 中国中药杂志

Eight limonoids were isolated from 95% ethanol extracts of neem(Azadirachta indica) seeds by various chromatographic methods. By comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literatures, these limonoids were determined as salannin(1), 1-detigloyl-1-isobutylsalannin(2), salannol-3-acetate(3), salannol(4), spirosendan(5), 1-detigloyloxy-3-deacetylsalannin-1-en-3-one(6), nimbin(7) and 6-deacetylnimbin(8). Compounds 2 and 5 were firstly isolated from this genus and 5 represented the only example of its type. And 6 is a new natural product. 6 showed inhibitory activity against HeLa and HL-60 cells, with IC₅₀ of(21.61±4.37) and(27.33±5.74) μmol·L⁻¹, respectively. Both 7 and 8 mildly inhibited the growth of HeLa cells, with IC₅₀ of (33.15±5.24) and (38.56±6.41) μmol·L⁻¹, respectively.

Chemical constituents from root barks of Dictamnus dasycarpus and their cytotoxic activities / 中国中药杂志

Nineteen compounds, including kihadanin D (1), obacunone (2), kihadanin A (3), kihadanin B (4), kihadanin C (5), limonin (6), evodol (7), fraxinellone (8), furo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-ol (9), preskimmianine (10), ifflaiamine (11), dictamnol (12), naringenin (13), diosmetin (14), wogonin (15), scopoletin (16), cleomiscosin A (17), apocynin (18), and methyl pyroglutamate (19), were isolated from the methanol extract of the root barks of Dictamnus dasycarpus by using various column chromatographies. Their chemical structures were extensively determined on basis of UV, IR, NMR, MS, and CD spectroscopic data analyses. Among them, 1 is a new limonoid, 9 was isolated from plant kingdom for the first time, 11, 13-14 and 17-19 were obtained from the genus Dictamnnus for the first time. Cytotoxicities of compounds 1-18 were tested, and the results indicated that 1 exhibited cytotoxicities against three human cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, A549 and HT29 with IC₅₈ values of 16.22, 21.72 and 31.06 μmol·L⁻¹, respectively.

Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 by Nomilin and Obacunone and Potential Mechanism in Human Liver Microsomes / 中草药·英文版

Objective Nomilin and obacunone are two important limonoids that are well known for their anticancer effect. Previous studies showed that limonoids had inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). However these effects are inconclusive with regards to prediction of potential drug interactions. Methods Nomilin or obacunone was pre-incubated with HLMs for 30 min. Following 10-fold dilution from the pre-incubation concentration, a second incubation was performed in the presence of NADPH and cytochrome P450 substrates for 15 min. The reaction was quenched and the supernatants were analyzed by chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results In this study, nomilin and obacunone showed potent inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 with the IC50 values of 3.50 and 6.08 µmol/L, respectively. The inhibition of CYP3A4 was in a time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent manner with Ki values of 2.92 and 1.25 µmol/L and Kinact values of 0.033 and 0.078 min−1 for nomilin and obacunone respectively. These results elucidated that they were time-dependent inhibitors for CYP3A4. Conclusion Concomitant use of limonoids and other drugs may call for extra caution for purposes of clinical safety.

Research progress on chemical constituents of plants from Munronia Wight and their biological activities / 中草药

Munronia Wight has been widely used in folk of China. Due to the rich content of limonoid, this genus has always been a hot research topic. So, many researches on phytochemistry and pharmacology of this genus have been carried out over the past 20 years. In this paper, the systematic classification, chemical constituents, and pharmacological effects of plants from Munronia Wight have been summarized. It may provide the reference for the further studies of this genus.

Two new phragmalin-type limonoids orthoesters from Entandrophragma candollei / 中国天然药物

Two new phragmalin-type limonoids orthoesters, encandollens A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the stem barks of Entandrophragma candollei collected in Ghana. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS, H and C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY data. Compound 1 was a rare C-15 enolic acyl phragmalin-type limonoid orthoester. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Preliminary in vitro antimicrobial screening of chemical constituents isolated from the root of Lepleae mayombensis (Meliaceae).

The Phytochemical study of Methanol/dichloromethane extract of root of Leplaea mayombenis led to the isolation and identification four limonoids: (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-17-(2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl-)-11,12,13,15,16,17-hexahydro-4H-cyclopent[α] phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (1), (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl -17-(23-methoxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl-)-11,12,13,15,16,17-hexahydro-4H-cyclopent [α] phenanthrene 3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (2), (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-17- ((s)-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofurano-3-yl)-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethy-l,10,11,12,13,15,16,17-octahydro-4H-cyclopent [α] phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (3), 8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-1,6,11-trihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-17- [((2s)-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofurano-3-yl)]-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-l,10,11,12,13,15,16,17-octahydro-4H-cyclopent[α]phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (4), one cycloartane : 9,10-cyclopropyl-(3S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R))-4,4,13,14,17-pentamethyl-l7-((2R,5S,6R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopentane[α]phenanthrèn-3-ol (5) and three steroids: β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (7) and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, all these compounds were isolated for the first time from the Leplaea mayombensis. The antimicrobial studies showed that isolated compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameters varying from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 29.00 ± 0.00 mm on both bacteria and fungi. 9,10-cyclopropyl-(3S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R) )-4,4,13,14,17-pentamethyl-l7-((2R,5S,6R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1 H-cyclopentane[α] phenanthrèn-3-ol (5) was the most active against Escherichia coli (28.00±0.00 mm), Pseudomonas sp (27.00±0.00 mm), Lactobacillus acidophilus (29.00±0.00 mm), Streptococcus pneumonia (23.00±0.00 mm) and Serratia entomophili (29.00±0.00 mm), C. albicans (12±0.00 mm), and T. viridae (13±0.00 mm) The results from this study support the conclusion that L. mayombensis contain many classes of antimicrobial compounds and therefore justify their traditional usage in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Evaluación de fenoles y limonoides en hojas de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) de una plantación experimental establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz, México / Evaluation of phenols and limonoids in leaves of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) from an experimental plantation established in Tezonapa Veracruz, Mexico

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is a native timber tree to Tropical America, known for its high-quality wood, unfortunately, plantations of this species are severely attacked by Hypsipyla grandella. The attraction or repellency of this pest is related to secondary metabolites such as phenols and limonoids (triterpenes); therefore, it is important to study these compounds to understand the phytochemical phenomena behind this problem. With this aim, the concentration of total phenols and limonoides was evaluated in C. odorata leaves from a plantation established in Tezonapa Veracruz, Mexico. For this, a total of 66 tree leaves samples, from seven sites, were analyzed. Phenols and limonoids concentration showed significant differences not only among different provenances, but also among individual trees of the same site (Tukey, p≤0.05). Phenols concentration was variable and in the range from 49 to 223mg EAG/g e for total phenols, from 7 to 158mg EC/g e for flavonoids and from 4 to 104mg EC/g e for proanthocyanidins. Limonoids concentration was also variable, ranging between 227 and 748mg EL/g e. A major compound was found by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Diode Array Detection (HPLC-UV-DAD), which corresponded to a flavonol kaempferol glycoside derivative; additionally, a flavanol catechin was also detected at low concentrations. GC-MS allowed the identification of the sesquiterpenoids β-elemene, E-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, γ-cadinene, D-germacrene, bicyclogermacrene, and the poly terpenoids D-α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol. Our results suggest that the evaluation of phenols may play an important role as a selection parameter for improvement and conservation programs, if they are complemented with conventional breeding practices.

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) es una especie forestal maderable nativa de América Tropical, conocida por la alta calidad de su madera. Plantaciones de esta especie son atacadas severamente por Hypsipyla grandella; la atracción o repelencia de la plaga está relacionada con metabolitos secundarios tipo fenoles y limonoides (triterpenos), por lo que el estudio de estos compuestos es importante para comprender algunos fenómenos fitoquímicos. Se evaluó la concentración de fenoles totales y limonoides en hojas de C. odorata (Meliaceae) de una plantación establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz México, se analizaron 66 individuos de siete procedencias. La concentración de fenoles y limonoides mostró diferencias significativas, no solo entre las procedencias sino también entre los árboles de una determinada procedencia (Tukey, p≤0.05). La concentración de fenoles totales varió de 49 a 223mg EAG/g e, los flavonoides de 7 a 158mg EC/g e y las proantocianidinas de 4 a 104mg EC/g e, mientras que en limonoides se obtuvieron valores de 227 a 748mg EL/g e. Mediante Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución con detector UV-Arreglo de Diodos (HPLC-UV-DAD) se encontró un compuesto mayoritario que corresponde a un flavonol de tipo glicósido de Kaempferol y se identificó el flavanol catequina a bajas concentraciones. Por medio de Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas (CG-MS) se identificaron los sesquiterpenos β-elemeno, E-cariofileno, aromadendreno, humuleno, gama-cadineno, D-germacreno, biciclogermacreno y los poli terpenos Di-α-Tocoferol y β-sitosterol. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la evaluación de los fenoles puede desempeñar un papel importante como parámetro de selección en programas de mejora y conservación, si se complementan con las prácticas convencionales de mejoramiento genético.

Phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials of mahogany family

Drug resistance to human infectious diseases caused by pathogens lead to premature deaths through out the world. Plants are sources for wide variety of drugs used for treating various diseases. Systematic screening of medicinal plants for the search of new antimicrobial drug candidates that can inhibit the growth of pathogens or kill with no toxicity to host is being continued by many laboratories. Here we review the phytochemical investigations and biological activities of Meliaceae. The mahogany (Meliaceae) is family of timber trees with rich source for limonoids. So far, amongst the different members of Meliaceae, Azadirachta indica and Melia dubia have been identified as the potential plant systems possessing a vast array of biologically active compounds which are chemically diverse and structurally complex. Despite biological activities on different taxa of Meliaceae have been carried out, the information of antibacterial and antifungal activity is a meager with exception to Azadirachta indica. Together we provide new insights of Meliaceae members demonstrating as a potential source as antimicrobial agents using in vitro studies.

Limonoids from Indian mangrove, seeds of Xylocarpus moluccensis / 中草药

Objective: To investigate limonoids in the seeds of an Indian mangrove, Xylocarpus moluccensis. Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel, ODS gel column chromatographies, and HPLC. The structures of the obtained limonoids were identified by NMR spectra and ESI-MS. Results: Eighteen limonoids, such as fissinolide (1), 3-propanoylproceranolide (2), 3β- hydroxyangustidienolide (3), 3β-acetoxy-6-deoxy-swietenine (4), febrifugin (5), granatumin I (6), 3-de(2-methylbutanoyl)-3- propanoylcipadesin (7), granatumin H (8), tigloylseneganolide A (9), ruageanin A (10), swietemahonolide (11), khayasin T (12), andhraxylocarpin D (13), granatumin D (14), 7-oxo-7-deacetoxygenunin (15), gedunin (16), methyl angolensate (17), and 20,21,22,23- tetrahydro-23-oxoazadirone (18), were isolated and identified. Conclusion: 3-propanoylproceranolide (2) is a new compound, and compound 3 is a new natural product.