Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic kidney disease in plain-sand areasand loess hilly areas of Gansu province / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in plain-sand areas and loess hilly areas of Gansu province.Methods:A total of 1 599 T2DM patients who participated in chronic disease and risk factors monitoring and basic public health service management were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling method in the sandy plain areas and loess hilly areas of Gansu province. Questionnaire survey, physical measurement and laboratory tests were performed. Multivariate binary logistic model was used to analyze the influencing factors.Results:The prevalence of DKD was 22.1% (174/787) among T2DM patients in the sandy plain areas and 19.1%(155/812) in the loess hilly area, respectively. Hypertension ( OR=3.022), hyperuricemia ( OR=2.114) and HbA1c≥7%( OR=2.231) were the risk factors for DKD in the plain-sand areas, and the risk of DKD increased with age. In the loess hilly areas, female sex ( OR=0.379) was the protective factor for DKD; while duration of disease≥10 years ( OR=2.476), hyperuricemia ( OR=1.907), HbA1c≥7% ( OR=1.927) were the risk factors for DKD; and the risk of DKD increased with the increase of age, and decreased with the increase of per capita monthly income. Conclusions:The prevalence of DKD and its influencing factors are different between sandy plain areas and loess hilly areas in Gansu province. The prevention and treatment of hypertension should be given more attention in sandy plain areas. In addition, the screening of DKD should be conducted among T2DM patients, particularly for those with old age, hyperuricemia and HbA1c≥7% in both areas of the province.

Sistema de Monitoreo a la equidad territorial y avances en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Colombia

Aunque el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio tuvo un balance positivo, con promedios nacionales que en general mejoraron, las desigualdades dentro de los países aumentaron. La agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) busca promover avances en términos de equidad territorial, por esto la incorporación del espacio geográfico en su monitoreo a escalas subnacionales ofrece ventajas importantes. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo describir el Sistema de Monitoreo Territorial a los ODS3 (MOT-ODS3), una herramienta digital diseñada para incrementar la disponibilidad de información a nivel municipal sobre las desigualdades e inequidades territoriales relacionadas con la salud y el bienestar en Colombia. Para demostrar su funcionalidad se describen los componentes del Sistema, indicadores, mapas, gráficos y métricas de desigualdad utilizados, así como también los perfiles de país y departamento, diseñados para reportar los resultados del monitoreo. Como ejemplo práctico de la utilización del Sistema se analizan los indicadores de Colombia entre 2015 y 2017. Según el monitoreo, Colombia mostró mejoras en la salud y el bienestar de la población; sin embargo, se apreciaron diferencias notables intermunicipales en casi todos los indicadores y brechas territoriales en la mortalidad entre municipios ricos y pobres y entre la zona rural y la urbana. Puede decirse que el MOT-ODS3 incrementó la disponibilidad de información para estimular y apoyar el avance del país hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Although compliance with the Millennium Development Goals had a positive balance, with national averages that generally improved, inequalities within countries increased. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda seeks to promote progress in terms of territorial equity, which is why the incorporation of geographic space in its monitoring at subnational scales offers important advantages. This article aimed to describe the Territorial Monitoring System for the SDGs3 (MOT-ODS3), a digital tool designed to increase the availability of information at the municipal level on territorial inequalities and inequities related to health and well-being in Colombia. To demonstrate its functionality, the components of the System, indicators, maps, graphs and inequality metrics used are described, as well as the country and departmental profiles designed to report monitoring results. As a practical example of the use of the System, the indicators for Colombia between 2015 and 2017 are analyzed. According to the monitoring, Colombia showed improvements in the health and well-being of the population; however, notable inter-municipal differences were seen in almost all indicators and territorial gaps in mortality between rich and poor municipalities and between rural and urban areas. It can be said that the MOT-ODS3 increased the availability of information to stimulate and support the country's progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Riesgo y distribución geográfica de neurocisticercosis en Chile según egresos hospitalarios (2002-2019) / Epidemiology of cysticercosis in Chile

BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis is the most prevalent parasitic disease of the central nervous system in Chile, where sporadic cases are reported, without information about the epidemiology or distribution of the disease. AIM: To identify the main risk zones for cysticercosis in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of hospital discharge databases between 2002 and 2019, available at the website of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Cases with B69 code of the tenth international classification of diseases were identified. RESULTS: In the study period, there were 1752 discharges with the diagnoses of neurocysticercosis, ocular cysticercosis and cysticercosis of other sites. The ages of patients ranged from 0 to 89 years with a clustering between 30 and 59 years. Sixty two percent were males. The zone between the regions of Maule and Araucania concentrated 82% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the zone with the greatest concentration of cysticercosis in Chile, where preventive strategies should eventually be directed.

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias em oito metrópoles brasileiras durante os seis primeiros meses da pandemia de COVID-19 / Excess deaths from respiratory causes in eight Brazilian metropolises during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic / Exceso de muertes por causas respiratorias en ocho metrópolis brasileñas durante los seis primeros meses de la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumo: No Brasil, um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia de COVID-19, dados de mortalidade não refletem a real cifra de óbitos pela doença. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias e suas trajetórias durante os seis primeiros meses da epidemia de COVID-19, em adultos com 20 anos e mais de oito metrópoles regionais do Brasil. Estudo ecológico em que mortes por causas respiratórias (influenza, pneumonias, bronquites, outras doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas, insuficiência respiratória aguda ou crônica, insuficiência respiratória ou transtorno respiratório não especificado e outras mortes codificadas com sintomas respiratórios) foram extraídas do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Óbitos esperados foram estimados com modelos aditivos generalizados quasipoisson. Entre 23 de fevereiro e 8 de agosto de 2020, foram registradas 46.028 mortes por causas respiratórias nas 8 cidades e excesso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas), apresentou o maior excedente, 758% (IC95%: 668-858) e São Paulo o menor, 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Foi detectado precoce excesso nas Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 em Belém (Pará), Fortaleza (Ceará) e São Paulo. Em geral, o excesso de mortes, em termos relativos, foi maior dos 40-59 anos e em homens. A mortalidade excedente foi regionalmente heterogênea, com 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) nas SE 17-20 em Manaus (Região Norte) e 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) nas SE 28-32 em Curitiba (Paraná, Região Sul). O elevado e heterogêneo percentual de mortes respiratórias excedentes sugere alta subnotificação de óbitos por COVID-19, reforça as desigualdades regionais e a necessidade de revisão das mortes associadas a sintomas respiratórios.

In Brazil, one of the countries most heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality data fail to reflect the real number of deaths from the disease. The study aimed to estimate excess deaths from respiratory causes and their trends during the first six month of the COVID-19 epidemic in adults 20 years or older in eight regional metropolises in Brazil. In this ecological study, deaths from respiratory causes (influenza, pneumonias, bronchitis, other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute or chronic respiratory failure, respiratory failure or respiratory disorder not otherwise specified, and other deaths coded with respiratory symptoms) were extracted from the Mortality Information System. Expected deaths were estimated with quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. From February 23 to August 8, 2020, 46,028 deaths from respiratory causes were recorded in the eight cities, with an excess of 312% (95%CI: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas State), presented the highest excess, with 758% (95%CI: 668-858) and São Paulo the lowest, with 174% (95%CI: 164-183). Early excess mortality was detected in Epidemiological Weeks (EW) 9-12 in Belém (Pará State), Fortaleza (Ceará State), and São Paulo. In general, excess mortality was relatively higher in the 40-59-year age bracket and in men. Excess mortality was regionally heterogeneous, with 2,463% (95%CI: 1,881-3,281) in EW 17-20 in Manaus (North Region) and 808% (95%CI: 612-1,059) in EW 28-32 in Curitiba (Paraná State, South Region). The high and heterogeneous percentage of excess respiratory deaths suggests high underreporting of COVID-19 deaths, which highlights regional inequalities and the need for revision of deaths associated with respiratory symptoms.

Resumen: En Brasil, uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19, los datos de mortalidad no reflejan la cifra real de fallecimientos por la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el exceso de muertes por causas respiratorias y sus trayectorias durante los seis primeros meses de la epidemia de COVID-19, en adultos con 20 años y más de ocho metrópolis regionales de Brasil. Estudio ecológico donde las muertes por causas respiratorias (gripe, neumonías, bronquitis, otras enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas, insuficiencia respiratoria aguda o crónica, insuficiencia respiratoria o trastorno respiratorio no especificado y otras muertes codificadas con síntomas respiratorios) fueron extraídas del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Los óbitos esperados fueron estimados con modelos generalizados aditivos casi-Poisson. Entre el 23 de febrero y el 8 de agosto de 2020, se registraron 46.028 muertes por causas respiratorias en las ocho ciudades y un exceso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaos (Amazonas) presentó el mayor excedente, un 758% (IC95%: 668-858) y São Paulo el menor, un 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Se detectó un exceso precoz en las Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 en Belém (Pará), Fortaleza y São Paulo. En general, el exceso de muertes, en términos relativos, fue mayor de los 40-59 años y en hombres. La mortalidad excedente fue regionalmente heterogénea, con 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) en las SE 17-20 en Manaos (Región Norte) y un 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) en las SE 28-32 en Curitiba (Paraná, Región Sur). El elevado y heterogéneo porcentaje de muertes respiratorias excedentes sugiere un alto subregistro de óbitos por COVID-19, refuerza las desigualdades regionales y la necesidad de revisión de las muertes asociadas a síntomas respiratorios.

Atenção Domiciliar no Brasil: estudo exploratório sobre a consolidação e uso de serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde / Home Care in Brazil: an exploratory study on the construction process and service use in the Brazilian Health System

Resumo Mudanças no perfil demográfico e epidemiológico, no Brasil e no cenário internacional, fazem emergir a necessidade de adaptação do modelo de atenção em saúde. Nesse contexto, surge a Atenção Domiciliar (AD) como estratégia complementar de cuidado motivada por diversas preocupações: desospitalização, racionalização do uso de leitos hospitalares, redução de custos e organização do cuidado centrado no paciente. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a AD no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, identificando as modalidades de cuidado e desigualdades no uso. Para tal, foram realizadas análise documental da legislação e exploração de dados secundários disponíveis sobre o volume de serviços e procedimentos produzidos no domicílio. Foram contabilizadas 94.754 internações domiciliares entre 2008-2016 e 4.008.692 de procedimentos domiciliares ambulatoriais entre 2012-2016. A AD ambulatorial mostrou-se mais difundida, enquanto a internação domiciliar concentrou-se em algumas áreas geográficas. A discrepância regional é marcante, desvelando desigualdades na oferta, acesso e uso. Apesar do arcabouço legal, constituição de um programa específico e volume de produção, a AD não parece, ainda, efetivamente inserida como um dos vértices da Rede de Atenção à Saúde.

Abstract Changes in demographic and epidemiological profiles, in Brazil and in the world, have brought the need to adapt the health care model. In this context, Home Care (HC) emerges as an alternative strategy of health care driven by several concerns: dehospitalization, rationalization of the hospital bed use, costs reduction, and the organization of patient-centered care. This study aims to analyze HC in the Brazilian Unified Health System, identifying the modalities of care and inequalities in service use. Thereby a documentary analysis of the legislation and secondary data available on the home care volume of services and procedures explorations were realized. In total, 94,754 home-based hospitalizations occurred in the 2008-2016 period, and 4,008,692 home-based outpatient procedures were carried out in the 2012-2016 period. Outpatient HC was more widespread, while home-based hospitalizations were concentrated in some geographical areas. The regional discrepancy is striking, revealing inequalities in supply, access, and use. Despite the legal framework, the establishment of a specific program, and volume of production, HC does not seem to be yet effectively incorporated as one of the apexes of the Health Care Network.

Assessment of Levels of Nutrients in Selected ALVs at Different Harvesting Stages and Locations of Production in Western Kenya

Proper nutrition contributesto declines under-five mortality rates and improves the productivity of adults.Addressing nutritional problems requires adequate information on the diets of individuals and populations. African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are widely consumed and often harvested at different stages after planting with the help of different communities. Four ALVs namely Vigna unguiculata, Amaranthus hybridus, Cleome gynandraand Solanum scabrumare commonly grown vegetables in western Kenya, their potentials have not been evaluated to supply the nutrients. However, nutritional values may vary depending on the species, harvesting stage and location of production. The effects of species, harvesting stages and location of production on the nutritional valueof selected ALVs were evaluated. The trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design in three replicates in Busia, Kisumu, andLela. Leaves were sampled at different harvesting stages and analyzed for N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, andZn levels. Amaranthus hybridushad significantly (P≤0.05) higher levels ofP,Ca,Zn, Mn, andNa.TheN, P,K, Ca,Mg, Zn and Fe levelssignificantly (P≤0.05) increased then decreased with harvesting stage.The levels of nutrients significantly (P≤0.05) varied with location of production except forNa. The ALVs from Kisumu site hadsignificantly(P≤0.05) higher levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn, ALVs from Lela site had higher levels of Mn and Na while ALVs from Busia site had higher levels of Fe. Amaranthus hybridusis a better contributor of-ofP, Ca, Zn, Mn, andNa. The Fe, Mg and Zn levels were above the Recommended Dietary Allowance and may be used to alleviate deficiencies associated with such nutrients. Harvesting the ALVs at the stage the nutrients attain their optimum levels is recommended. There is a needfor the developmentof regional food composition tables for all ALVs in Kenya.

Analysis of pathological features and distribution characteristics of 1 237 upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors / 中华消化杂志

Objective To explore the pathologic features and distribution characteristics of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMT).Methods From January 2013 to December 2017,at Department of Gastroenterology of Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University,clinical data of 1 182 hospitalized patients with 1 237 upper gastrointestinal SMT who underwent endoscopic therapy and diagnosed by pathology and immunohistochemistry was retrospectively analyzed including the pathological types,tumor of locations,endoscopic findings,layer of origin and tumor size.Results There were 473 esophageal SMT,including 387(81.8％) leiomyomas,located in the mucosal muscularis or muscularis propria;and 59(12.5％)cysts located in the submucosa or mucosal muscularis.There were 138(29.2％) lesions,159(33.6％) lesions and 176(37.2％) lesions in the upper,middle and lower esophagus respectively,and the most common type was leiomyoma.A total of 723 tumors were gastric SMT,among them 284 (39.3％) lesions were gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and 273(37.8％) lesions were leiomyomas,and all located in the muscularis propria.A total of 69(9.5％) lesions located at cardia,the common types were leiomyoma (55 lesions,79.7％) and GIST (nine lesions,13.0％).A total of 239 (33.1％) lesions located at gastric fundus,the common types were GIST (152 lesions,63.6％) and leiomyoma (79 lesions,33.1％).A total of 280 (38.7％) lesions located at gastric body,the common types were leiomyoma (138 lesions,49.3％) and GIST (111 lesions,39.6％).A total of 127 (17.6％) lesions located at gastric antrum,the common types were heterotopic pancrease (71 lesions,55.9％) and lipoma (26 lesions,20.5％),and all were located in the submucosa,some involved the muscularis propria.There were six (0.8％) lesions at gastric angle,and two (0.3％) at gastrointestinal anastomosis.Forty-one lesions were duodenal SMT,among them 23(56.1％) located at duodenal bulb,the common types were cyst (10 lesions,43.5％),lipoma (five lesions,21.7％) and heterotopic pancrease (five lesions,21.7％).A total of 18(43.9％) lesions located at descending duodenum,the common types were lipoma (nine lesions,50.0％) and cyst (five lesions,27.8％),and all lesions located in the submucosa.Conclusions The most common type of SMT in the esophagus and cardia is leiomyoma,however the SMT in gastric fundus and body are mostly leiomyomas and GIST,while in gastric antrum,most SMT are heterotopic pancreases and lipomas.In duodenal bulb and descending duodenum,the common types of SMT are cyst and lipoma.

Professor 's clinical application of the guiding- acupuncture technique / 中国针灸

In clinical practice, professor integrates the guiding- acupuncture technique of slow insertion and withdrawal of the needle with the thought of needling sensation reaching the affected site. These two theories were recorded in (Chapter 34 of ). Professor proposes that in acupuncture, both acupuncture physician and patient should be in a tranquilizing state. Firstly, the needle is inserted slowly so as to conduct the reversed turbid in back to . After arrival of , with the compound manipulation for promoting , is guided to the affected site. When the treatment ends, the needle is removed slowly to guide the reversed clear in back to and to guide of nutrient and defensive systems back to the original layers. Such acupuncture technique is applicable for various disorders induced by the impairment of activity. In clinical practice, it is adopted for the disorders of heart, lung, stomach, intestines, emotions and nervous system, as well as the obstruction disorders of meridians. The -spring and -stream points of the affected meridians are selected as the main acupoints in prescription. According the theory of four seas and street, the corresponding the front-, back- and -sea points are combined. In acupuncture, the needle is inserted and withdrawn slowly. After arrival of , the needle is manipulated to guide to the pathogenic locations.

Talking about the key factors to improve the therapeutic effect of acupuncture from "the arrival of ensures curative effect" / 中国针灸

"The arrival of ensures curative effect" reminds us that the key to acupuncture is "the arrival of ". And "arrival of " has the dual meanings of " arriving at the needles" (getting ) and " arriving at the pathogenic locations". " arriving at the needles" is the starting point, the nature and strength of the arrival of is closely related to the efficacy; " arriving at the pathogenic locations" is the end point, so the speed of the is an important part of the final effect. This paper mainly discusses the meaning of the above two aspects and its value in improving the efficacy of acupuncture.

Determinants of performance measures of clinical trials: a study of Indian medical devices industry

Developing new medical devices require extensive clinical investigations to enter the market successfully. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the attractive and most preferred countries to carry out clinical trials, primarily due to diverse humangene pool and cost-competitiveness. However, unlike other healthcare products such as therapeutic drugs, there is a lack of regulations over usage of medical devices. Moreover, prior systematic empirical analysis that examine the medical device based clinical trials is also not well established. This study attempted to ascertain the determinants of participant recruitment, selection of locations and time taken to conduct medical device clinical trials. Medical devices that are clinically tested in India inthe period of 2008 to 2014 were obtained from CTRI website. 108 out of 279 records were identified as medical device clinical trial registrations. Collected data was analyzed to know the device type, disease category, sponsors involved, participant enrolment, locations and the duration of the device trial. In this study, the category of sponsorship, device type and disease category were found to have significant influence with respect to the selection of number of participants, locations and the time takento execute medical device clinical trials

Trends of clinical trials from 2014 to 2016 in South Korea

Mandatory registration of clinical trials in public registry can ensure the transparency of clinical trials. Public clinical trial registry of can provide current chronological and geographical distribution of clinical trial throughout the country. We used public clinical trial registry provided by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to analyze current status of clinical trial from 2014 to 2016 in South Korea. The number of clinical trials in antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents area was the greatest, followed by cardiovascular system and antiinfectives for systemic use as a whole. From 2014 to 2016, overall number of clinical trials decreased while the number of phase I clinical trials increased. Seoul accounted for more than half number of clinical trials in Korea. Supports for clinical trials in non-metropolitan area needs to be considered.

Geographical Variations and Trends in Major Cancer Incidences throughout Korea during 1999-2013 / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: We aimed to describe the temporal trends and district-level geographical variations in cancer incidences throughout Korea during 1999-2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Korean National Cancer Incidence Database. We calculated the age-standardized cumulative cancer incidences according to sex and geographical region (metropolitan cities, provinces, and districts) for three 5-year periods (1999-2003, 2004-2008, and 2009-2013). Each quintile interval contained the same number of regions. Disease maps were created to visualize regional differences in the cancer incidences. RESULTS: Substantial differences in cancer incidences were observed according to district and cancer type. The largest variations between geographical regions were found for thyroid cancer among both men and women. There was little variation in the incidences of stomach, colorectal, and lung cancer according to geographical region. Substantially elevated incidences of specific cancers were observed in Jeollanam-do (thyroid); Daejeon (colorectum); Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do (lung); Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu and Seongnam, Bundang-gu (breast and prostate); Chungcheong and Gyeongsang provinces (stomach); Ulleung-gun and the southern districts of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do (liver); and along the Nakdonggang River (gallbladder and biliary tract). CONCLUSION: Mapping regional cancer incidences in Korea allowed us to compare the results according to geographical region. Our results may facilitate the development of infrastructure for systematic cancer incidence monitoring, which could promote the planning and implementation of region-specific cancer management programs.

Relationship between location of cerebral infarction and features of videofluoroscopic swallowing / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To explore whether the pattern of dysphagia verified using videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was associated with the Iocation of the infarction in stroke patients.Methods Ninety-two patients with dysphagia (admitted between January 2015 and August 2016) who had first onset of cerebral infarction confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging were included in this study.They were divided into a unilateral brainstem group (n =29),a left hemisphere (cortex + white matter) group (n =37) and a right hemisphere (cortex + white matter) group (n=26) according to the location of the stroke.All subjects were evaluated using VFSS,and the oral transit time (OTT),triggering of pharyngeal swallowing (TPS),presence of residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinus,penetration,aspiration,cough reaction and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening were recorded and compared among the three groups.Results There were no significant differences among the three groups in OTT (X2 =0.712,P=0.918),TPS (1.564,P =0.458),penetration (X2 =5.615,P=0.060) and cough reaction (X2 =5.882,P=0.053).The unilateral brainstem group had significantly more residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinus than the left hemisphere group (X2=6.508,P=0.011).Aspiration was significantly more frequently found in the unilateral brainstem group than in the left hemisphere group (X2=7.803,P =0.005).The unilateral brainstem group was more likely to have insufficient UES opening than the left hemisphere (X2=29.555,P＜0.001) and right hemisphere groups (X2=24.630,P＜0.001).Conclusions Unilateral brainstem stroke is more likely to cause dysphagia than the unilateral cerebral hemisphere stroke,characterized by the abnormal residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinus,aspiration and the degree of UES opening.No significant differences were found in the dysphagia between stroke survivors with stroke in right and left hemispheres.

Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma at dangerous locations / 中国介入影像与治疗学

Objective To analyze the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation (MWA) for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at dangerous locations.Methods Data of 375 patients with HCC underwent MWA were retrospectively analyzed.According to the location of tumors,the patients were classified into dangerous group (distance from vital tissues to lesions ≤5 mm) and non-dangerous group (distance from vital tissues to lesions ＞5 mm).The efficacy of MWA and the incidence of serious complications of the two groups were compared.Results There were 196 patients with 258 lesions in dangerous group and 179 patients with 233 lesions in non-dangerous group.No statistical differences of the completed ablation rate was found between dangerous group (97.67％ [252/258]) and non-dangerous group (97.85％ [228/233],P=0.61).The 1-,3-,5-year local tumor progression (LTP) rates were 9.57％,19.72％,24.18％ in dangerous group and 7.34％,13.44％,14.61％ in non-dangerous group.The 1-,3-,5-year progression free survival (PFS) rates were 68.88％,36.22％,25.37％ in dangerous group and 73.74％,43.17％,19.12％ in non-dangerous group.The 1-,3-,5-year overall survival (OS) rates in dangerous group and non-dangerous group were 90.87％,69.50％,60.05％ and 94.97％,74.24％,64.91％,respectively.No statistically significant differences of the 1-,3-,5-year LTP,OS and PFS rates were found between the two groups (P=0.11,0.19,0.17).The serious complications rates were 3.06 ％ (9/196) and 1.11 ％ (2/179) in dangerous group and non-dangerous group,respectively,which had no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P =0.35).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA is safe and effective for patients with HCC at dangerous locations.The adjuvant methods can help MWA to gain the similar local and long-term outcomes for patients with HCC at dangerous locations to those at non-dangerous locations.

Effects of's neck acupuncture on swallowing function and quality of life in patients with post-stroke pseudobulbar palsy:a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of's neck acupuncture combined with swallowing rehabilitation on swallowing function and quality of life in patients with post-stroke pseudobulbar palsy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred patients were randomly assigned in to an observation group and a control group, 50 cases in each one. The patients in the control group were treated with basic pharmaceutical treatment, including neurotrophy medication and free radical scavenging medication as well as swallowing rehabilitation; the patients in the observation group, on the basis of those in the control group, were treated with's neck acupuncture at Fengchi (GB 20), Yiming (EX-HN 14), Gongxue (Extra), Lianquan (CV 23), Wai Jinjin Yuye (Extra), Tunyan (Extra), Zhiqiang (Extra), Fayin (Extra), once a day, five times a week for continuous eight weeks. The Repetitive saliva-swallowing test (RSST), standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) and swallow quality-of-life questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) before and after treatment in the two groups were observed; the relationship between disease location and frequency and efficacy of's neck acupuncture was explored in the observation group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, the RSST, SSA and SWAL-QOL were superior to those before treatment (all<0.01), with more significant results in the observation group (all<0.01). The total effective rate was 91.7% (44/48) in the observation group, which was superior to 75.5% (37/49) in the control group (<0.01). The frequency of disease onset was one in 11 patients and 2 and above in 37 patients in the observation group, and the efficacy of one onset of disease was 100.0% (11/11), which was superior to two and above of onset 89.2% (33/37,<0.01). The number of patients with disease location at cortex and subcortex was 21, while that at capsula interna and basal ganglia was 27 in the observation group, the efficacy of two was similar (>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b> 's neck acupuncture combined with swallowing rehabilitation could effectively improve dysphagia and quality of life in patients with post-stroke pseudobulbar palsy. No correlation of lesion locations on acupuncture efficacy is observed, while onset frequency is inversely proportional to efficacy.</p>

Prediction of protein subcellular locations by ensemble of improved K-nearest neighbor / 生物工程学报

Adaboost algorithm with improved K-nearest neighbor classifiers is proposed to predict protein subcellular locations. Improved K-nearest neighbor classifier uses three sequence feature vectors including amino acid composition, dipeptide and pseudo amino acid composition of protein sequence. K-nearest neighbor uses Blast in classification stage. The overall success rates by the jackknife test on two data sets of CH317 and Gram1253 are 92.4% and 93.1%. Adaboost algorithm with the novel K-nearest neighbor improved by Blast is an effective method for predicting subcellular locations of proteins.

Presencia de Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) y su infección natural con el virus del dengue en alturas no registradas para Colombia / Presence of Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and its natural infection with dengue virus at unrecorded heights in Colombia

Introducción. Aedes aegypti es el principal vector de fiebre amarilla urbana, dengue, chikungunya y zika. Se ha demostrado que la distribución biogeográfica de esta especie se ha expandido debido al calentamiento global y a factores socioeconómicos y culturales. Los cambios en los patrones de la distribución altitudinal de este vector y su infección con el virus son prioridades de la investigación encaminada a desarrollar estrategias de vigilancia entomológica y virológica en salud pública. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de A. aegypti y su infección natural por el virus del dengue en alturas superiores a los 1.800 msnm en dos municipios periféricos del Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se instalaron 21 ovitrampas en los municipios de Bello y San Pedro de los Milagros, en un rango altitudinal de 1.882 a 2.659 msnm. Los adultos que emergieron de las ovitrampas se evaluaron con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) para la detección del virus del dengue. Resultados. Se recolectaron 367 adultos de A. aegypti , siete de los cuales se encontraron a una altitud de 2.302 msnm en Tierradentro, Bello. Se detectaron 12 especímenes de A. aegypti positivos para dengue serotipo 2 en el barrio París de Bello, a 1.984 msnm. Conclusión. Por primera vez se registró A. aegypti a 2.302 msnm, la mayor altitud registrada para este vector en Colombia. De igual forma, se encontró infección con el virus del dengue a 1.984 msnm. Estos hallazgos son significativos, ya que determinan regiones de Colombia con riesgo potencial de transmisión autóctona de dengue y otros arbovirus por A. aegypti .

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of urban yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. The biogeographical distribution of this species has expanded due to global warming, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The changes in the altitudinal distribution patterns of this vector and its natural infection are priority fields of research to develop entomological, virological and public health surveillance strategies. Objective: To evaluate the presence of A. aegypti and its natural infection with dengue virus in altitudes above 1.800 meters above sea level in two peripheral municipalities of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods: Twenty-one ovitraps were set in the municipalities of Bello and San Pedro de los Milagros, at altitudes ranging from 1.882 to 2.659 masl. Emerged adults caught in the ovitraps were tested by RT-PCR for dengue virus detection. Results: We collected 367 A. aegypti adults, seven of which were found as high as 2.302 masl in Tierradentro, Bello. We detected serotype 2 dengue infection in 12 A. aegypti specimens collected in the neighbourhood of París, in Bello, at 1.984 masl. Conclusion: We recorded A. aegypti at 2.302 masl, so far the highest altitudinal record in Colombia for this vector. Furthermore, mosquitoes collected at 1.984 masl were positive for dengue virus. These findings are significant as they identify regions in Colombia at risk of potential autochthonous transmission of dengue and other arboviruses by A. aegypti .

Preparedness for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games: hospital treatment capacity in georeferenced areas / Preparação para os Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016: capacidade de tratamento hospitalar em áreas georreferenciadas / La preparación para los Juegos Olímpicos de Río 2016: capacidad de tratamiento hospitalario en áreas georreferenciadas

Abstract: Recently, Brazil has hosted mass events with recognized international relevance. The 2014 FIFA World Cup was held in 12 Brazilian state capitals and health sector preparedness drew on the history of other World Cups and Brazil's own experience with the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. The current article aims to analyze the treatment capacity of hospital facilities in georeferenced areas for sports events in the 2016 Olympic Games in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on a model built drawing on references from the literature. Source of data were Brazilian health databases and the Rio 2016 website. Sports venues for the Olympic Games and surrounding hospitals in a 10km radius were located by geoprocessing and designated a "health area" referring to the probable inflow of persons to be treated in case of hospital referral. Six different factors were used to calculate needs for surge and one was used to calculate needs in case of disasters (20/1,000). Hospital treatment capacity is defined by the coincidence of beds and life support equipment, namely the number of cardiac monitors (electrocardiographs) and ventilators in each hospital unit. Maracanã followed by the Olympic Stadium (Engenhão) and the Sambódromo would have the highest single demand for hospitalizations (1,572, 1,200 and 600, respectively). Hospital treatment capacity proved capable of accommodating surges, but insufficient in cases of mass casualties. In mass events most treatments involve easy clinical management, it is expected that the current capacity will not have negative consequences for participants.

Resumo: Recentemente, o Brasil sediou eventos de massa com relevância internacional reconhecida. A Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2014 foi realizada em 12 capitais estaduais e a preparação do setor da saúde contou com a história de outras Copas do Mundo e com a própria experiência do Brasil com a Copa das Confederações FIFA de 2013. O presente artigo objetivou analisar a capacidade de tratamento de instalações hospitalares em áreas georeferenciadas para eventos esportivos, nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com base em um modelo construído a partir da literatura. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados de saúde do Brasil e da página de Internet da Rio 2016. As instalações esportivas para os Jogos Olímpicos e os hospitais circundantes em um raio de 10km foram localizados por geoprocessamento; foi designada uma "área de saúde", referindo-se ao afluxo provável de pessoas a serem tratadas em caso de necessidade hospitalar. Seis fatores foram utilizados para calcular necessidades para surtos e um fator de cálculo foi usado para as desastres (20/1.000). Capacidade de tratamento hospitalar é definida pela coincidência de leitos e equipamentos de suporte de vida, ou seja, o número de monitores cardíacos (eletrocardiógrafos) e respiradores em cada unidade hospitalar. O Maracanã, seguido do Estádio Olímpico (Engenhão) e o Sambódromo, teria a maior demanda para internações (1.572, 1.200 e 600, respectivamente). A capacidade de tratamento hospitalar mostrou-se capaz de acomodar surtos, mas insuficiente em casos de vítimas em massa. Em eventos de massa, a maioria dos tratamentos envolve uma fácil gestão clínica. Espera-se que a capacidade atual não terá consequências negativas para os participantes.

Resumen: Recientemente, Brasil fue sede de eventos de masa con relevancia internacional reconocida. La Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2014 se llevó a cabo en 12 capitales de los estados y la preparación del sector de la salud tenía la historia de otras copas mundiales y con la experiencia de Brasil en la Copa Confederaciones de la FIFA 2013. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la capacidad de tratamiento de las instalaciones hospitalarias en zonas georreferenciados para los eventos deportivos, en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, basado en un modelo construido a partir de la literatura. Los datos fueron recogidos en las bases de datos de salud en Brasil y en el sitio web del Río 2016. Las instalaciones deportivas para los Juegos Olímpicos y los hospitales circundantes dentro de un radio de 10km fueron localizados por el geoprocesamiento; un "área de la salud" fue designado, en referencia a la posible afluencia de personas que van a tratarse en el caso de una emergencia hospitalaria. Seis factores se utilizaron para calcular las necesidades a los brotes y un factor de cálculo se utilizó para los desastres (20/1.000). Capacidad de tratamiento hospitalario se define por la coincidencia de camas y equipos de soporte vital, o el número de monitores cardíacos (electrocardiógrafos) y respiradores en cada hospital. El Maracanã, seguido por el Estadio Olímpico (Engenhão) y el Sambódromo, tendría la mayor demanda de hospitalizaciones (1.572, 1.200 y 600, respectivamente). La capacidad de tratamiento hospitalario ha demostrado ser capaz de adaptarse a los brotes, pero insuficiente en casos de víctimas en masa. En los eventos masivos, la mayoría de los tratamientos implican un manejo clínico fácil. Se espera que la capacidad actual no tendrá consecuencias negativas para los participantes.

Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas from houseflies (Musca domestica) in Iran / Detección molecular y resistencia antimicrobiana de Aeromonas desde moscas domésticas (Musca domestica) en Irán

Objective. This study aimed to report the molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas among houseflies (Musca domestica) in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran. Materials and methods. Flies were caught from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughter house and poultry farms and put in collection separate sterile tubes. Isolation was accomplished by culture of flies in alkaline peptone water followed by identification with Aeromonas-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results. Out of 600 houseflies 73 (12.2%) were infected with Aeromonas spp. Significantly higher frequencies of Aeromonas were isolated in Shahrekord province (13.0%; 39/300) than in Isfahan province (11.3%; 34/300). The recovery frequencies of the organisms were significantly lower in kitchens as compared to those in cattle farms and hospital wards which were similar. Higher proportions of infected flies were obtained during summer whereas low proportions were obtained during winter. Conclusions. It is concluded that houseflies do harbor diarrheagenic pathogens, including Aeromonas especially during summer. The carried organisms are resistant to a number of antimicrobials at different levels. Thus, future plans aimed at stemming infections caused by these organisms should take flies into account. Control efforts of infections caused by this particular bacterium should therefore take into account Musca domestica.

Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo informar de la detección molecular y resistencia antimicrobiana de Aeromonas entre moscas domésticas (Musca domestica) en las provincias de Shahrekord y Isfahan de Irán. Materiales y métodos. Las moscas fueron capturadas en las cocinas domésticas, granjas de ganado, hospitales de animales, hospitales humanos, mataderos y granjas avícolas y pusieron en tubos separados estériles de recolección. El aislamiento se llevó a cabo por cultivo de moscas en agua de peptona alcalina seguida por la identificación con la reacción en cadena de polimerasa Aeromonas-específica (PCR). Resultados. De 600 moscas domésticas 73 (12.2%) estaban infectadas con Aeromonas spp. Se aislaron significativamente mayores frecuencias de Aeromonas en la provincia Shahrekord (13.0%; 39/300) que en la provincia de Isfahan (11.3%; 34/300). Las frecuencias de recuperación de los organismos fueron significativamente más bajos en las cocinas, en comparación con las granjas de ganado y salas de hospitales que fueron similares. Mayores proporciones de moscas infectadas se obtuvieron durante el verano mientras que bajas proporciones se obtuvieron durante el invierno. Conclusiones. Se concluye que las moscas domésticas no albergan patógenos diarreogénicos, incluyendo Aeromonas especialmente durante el verano. Los organismos llevadas a son resistentes a un número de antimicrobianos en diferentes niveles. Este modo, los planes futuros dirigidos a limitar las infecciones causadas por estos organismos deberían tomar en cuenta las moscas. Los esfuerzos de control de infecciones causadas por esta bacteria en particular, por lo tanto debería tener en cuenta Musca doméstica.