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Objective:To investigate the effect of empirical antifungal treatment on the diagnostic sensitivity of galactomannan(GM)in bronchoalveolar lavage(BALF)in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)patients combined with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA).Methods:COPD patients with IPA were enrolled between January 2015 and January 2019 as research objects.Patients who were treated with antifungal drugs prior to bronchoscopy were considered as the empirical group, and other patients were considered as the diagnosis-driven group.The results of BALF GM were compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 66 COPD patients with IPA were enrolled in this study, with 5 cases confirmed and 61 cases clinically diagnosed.Of them, 17 cases were in the empirical group and 49 in the diagnosis-driven group.There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of blood GM and microbiological examination between the two groups( χ2=0.248 and 0.379, P=0.619 and 0.538). With BALF GM 0.5 as a cutoff value, the sensitivity of BALF GM was slightly lower in the empirical group than in the diagnosis-driven group but with no significant difference(88.2%, 95% CI: 62.3%-97.9% vs.93.9%, 95% CI: 82.1%-98.4%, χ2=0.051, P=0.821). However, with BALF GM 1.0 as a cutoff value, the sensitivity decreased greatly in the empirical group compared with the diagnosis-driven group(52.9%, 95% CI: 28.5%-76.1% vs.80.6%, 95% CI: 67.4%-90.8%, χ2=4.036, P=0.045). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for mechanical ventilation( OR=0.807, 95% CI: 0.215-3.026, P=0.750)and use of semisynthetic penicillins( OR=0.498, 95% CI: 0.140-1.776, P=0.283), the false negative rate of BALF GM was associated with empirical antifungal therapy( OR=0.243, 95% CI: 0.068-0.949, P=0.030). Conclusions:Empirical antifungal therapy prior to bronchoscopy can decrease the diagnostic sensitivity of BALF GM in COPD patients with IPA.
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Objective To evaluate the diagnostic effect of galactomannan (GM) on bronchial alveolar lavage in patients with non-granulocyte deficiency.Methods 64 patients with suspected invasive pulmonary aspergill were enrolled in our hospital from May 2016 to May 2017.According to the relevant diagnostic criteria,they were divided into the diagnosis group (n =3),the clinical diagnosis group (n =20),the proposed group (n =14) and non-fungal infection group (n =27).All subjects underwent bronchial alveolar lavage and GM testing.Results When the GM value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum GM value increased from 0.5 to 1,the sensitivity decreased,while the specificity and positive predictive value increased.The sensitivity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of GM detection method for bronchial alveolar lavage fluid were significantly higher than that of serum GM (P ＜ 0.05) at the same GM boundary value,and the specificity was significantly lower than that of serum GM (P ＜ 0.05).When the GM boundary value of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid was ≥ 0.86,the diagnostic efficiency of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was the highest,the sensitivity and specificity reached 80.26％,75.15％,and the area under the curve was 0.945 (95％ CI:0.782-0.986).Conclusions GM detection of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid is more helpful for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with non-granulocyte deficiency than serum GM.The optimal threshold is 0.86.
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Objective To evaluate the early diagnostic value of galactomannan ( GM ) test in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis ( IPA ) in patients with non-neutropenia.Methods A total of 199 patients with suspected IPA were enrolled in the Department of Critical Care Medicine and Respiration of the Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2016 to October 2017, these patients excluded neutropenia .The patients were divided into IPA group and non-IPA group according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer /Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group ( EORTC/MSG ) consensus.BALF and serum GM tests were performed in both groups.SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used to analyze the results of both IPA group and non-IPA group.Results The GM index in BALF and serum of IPA group was 2.41 ±2.19 and 0.65 ±1.08 respectively.The former is higher than the latter , the difference was statistically significant ( u=8.27,P<0.0005 ) . The GM index in BALF and serum of non-IPA group was 0.37 ±0.33 and 0.2 ±0.15 respectively, compared with the IPA group, the difference were statistically significant (u=11.18 and 7.07, P<0.0005).When the cut-off of GM was equal or greater than 0.5, the sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of GM test in BALF was 86.36％, 74.02％and 92.62％ respectively , were significantly higher than those in serum (31.8％, 67.74％and 73.21％respectively).The specificity of GM test in BALF was 84.96％, which was lower than that in serum (92.48％).When the cut-off of GM was equal or greater than 1.0, the sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of GM test in BALF was 66.66％, 84.61％and 85.03％ respectively, significantly higher than those in serum ( 24.24％, 76.19％and 71.9％ respectively ) . The specificity was similar ( 95.98％vs 96.24％) . Conclusions GM test in BALF has a highly sensitivity and specificity in patients with non-neutropenia, better than that in serum.It has high value for early diagnosis of IPA.
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ABSTRACT: Enzymes play a fundamental role in degradation of molecules during seed germination, development, and deterioration. Endo-β-mannanase is one of the main enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of mannans in the endosperm during germination of coffee seeds through its action in hydrolytic degradation of cell walls and in weakening the structures of the endosperm that surround the embryo, allowing radicle emergence. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the endo-β-mannanase enzyme in the structures of coffee seeds for the purpose of assessing the relationship between this activity and the physiological quality of the seeds under different processing and drying methods. Coffea arabica L. fruit in the cherry maturity stage was subjected to three different types of processing: natural (seeds maintained in the fruit itself), fully washed (fruit pulped mechanically and the seeds demucilaged by fermentation in water), and semi-washed or demucilaged (both fruit pulp and mucilage removed mechanically); and two methods of drying: slow drying (suspended screen) in the shade, and rapid drying in mechanical dryer at 35°C to a moisture content of 11±1%. After processing and drying, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated through the germination test, and endo-β-mannanase enzyme activity was quantified. Coffee seeds submitted to natural processing have lower physiological performance, as well as greater deterioration and greater activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme. Removal of mucilage during fully washed and semi-washed processing of coffee seeds reduces the activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme and lowers deterioration, especially after faster drying. The enzyme endo-ß-mannanase is efficient in studying of the effects of processing and drying on coffee seeds, and can be evaluated in whole seeds, endosperms or embryos.
RESUMO: As enzimas têm papel fundamental na degradação de moléculas durante a germinação, desenvolvimento e deterioração das sementes. A endo-β-mananase é uma das principais responsáveis pela hidrólise das mananas no endosperma durante a germinação das sementes de café, atuando na degradação das paredes celulares e enfraquecimento do endosperma que circunda o embrião, permitindo a protrusão da radícula. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa determinar a atividade da endo-beta-mananase nas estruturas das sementes de café, para avaliar a relação entre esta atividade e a qualidade de sementes submetidas a diferentes processamentos e métodos de secagem. Frutos de Coffea arabica L. no estádio de maturação cereja foram submetidos a três tipos de processamento: natural (sementes mantidas nos próprios frutos), despolpado (frutos descascados mecanicamente e sementes desmuciladas por fermentação em água) e desmucilado (frutos descascados e a mucilagem removida, ambos mecanicamente), como também a dois métodos de secagem: lenta à sombra (telado suspenso) e secagem rápida em secador mecânico a 35°C, até umidade de 11±1%. Após o processamento e secagem avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica das sementes pelo teste de germinação e quantificou-se a atividade da enzima endo-β-mananase. Sementes de café submetidas ao processamento natural tem menor desempenho fisiológico, assim como maior deterioração e maior atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase, principalmente após secagem mais rápida. A remoção da mucilagem durante o processamento despolpado e desmucilado de sementes de café reduz a atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase e também a deterioração. A secagem rápida em secador afeta negativamente a qualidade das sementes. A enzima endo-ß-mananase é eficiente no estudo dos efeitos do processamento e secagem em sementes de café, podendo ser avaliada em sementes inteiras, endospermas ou embriões.
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Objective To evaluate the anti-human respiratory syncytial viurs ( hRSV ) effect of aminoglucomannan ( AGM) in mice.Methods BALB/c mice infected with hRSV were randomly divided into AGM and konjac glucomannan ( KGM) groups with 54 in each.Then, mice in AGM group and KGM group were subdivided into three groups and treated with different doses of AGM or KGM as 2.5 μmol/L, 0.25 μmol/L or 0.025μmol/L.Each subgroup was further divided into 3 groups with 6 in each according to administration intervals of AGM or KGM as 8 h, 12 h or 24 h.All the mice are sacrificed at 72 h.The general condition of the mice was observed everyday.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of hRSV fusion protein ( F) mRNA in the lung tissue of the mice. HE staining method and immunohistochemistry technique for intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1) expression in the lung tissue were used to evaluate the inflammation in the lung tissue.ANOVA for randomized block design was used to examine the influence of dose and administration intervals on the expressions of hRSV F mRNA and ICAM-1.Results Reduced activity and asthma were observed in 16 mice in the KGM group, but not in the AGM group.And two mice in the KGM group died at d3, but there was no death in the AGM group.RT-PCR showed that the levels of hRSV F mRNA in lung tissues were 0.49 ±0.21 in AGM group and 0.88 ±0.06 in KGM group (t=6.71, P0.05).Conclusion AGM can alleviate the inflammation of lung tissue in mice infected with hRSV in a dose and time-depandent manner.
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Objective To investigate the effect of β-lactam antibiotics on the false positive rate of the serum Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) assay in patients with lung diseases.Methods We selectively recruited 77 lung disease patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria of invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) and received different β-lactam antibiotics,while 41 patients without IPA who did not receive any antibiotic treatment were recruited as the control group.Serum samples for GM detection were collected from all participants.The rate of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan was compared between the two groups.Results False-positive serum results were found in patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam (30.8％ or 8/26) and cefoperazone sulbactamand (27.8％ or 5/18).The rate of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan in patients who receive β-lactam antibiotics were significantly higher than that in the control group (24.7％ or 19/77vs.7.3％ or 3/41,x2 =5.315,P=0.025).Taking false-positive serum Aspergillus galactomannan as the dependent variable and β-lactam antibiotic treatment as the independent variable,univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the rate of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan in patients who received β-lactam antibiotics were 4.149 times more than that in the control group (OR=4.149,P=0.030).Conclusions The administration of β-lactam antibiotics may increase the occurrence of false-positive serum Aspergillus galactomannan,and physicians should be aware of this possible interference.
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Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of galactomannan(GM) detection for invasive aspergillosis infections in pediatric patients, a Meta-analysis was performed.Methods According to selection criteria, studies indexed by PubMed,EMBASE,Medline,CNKI and Wanfang Data on GM testing in pediatric aspergillosis were included from January 2001 to November 2012. The methodological quality was assessed by QUADAS, sources of heterogeneity investigated, pooled effect quantities evaluated, and summary receiver operative curves(ROC) and subgroup analysis performed.Stata12.0 was used to analyze diagnostic parameters, such as, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and area under the curve(AUC). Results Thirteen articles with 16 sets of data were included.The weighted sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence interval were 0.71(0.60-0.79)and 0.94(0.89-0.96), respectively.Under different cut-off values, sensitivities of GM assay in diagnosis of pediatric aspergillosis were 0.71(0.54-0.84) for 0.5, 0.77(0.64-0.87) for 0.8, 0.72(0.58-0.84) for 1.0 and 0.59(0.39-0.76) for 1.5, and its responding specificities were 0.94(0.89-0.97), 0.89(0.82-0.93), 0.89(0.81-0.94) and 0.91(0.88-0.94).Conclusion Under the cut-off value of 0.8, the GM assay is a useful method in the detection of pediatric invasive aspergillosis.
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Objective To investigate the value of Real-time PCR in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis(IA) and to compare it with galactomannan antigen assays.Methods A retrospective study was performed on 110 episodes of hospitalization of 88 patients who were at risk of invasive aspergillosis at Peking University First and Renmin Hospital from May 2008 to December 2010.23 cases with diagnosis and clinical diagnosis IA were classified as infection group and 87 cases with suspected diagnosis and non-IA were classified as non-infeciton group according to the international criterion.Real-time PCR and gaiactomannan antigen detections were performed on 257 serum samples.A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)was developed based on the quantitative cycle numbers and an optimal cut off value of quantification cycle (Cq) was determined.The sensitivity (Se),specificity (Sp),positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated under different considerations among which McNemar chi-square tests were used for statistical analyze.Results The area under ROC curve of Real-time PCR for the diagnosis of IA was 0.91 (95％ CI:0.825-0.995) and the optimal cut off value of Cq was 39.45.The Se and Sp of one positive PCR,two positive PCR,one positive GM and two positive GM were 87.0％,79.3％ ; 58.3％,97.8％ ; 78.3％,63.2％ ; and 58.3％,82.6％,respectively.When one positive PCR was considered as the diagnostic criterion of IA,Real-time PCR was able to diagnose 100％ and 84.2％ of proven and probable IA cases,respectively.The Sp of one/two positive PCR were statistically higher than one/two positive GM (P ＜ 0.05),respectively.The Sp of two positive PCR was statistically higher than one positive PCR (P ＜0.05).The Se and Sp were 65.2％,89.7％ and 100％,52.3％ for one positive PCR combined one positive GM and one PCR or GM positive,respectively.Conclusions Real-time PCR assays have better sensitivities and specificities than GM in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.When two PCR positive were considered,better specificity and positive predictive value were achieved.
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OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência das frações de parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) sobre alguns parâmetros nutricionais de ratos Wistar em crescimento. MÉTODOS: A biomassa de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), coletada sem sofrer o processo de termólise, foi recebida da usina São José, Zillo Lorenzetti (Macatuba, SP), em suspensão de, aproximadamente, (20 por cento p/v) de células. O fracionamento da parede celular da levedura foi realizado por extração diferencial, centrifugação e secagem em spray dryer. A importância como fibra da dieta foi determinada em ratos da linhagem Wistar, recém desmamados, por meio das seguintes avaliações: ganho de peso corporal, consumo de dieta (28 dias), quociente de eficiência da dieta, digestibilidade aparente da proteína, quantidade total de fezes, lipídeos e colesterol excretados nas fezes. RESULTADOS: Os animais que receberam a dieta contendo a fração glicana mais manana ganharam menos peso em relação aos demais tratamentos. A dieta com a fração manana foi a que proporcionou maior ganho de peso, seguida pela dieta padrão (AIN-P) e a dieta com 10 por cento de glicana insolúvel. Quanto ao quociente de eficiência da dieta, observou-se, ao longo dos 28 dias, que a dieta com a fração glicana mais manana foi a que apresentou os menores valores. As maiores porcentagens de digestibilidade aparente da proteína foram observadas nas dietas: padrão modificada (AIN-M), padrão (AIN-P) e (M) com 10 por cento da fração manana. As quantidades de lipídeos totais e colesterol excretados nas fezes variaram bastante entre as dietas, sendo que a dieta formulada com 10 por cento de fração manana foi a que promoveu maior excreção do colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: Ao final de 28 dias, os animais que receberam a dieta contendo 10,0 por cento da fração glicana mais manana apresentaram o menor consumo de dieta e ganharam menos peso em relação às demais dietas. A digestibilidade aparente...
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to assess the nutritional impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall fractions on some nutritional parameters in growing Wistar rats. METHODS: Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) biomass collected without undergoing thermolysis came from the mill São José, Zillo Lorenzetti (Macatuba, SP) in a suspension of approximately 20 percent p/v of cells. Fractionation of the cell wall material was done by differential extraction, centrifugation, and drying in "spray dryer". The importance of the yeast cell components as dietary fibers was assessed in recently weaned Wistar rats by measuring weight gain, diet consumption (28 days), diet efficiency ratio, apparent protein digestibility, total amount of feces and lipids and cholesterol excreted in feces. RESULTS: Rats which were submitted to diets containing glycan plus mannan gained less weight when compared with the other diets. The mannan-containing diet yielded the highest weight gain, followed by the standard AIN diet (S-AIN) and the insoluble glycan diet. Regarding diet efficiency ratio, the diet containing glycan plus mannan produced the lowest values throughout the 28 days. The highest apparent protein digestibility was obtained for the modified standard diet, for the standard AIN diet, as well as for the 10 percent mannan-containing diet (M). Total lipids and cholesterol excreted in the feces varied substantially among the diets. The diet containing 10 percent mannan was the one that promoted the greatest excretion of cholesterol. CONCLUSION: At the end of 28 days, the rats submitted to the glycan plus mannan-containing diets consumed less food and gained less body weight than those submitted to the other diets. Apparent digestibility of all diets was high, 98.6 percent on average. The amounts of total lipids and cholesterol excreted in the feces varied considerably; however, the mannan-containing diet promoted proportionally more cholesterol...
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Animals , Rats , Mannans/adverse effects , Cell Wall/physiology , Polysaccharides/physiology , Rats, Wistar/physiology , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective To observe the preventive effect of mannatide on infection and relapse of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purura(ITP).Methods One hundred and twenty children with ITP were randomly divided into mannatide treatment group and prednisone control group.Control group venous dexamethasone of 3 d;then treated by prednisone.Treatment group added mannatide tablets for 1 month.The rates of remission clinical blood,platelet,control time,complicated infection and relapse rates were observed.The levels of plasma immunoglobulin(Ig)G,IgA,IgM were determined before and after mannatide treatment.Results The rate of clinical blood,platelet,control time,infection time was not different in 2 groups.The rates of infection complicated and relapse were all significant lower than that in control group.The plasma IgG,IgA significantly increased than that in control group.The plasma IgM had no significant difference.Conclusion Vaccine therapy can be helpful in protecting and decreasing infection,diminishing relapse of children with ITP,and improve the level of IgG,IgA,and thus improve their immune function.
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Objective To investigate the effect of Candida albicans and its components on the expression level of human beta-defensin-2 mRNA (HBD-2) in keratinocytes in vitro. Methods Different components of Candida albicans were isolated by lyticase, repeated freezing and thawing, sonication, and centrifugation. The keratinocytes and HaCaT cell lines were co-cultured with Candida albicans and its cellular components for 24 h. The expression level of HBD-2 mRNA was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Low expression level of HBD-2 mRNA in the unstimulated keratinocytes and HaCaT cells was detected. The HBD-2 mRNA expression levels in the keratinocytes stimulated by Candida albicans, the extract of its cell wall, and pure mannan were significantly increased (P 0.05). Conclusions Candida albicans, the extract of cell wall of Candida albicans, and commercial mannan can increase the expression level of HBD-2 mRNA in keratinocytes.
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Objective To investigate the potential effect of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)separated mannan of cell wall from Candida albicans on the production of IL -6and IL -8in h uman peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)induced by lipopoly saccharide(LPS).Methods PBMCs were pretreated with differen t concentrations of CTAB mannan(1.000mg /mL?0.100mg /mL?0.010mg /mL)for 24h.LPS(50?g /mL)was added and co-incubated for 24h.And a t 48h,the supernatants were collected.At 24h and 48h,only the super-natants of stimulated by CTABmannan were collected.LPS(50?g /mL)was the positive control,unstimula ted culture medium the negative control.The con tents of IL -6and IL -8in the supernatants were determined by ELISA.Re-sults At 24h and 48h,no IL -6and IL -8were detected in 3different concentration-CTAB mannan groups.LPS could induce IL -6(478.507?24.876ng /mL),IL -8(529.655?53.279ng /mL).The contents of IL -6and IL -8of negative control were not detectable.In 1.000mg /mL CTAB mannan +LPS group the contents of IL -6were(85.620?16.058ng /mL,P=0.004),IL -8were(123.940?20.319ng /mL,P=0.011).In 0.100mg /mL CTAB mannan +LPS group,IL -6(210.086?27.874ng /mL,P=0.007),IL -8(206.798?31.878ng /mL,P=0.022).In 0.010mg /mL CTAB mannan +LPS grou p,IL -6(201.387?32.396ng /mL,P=0.014),IL -8(203.133?36.012ng /mL,P=0.015).Conclusion CTAB mannan of cell wall from Candida albicans could downregulate the production o f IL -6and IL -8from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by LPS.