MALARIA: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Malaria is a vector-borne tropical parasitic disease that occurs through the bite of a female Anopheles spp mosquito that transmits protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. P. vivax and P. falciparum are the most frequent species. The clinical presentation of the disease is a febrile syndrome accompanied by nonspeci?c symptoms. Diagnosis is based on tests for microscopic detection of the parasite (thick smear, blood smear) or rapid antigen diagnostic tests. Treatment will depend on the infecting species of plasmodium and whether it is a complicated disease. There are multiple tools for prevention such as the use of mosquito nets, repellents, chemoprevention, and vaccination. Various strategies have been proposed for its eradication, considering that it is a public health problem and represents a great burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Caracterización del paludismo como enfermedad endémica en Ecuador / Characterization of the malaria like endemic illness in Ecuador

RESUMEN Fundamento: el paludismo como problema de salud pública mundial, afecta a un elevado número de personas cada año. Congruente con evaluaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, cada año se presentan entre 50 y 100 millones de casos de la enfermedad. Objetivo: caracterizar el paludismo como enfermedad endémica en Ecuador. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 23 artículos en las bases de datos Scopus, Latindex y SciELO, mediante un gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias Endnote, de ellos 22 corresponden a los últimos cuatro años, 12 corresponden a artículos en diferentes revistas electrónicas y sitios web especializados en el tema y 11 a informes y documentos de organizaciones mundiales, de los cuales se utilizaron 72 citas seleccionadas para la revisión. Resultados: los diferentes documentos relacionados con las estadísticas, destacan el incremento del paludismo en diferentes áreas del planeta, por lo cual se intencionan acciones que contribuyen a su disminución e incluso erradicación, sin embargo en Ecuador, en los últimos dos años los resultados son desfavorables en este sentido. Conclusiones: es evidente que los directivos de la salud pública y factores comunitarios de cada país afectado por paludismo, deben asumir un enfoque preventivo que vele por los problemas de salud de las comunidades y favorezca el medio ambiente, fomenten en iniciativas que promuevan mayor responsabilidad ambiental a favor de erradicarla. En el caso de Ecuador, se muestran resultados desfavorables que tienden al incremento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Background: the malaria as problem of world public health, affects a high number of persons every year. Coherent with evaluations of the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization, between 50 and 100 million cases of the illness are presented every year. Objective: to characterize the malaria as an endemic illness in Ecuador. Methods: a bibliographical review of a whole of 23 articles was carried out in the Scopus, Latindex and SciELO databases, by means of a search engine and Endnote references manager, of them 22 correspond to last four years, 12 correspond to articles in different electronic magazines and web sites specializing in the topic and 11 to reports and documents of world organizations, of which 72 quotations selected for the review were used. Results: the different documents related to the statistics, emphasize the increase of the malaria in different areas of the planet, for which actions that contribute to its decrease and even eradication are carried out, nevertheless in Ecuador, in the last two years the results are unfavorable in this sense. Conclusions: it is clear that the managers of the public health and community factors of every country affected by malaria, must assume a preventive approach that looks over the problems of health of the communities and favors the environment, they encourage in initiatives that promote major environmental responsibility in favor of eradicating it. In case of Ecuador, there appear unfavorable results that tend to the increase of this illness.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the use of primaquine: top-down and bottom-up estimation of professional costs / Deficiência de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase e uso de primaquina: estimativa de custos de profissionais por macrocusteio e microcusteio

ABSTRACT The aim of this study has been to study whether the top-down method, based on the average value identified in the Brazilian Hospitalization System (SIH/SUS), is a good estimator of the cost of health professionals per patient, using the bottom-up method for comparison. The study has been developed from the context of hospital care offered to the patient carrier of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency with severe adverse effect because of the use of primaquine, in the Brazilian Amazon. The top-down method based on the spending with SIH/SUS professional services, as a proxy for this cost, corresponded to R$60.71, and the bottom-up, based on the salaries of the physician (R$30.43), nurse (R$16.33), and nursing technician (R$5.93), estimated a total cost of R$52.68. The difference was only R$8.03, which shows that the amounts paid by the Hospital Inpatient Authorization (AIH) are estimates close to those obtained by the bottom-up technique for the professionals directly involved in the care.

RESUMO A pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar se o macrocusteio, baseado no valor médio identificado no Sistema de Internação Hospitalar (SIH/SUS), constitui um bom estimador do custo de profissionais de saúde por paciente, tendo como comparação o método de microcusteio. O estudo foi desenvolvido no contexto da assistência hospitalar oferecida ao portador da deficiência de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (dG6PD) do sexo masculino com evento adverso grave devido ao uso da primaquina, na Amazônia Brasileira. O macrocusteio baseado no gasto em serviços profissionais do SIH/SUS, como proxy desse custo, correspondeu a R$60,71, e o microcusteio, baseado nos salários do médico (R$30,43), do enfermeiro (R$16,33) e do técnico de enfermagem (R$5,93), estimou um custo total de R$52,68. A diferença foi de apenas R$8,03, mostrando que os valores pagos pela Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) são estimadores próximos daqueles obtidos por técnica de microcusteio para os profissionais envolvidos diretamente no cuidado.

Estimating a mosquito repellent’s potential to reduce malaria in communities.

Background & objectives: Probability models for assessing a mosquito repellent’s potential to reduce malaria transmission are not readily available to public health researchers. To provide a means for estimating the epidemiological efficacy of mosquito repellents in communities, we developed a simple mathematical model. Study design: A static probability model is presented to simulate malaria infection in a community during a single transmission season. The model includes five parameters—sporozoite rate, human infection rate, biting pressure, repellent efficacy, and product-acceptance rate. Interventions: The model assumes that a certain percentage of the population uses a personal mosquito repellent over the course of a seven-month transmission season and that this repellent maintains a constant rate of protective efficacy against the bites of malaria vectors. Main outcome measures: This model measures the probability of evading malaria infection under diverse circumstances, e.g. vector biting pressure, repellent efficacy, and product acceptance. Results & conclusion: Absolute protection using mosquito repellents alone requires high rates of repellent efficacy and product acceptance may vary. Using performance data from a highly effective repellent, the model estimates an 88.9% reduction of infections over a seven-month transmission season. A corresponding reduction in the incidence of super-infection in community members not completely evading infection can also be presumed. Thus, the model shows that mass distribution of a repellent with >98% efficacy and >98% product acceptance would suppress new malaria infections to levels lower than those achieved with insecticide treated nets (ITNs). A combination of both interventions could create synergies that result in reductions of disease burden significantly greater than with the use of ITNs alone.