Utility of MOC-31 monoclonal antibody in differentiating metastatic adenocarcinoma cells and reactive mesothelial cells in effusion cytology

In effusion cytology, a clear distinction between reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma cells is sometimes challenging mainly due to similarities in the cytomorphological features. In such cases for definitive diagnosis, paraffin-embedded cell block examination and immunohistochemistry are helpful in making this distinction. MOC-31 is one of the proposed immunomarker for adenocarcinoma cells. We undertook to evaluate the role of MOC-31 as a marker for identifying adenocarcinoma cells in effusion specimen. A total of 185 paraffin-embedded cell blocks of effusion samples were identified, of these 111 cases were of metastatic adenocarcinoma. MOC-31 was positive in 101 of the 111 cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Minimal focal cytoplasmic staining was also seen in 7 of the 74 cases of reactive mesothelial cells, but these were taken negative as they did not show membrane positivity. The sensitivity and specificity of MOC-31 for metastatic adenocarcinoma cells were 92.5%, and 100% respectively, positive and negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% and 91.14%, respectively. MOC-31 can be used as a reliable marker in effusions for distinguishing metastatic adenocarcinoma from reactive mesothelial cases.

Embarazo adolescente: Diversidad de síntomas de un mismo diagnóstico / Teenage pregnancy: Diversity of symptoms of the same diagnosis

Introducción: En la Argentina, hay 754.600 nacimientos por año, de los cuales el 15% proviene de madres adolescentes de entre 15 a 19 años. Este porcentaje varía en las diferentes provincias, siendo mayor en el Noreste y Noroeste argentino. El 65.5% de ellas no usaba ningún método anticonceptivo al momento de la concepción, muchas de ellas por desconocimiento sobre salud reproductiva. La alta frecuencia de embarazos en la población adolescente, muchos de ellos no planeados, aumenta el riesgo de exposición a un aborto inseguro, abandono escolar y de limitaciones en el acceso al mercado laboral, condicionando así las perspectivas de desarrollo personal. Es evidente que la diversidad de manifestaciones clínicas de esta entidad hace que ante la consulta del adolescente no siempre se lo tenga presente como posible diagnóstico diferencial en primera instancia. Considerar el embarazo a tiempo optimizaría la atención al brindar información a la paciente y al realizar la derivación a un centro especializado para su seguimiento. Asimismo también se evitaría la utilización de métodos diagnósticos o terapéuticos que resulten nocivos para el producto de la gestación. Objetivos: Describir los motivos de consulta realizados por pacientes adolescentes menores de 19 años, en el Hospital Garrahan durante el período comprendido entre 2012 y 2016, que concluyeron con el diagnóstico de embarazo. Describir el número de consultas, y exámenes complementarios solicitados hasta que se arribó al diagnóstico. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo observacional, a través del análisis de las historias clínicas (HC) y base de datos del laboratorio de todas las pacientes femeninas menores de 19 años, que hayan consultado en el periodo comprendido entre 2012 a 2016. Resultado: Se obtuvo un total de 46 pacientes adolescentes con diagnóstico de embarazo. Si bien el síntoma más frecuente fue la alteración del ciclo menstrual, sólo en el 50% fue lo que motivó la consulta. En el 74% de los casos el diagnóstico se realizó en la primera atención. En el 33% de las pacientes no se registró en la HC el uso de MAC (Métodos Anti Conceptivos). En los casos que se interrogó acerca del uso de MAC, sólo el 55% lo hacía en forma correcta. Conclusión: El diagnóstico de embarazo debe considerarse frente a la consulta de pacientes adolescentes. Es necesario pesquisar la existencia de alteraciones en el ciclo menstrual y el uso de MAC en esta población (AU)

In Argentina, there are 754,600 births yearly, of which 15% are to adolescent mothers between 15 and 19 years of age. This percentage varies according to the different provinces, and is higher in the north-east and north-west of the country. Of the mothers, 65.5% did not use any contraceptive method at the moment of conception, in many of them due to lack of knowledge of reproductive health. The high rate of teenage pregnancies, many of them unplanned, increases the risk of exposure to unsafe abortions, school drop-out, limitation to access to the labor market thereby reducing perspectives of personal development. Clearly, the variability of clinical manifestations associated with this entity, in an adolescent pregnancy is not always considered as an early differential diagnosis. Early awareness of pregnancy would improve care by providing information to the patient and referral to a specialized center for follow-up. Additionally, the use of diagnostic or therapeutic methods that are harmful for the fetus are avoided. Objectives: To describe the reasons for consultation of teenage patients under 19 years of age at Garrahan Hospital between 2012 and 2016, in whom finally the diagnosis was pregnancy and to describe the number of consultation and complementary exams previous to the diagnosis. Methodology: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted through the analysis of clinical charts (CC) and laboratory data base of all female patients younger than 19 years of age that consulted between 2012 and 2016. Results: 46 teenage patients with the diagnosis of pregnancy were identified. Although the most frequent symptom was alteration of the menstrual cycle, this was the reason for consultation in only 50%. In 74% of the cases the diagnosis was made in the first visit. In 33% of the patients the use of methods of contraception (MOC) was not recorded in the CC. When the patient was asked about the use of MOC, only 55% used them correctly. Conclusion: The diagnosis of pregnancy should be considered in teenage patients. Screening for alterations in the menstruation and the use of MOC is necessary in this population (AU)

Short Term Test-Retest Reliability of Contralateral Inhibition of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Strength of medial olivocochlear reflex can be measured reliably using contralateral inhibition of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) when its fine structure is considered. However, measurement of fine structure of DPOAE is difficult with clinical equipment. Thus, this study investigated the clinically relevant test-retest reliability of contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six young adults with normal hearing sensitivity participated. DPOAEs were recorded at 27 discrete f2 frequencies between 800 Hz and 8,000 Hz at frequency resolution of 8 points per octave with and without contralateral white noise presented at 50 dB SPL. To check for short term inter-session reliability, contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs were recorded in three sessions, two recording sessions on first day separated by 30 minutes and third time after one week of the first session. Within each session, DPOAEs were recorded twice in single probe-fit condition to test for intra-session reliability. RESULTS: Cronbach’s alpha was calculated having poor reliability (α≤ 0.7) of contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs in both intra-session and inter-session conditions for most of the tested frequencies. 95% confidence intervals of contralateral inhibition magnitude also showed large variability. CONCLUSIONS: The current results showed that though DPOAE amplitudes were highly reliable across sessions, amount of inhibition of DPOAEs was not reliable when DPOAEs were measured at discrete frequencies. These findings are concurrent with the literature.

Diagnostic Utility of Caveolin-1 and MOC-31 in Distinguishing Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma from Renal Oncocytoma

PURPOSE: Renal tumors consist of heterogeneous groups that frequently show complex and overlapping morphology, thus making it difficult to make a correct diagnosis. One of the most problematic differential diagnoses is to distinguish chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from oncocytoma. These should be distinguished by differences in their behavior and clinical outcome. Our study was performed to identify whether caveolin-1 and MOC-31 are useful immunohistochemical markers for differentiating chromophobe RCC from oncocytoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 23 chromophobe RCCs, 8 oncocytomas, and 25 clear cell RCCs and performed immunohistochemical staining for caveolin-1 and MOC-31. RESULTS: Caveolin-1 was positive in 20 (87%) of 23 chromophobe RCCs, 0 of 8 oncocytomas, and 21 (84%) of 25 clear cell RCCs. MOC-31 was positive in 22 (96%) of 23 chromophobe RCCs, 2 (25%) of 8 oncocytomas, and 14 (56%) of 25 clear cell RCCs. There was a statistically significant difference in the expression of caveolin-1 and MOC-31 between chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma (p<0.001). In addition, clear cell RCC was also significantly different from oncocytoma in the expression of caveolin-1 (p<0.001) and was significantly different from chromophobe RCC in the expression of MOC-31 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Caveolin-1 and MOC-31 can be useful markers in the differential diagnosis of chromophobe RCC, oncocytoma, and clear cell RCC.