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RESUMO A avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma técnica de estimativa de impactos ambientais, como emissão de gases de efeito estufa (CO2eq), para geração de produto ou realização de processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a pegada de carbono para a produção da margarina e da manteiga com uso das normas ISO e PAS aplicadas a uma empresa de alimentos localizada na região Sul do Brasil desde a etapa do campo até a sua forma embalada com unidade funcional de 500 g para distribuição. Três cenários foram abordados para a margarina (óleos de soja provenientes do Sul e do Centro-Oeste com e sem desmatamento por queimada) e dois para manteiga (com alocação por massa e econômica). A modelagem foi realizada com dados primários de produção agrícola e da empresa e secundários do ecoinvent ® . A pegada da manteiga com alocação econômica (2,91 kg de CO2eq) foi maior do que a da margarina produzida com soja da mesma região (1,32 kg de CO2eq). Entretanto, esse coproduto autônomo da indústria de laticínio requer alocação mássica para evitar supervalorização, sendo de fato a menor pegada (0,63 kg de CO2eq). A utilização de grãos de soja do Centro-Oeste aumentou a pegada da margarina (1,58 kg de CO2eq), tendo sido muito intensificado quando empregado desmatamento por queimada (2,69 kg de CO2eq). A produção de leite foi o fator deletério preponderante para a manteiga. Para a margarina, houve duas situações distintas, sua fabricação quando se usa soja da mesma região ou a produção do grão quando este for proveniente de região distante desmatada por queimada.
ABSTRACT Life Cycle Assessment is a technique for estimating environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2eq), for manufacturing product or process realization. The objective of this study was to establish the carbon footprint for the production of margarine and butter using ISO and PAS standards applied to a food company, located in the southern region of Brazil, from the field stage to its packed form with a functional unit of 500 g for distribution. Three scenarios were addressed for margarine (soybean oil from the South and the Midwest with and without burned deforestation) and two for butter (with mass and economic allocation). The modeling was performed with primary data from the agricultural and industrial production, and secondary data from ecoinvent ® . The economically allocated butter footprint (2.91 kg CO2eq) was higher than that of margarine produced with soybeans from the same region (1.32 kg CO2eq). However, this autonomous co-product of the dairy industry requires mass allocation to avoid overvaluation, being in fact the smallest footprint (0.63 kg CO2eq). The use of soybeans from the Midwest increased margarine' footprint (1.58 kg CO2eq) and was greatly intensified with burned deforestation (2.69 kg CO2eq). Milk production was the predominant deleterious factor for butter. For margarine there were two other distinct occasions, which were the manufacture when soy from the same region is used or the production with soybeans from a distant region deforested by burning.
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Resumen Antecedentes: estudios previos reportan la presencia de grasas saturadas y grasas trans en productos de panadería, relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, se desconoce la procedencia y calidad de las materias primas grasas utilizadas por los panaderos en Medellín. Objetivo: caracterizar las materias primas grasas utilizadas para la preparación de productos de panadería. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, de tipo exploratorio, con 24 muestras. Por cada muestra se realizó una encuesta a los panaderos para evaluar la calidad de las grasas y un análisis por cromatografía de gases para cuantificar 17 grasas saturadas y grasas trans. Resultados: el promedio de grasas trans en las materias primas grasas fue de 0,46 g en 100 g, mientras la normatividad permite 5 g en 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); el 42,1 % del contenido graso proviene de grasas saturadas; y algunas materias primas grasas no cumplen con la normatividad vigente para el etiquetado de alimentos envasados, pues no tienen rotulado nutricional. Conclusiones: en ninguna de las 24 materias primas grasas evaluadas cromatográficamente se cuantificó un contenido de grasas trans superior a lo permitido por la Resolución 2508, lo cual evidencia el esfuerzo de la industria de alimentos. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia del etiquetado para asegurar su cumplimiento.
Abstract Background: Previous studies have reported the presence of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery products, which are related with chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the origin and quality of the primary fat ingredients and products used by bakers in the city of Medellin is currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this paper is to characterize the primary fat ingredients used for the preparation of bakery products. Materials and Methods: An exploratory transversal descriptive study, with 24 bakery samples belonging to three groups according to socioeconomic level. For each sample, a survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of fat and an analysis by gas chromatography was done to quantify 17 saturated and trans fatty acids was. Results: The average trans fatty acid content in the margarines is 0.46 g per 100 g, however regulatory entities allow 5 g per 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); 42.1% of fat content comes from saturated fatty acids and some primary fat ingredients do not comply with current regulations for packaged foods. Conclusions: None of the 24 fat ingredient chromatographic evaluations was quantified with trans fatty acids content higher than that allowed by Resolution 2508. This proves the effort of the food industry, however it is necessary to maintain the surveillance of the labeling to ensure compliance.
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Innovation is currently present in all areas of development, particularly in the food industry. Innovation requires creative effort, audacity and technological and/or commercial skills. In the evolution of foods and the associated processes there have been many failures but also many innovations and successful innovators. This paper describes some cases of successful innovations that finally turned into products that are massively consumed daily.
La innovación es un tema actualmente presente en todas las áreas del desarrollo, particularmente en la industria de los alimentos. La innovación requiere esfuerzo creativo, audacia, habilidades tecnológicas y/o comerciales. En la evolución de los alimentos y de los procesos asociados han existido muchos fracasos pero también muchas innovaciones e innovadores exitosos. Este trabajo describe algunos casos de innovaciones exitosas que finalmente se transformaron en productos que diariamente son de consumo masivo.
Subject(s)
Sweetening Agents , Beverages , Cannery , Food Industry/history , Edible Grain , Food , Chocolate , MargarineABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of different dietary fat and oils (differing in their degree of saturation and unsaturation) on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of rats. Methods:The study was conducted on 50 albino rats that were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals. The groups were fed on dietary butter (Group I), margarine (Group II), olive oil (Group III), sunflower oil (Group IV) and corn oil (Group V) for 7 weeks. After 12 h of diet removal, livers were excised and blood was collected to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the supernatant of liver homogenate and in blood. Blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), serum vitamin E and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were also measured to determine the effects of fats and oils on lipid peroxidation. Results: The results indicated that no significant differences were observed in SOD activity, vitamin E and TAC levels between the five groups. However, there was significant decrease of GPx activity in groups IV and V when compared with other groups. The results indicated that feeding corn oil caused significant increases in liver and blood MDA levels as compared with other oils and fats. There were positive correlations between SOD and GPx, vitamin E and TAC as well as between GPx and TAC (r:0.743;P Conclusions:The results demonstrated that feeding oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increases lipid peroxidation significantly and may raise the susceptibility of tissues to free radical oxidative damage.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of different dietary fat and oils (differing in their degree of saturation and unsaturation) on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study was conducted on 50 albino rats that were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals. The groups were fed on dietary butter (Group I), margarine (Group II), olive oil (Group III), sunflower oil (Group IV) and corn oil (Group V) for 7 weeks. After 12 h of diet removal, livers were excised and blood was collected to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the supernatant of liver homogenate and in blood. Blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), serum vitamin E and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were also measured to determine the effects of fats and oils on lipid peroxidation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results indicated that no significant differences were observed in SOD activity, vitamin E and TAC levels between the five groups. However, there was significant decrease of GPx activity in groups IV and V when compared with other groups. The results indicated that feeding corn oil caused significant increases in liver and blood MDA levels as compared with other oils and fats. There were positive correlations between SOD and GPx, vitamin E and TAC as well as between GPx and TAC (r: 0.743; P<0.001) and between blood MDA and liver MDA (r: 0.897; P<0.001). The results showed also negative correlations between blood MDA on one hand and SOD, GPx, vitamin E and TAC on the other hand.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results demonstrated that feeding oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increases lipid peroxidation significantly and may raise the susceptibility of tissues to free radical oxidative damage.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Analysis of Variance , Diet , Dietary Fats , Pharmacology , Dietary Fats, Unsaturated , Pharmacology , Glutathione Peroxidase , Blood , Lipid Peroxidation , Malondialdehyde , Blood , Plant Oils , Pharmacology , Superoxide Dismutase , BloodABSTRACT
Introduction: Essential fatty acids (EFAs) play a vital role in the human body and need to be taken through a regular diet. EFAs are susceptible to autoxidation, hence the stability of the EFAs and their products is a matter of concern. Methods: Margarine containing sunflower oil as a carrier of EFAs was prepared and the effects of water content, incorporation of EFAs, emulsifiers and antioxidants on the physical properties of margarine, that is, slipping point, dropping point and spreadability were studied. The oxidative stability of the formulated margarine was also evaluated after incorporation of EFAs and antioxidants. Results: The incorporation of EFAs in the form of sunflower oil resulted in improved physical properties especially spreadability. The study revealed that up to 45% sunflower oil can be incorporated using glycerol monostearate as an emulsifier with total fat to water ratio of 85:15. Lecithin imparted better spreadability and grainy structure but is known to be susceptible to microbial attack. The capsicum oleoresin showed good activity as an antioxidant. Further addition of kalonji seeds ethanol extract (KEE) as well as curcuminoids resulted in improved spreadability but showed a decrease in oxidation stability. Conclusion: A stable and nutritional margarine was developed with the addition of natural antioxidants. Consumers can avail the benefits of both the EFAs and natural antioxidants in the margarine.
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Margarines are industrial products obtained mainly from the soft hydrogenation of vegetable and marine oils. Originally developed as substitutes of butter, margarines are presently highly demanded and consumed because today industrial procedures allow the manufacture of products, which resemble butter, being however, less expensive and more stable than milk fat. Ten years ago (1999) we analyzed the composition of the different spread margarines expended in Chile in relation to its fat origin and content, fatty acid composition, trans isomers, cholesterol and vitamin content. Ai this time four types of margarines were expended: manufactured from vegetable fat; from animal fat (hydrogenated fish oil); vegetable fat and VTF (virtually trans free); and vegetable fat dietetic and VTF. To day, the scenario is substantially different. Twenty-eight, different spread margarines are commercialized in Chile, corresponding to a wide variety of products having different amount and composition of fat and additives. Although the classification of each margarine is difficult due the variety of hem, we intended to separate the different products in five categories: "Traditional", those having 80 percent fat or less with no other additives different than those regulated; "Light": those products that contain less than 80 percent fat and added of additives different than those regulated; "With milk": added of skimmed milk; "With butter", and ; "With functionality": margarines added of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, or phytosterols. Because the wide variety of margarine expended in Chile, it is difficult to decide which product may be better than butter. However, as a generally rule, those margarine manufactured exclusively from vegetable oils, containing no cholesterol and trans fatty acids, with a high content of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, and eventually with less than 80 percent fat, may be considered a product nutritionally more recommendable than butter.
Las margarinas son productos industriales obtenidos a partir de la hidrogenación de aceites vegetales y marinos. Originalmente se desarrollaron como sustitutos de la mantequilla. Actualmente son productos de alta demanda y consumo debido a que los procedimientos industriales actuales permiten la obtención de productos muy similares a la mantequilla, de menor costo y más estables que la grasa láctea. Hace diez años atrás (1999) nuestro grupo realizó un análisis de la composición de ácidos grasos, de isómeros trans, de colesterol y del contenido de vitaminas de las diferentes margarinas de mesa en potes que se comercializaban en Chile. En aquella época solo había disponible cuatro tipos de margarinas: manufacturadas con grasa hidrogenada de origen vegetal; con grasa hidrogenada de origen animal (aceite de pescado hidrogenado), con grasa vegetal tipo VTF (virtually trans free), y con grasa vegetal VTF dietética. Actualmente, el escenario es sustancialmente diferente. En Chile se comercializan veintiocho tipos diferentes de margarinas de mesa en potes y que corresponden a una amplia variedad que incluye diferente composición de grasa y de aditivos. Aunque la clasificación es difícil debido a la gran variedad, hemos separado los diferentes productos en cinco categorías: "Tradicionales", aquellas margarinas con un 80 por ciento de grasa, o menos, pero que no son adicionadas de ningún aditivo salvo los regulados; "Light", aquellas que contienen menos de 80 por ciento de grasa, adicionadas de aditivos diferentes a los regulados; "Con leche", productos adicionados de leche descremada; "Con mantequilla", y; "Con funcionalidad", esto es margarinas adicionadas de ácidos grasos omega-3, fibra, o fitoesteroles. Debido a la gran variedad de margarinas que se comercializan en Chile, es difícil decidir qué producto es mejor que la mantequilla. Sin embargo, como regla general, aquellas margarinas manufacturadas exclusivamente con aceites vegetales, que no contienen colesterol...
Subject(s)
Butter/analysis , Margarine/analysis , Nutrition Assessment , Trans Fatty AcidsABSTRACT
La margarina es fuente de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), insaturados y trans (AGT) en la dieta diaria, estos son incorporados en los fosfolípidos de las membranas celulares. Nos planteamos un estudio experimental de los efectos de los AGS y AGT de la margarina en la cinética de potenciación posreposo ventricular derecha y el cronotropismo auricular en corazón de rata. Tres grupos de ratas Sprague-Dawley recibieron alimento estándar enriquecido con aceite de soya o margarina, respectivamente, por 4 semanas. Se estudió el cronotropismo auricular utilizando dosis crecientes de Epinefrina y en ventrículo derecho, la fuerza de estado estable y la potenciación post-reposo en presencia y ausencia de Verapamil. Las dietas enriquecidas con margarina disminuyeron significativamente (P<0,05) la fuerza contráctil del estado estable y la cinética de potenciación post-reposo en comparación a las otras dietas mientras que no se encontró diferencias en el cronotropismo auricular
Margarine is a source of saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated and trans (TFA) in daily diet, these are incorporated into the cell membranes phospholipids. We considered an experimental study about the effects of margarines SFA and TFA on the right ventricle post-rest potentiation kinetics and atrial chronotropism in rat heart. Three groups of Sprague- Dawley rats received standard food enriched with soybean oil or margarine, respectively, for 4 weeks. We studied the atrial chronotropism using increasing doses of epinephrine and in right ventricle, steady-state force and post-rest potentiation in presence and absence of Verapamil. Margarine-enriched diets significantly reduced (p<0,05) contractile force in steady-state and post-rest potentiation kinetics in comparison to other diets, while no differences were found in atrial chronotropism
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Heart Rate , Margarine/adverse effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Trans Fatty Acids , Heart Ventricles/injuries , Animals, LaboratoryABSTRACT
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade da cepa probiótica Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 incorporado em margarina, suplementada com inulina, concentrado protéico de soro (WPC) e concentrado de caseína (CMP), bem como avaliar as características do produto e a resistência do probiótico às condições simuladas do trato gastrintestinal humano. Foram produzidos 7 diferentes tipos de margarinas de mesa (60% de lipídios: 60 % de óleo de palma + 40% de óleo de canola), empregando-se um modelo de mistura, onde inulina, WPC e CMP foram as variáveis estudadas. Uma formulação controle foi produzida (M8), sem adição desses ingredientes. A utilização da mistura do óleo de palma com óleo de canola favoreceu nutricionalmente as formulações, fornecendo produtos contendo ácidos graxos essenciais em sua composição e ausência de ácidos graxos trans. As formulações M1 a M7, exceto a formulação M2 após o 21º dia de armazenamento, apresentaram populações satisfatórias de Bb-12 para um alimento probiótico, com populações acima de 6 log UFC/g durante 35 dias de armazenamento. Margarinas suplementadas com inulina apresentaram populações satisfatórias durante todo o armazenamento, atingindo populações de 8,01 log UFC/g ao 35º dia (M1). Além disso, M3 e M6, revelaram populações de Bb-12 de 6,87 log UFC/g e 7,27 log UFC/g (dia 35), respectivamente. Por outro lado, M8 não foi caracterizada como margarina probiótica, uma vez que apresentou populações abaixo de 6 log UFC/g, já ao 1º dia de armazenamento. Embora WPC seja utilizado em pesquisas para aumentar a viabilidade de probióticos em alimentos, a suplementação de margarina com WPC sem inulina ou CMP não resultou em populações satisfatórias de Bb-12, apresentando decréscimo de 7,82 (dia 1) para 4,64 log UFC/g (M2, dia 35) (p<0,05). Durante todo o ensaio de resistência in vitro, Bb-12 apresentou sobrevivência significativamente superior (p<0,05) em M1 e revelou populações acima de 6 log UFC/g após 6h de...
This study aimed to determine the viability of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 incorporated in margarine, with inulin, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and caseinomacropeptide (CMP) supplementation. In addition, the in vitro resistance of Bb-12 incorporated in margarine and related properties were evaluated. Seven margarine-making trials (60% of fat: 60% of palm oil +40% canola oil) were produced, using a mixture model, where inulin, WPC and CMP were the variables studied. Also, a control formulation without these ingredients was manufactured. The use of blending palm oil with canola oil improved the margarine formulations nutritionally, providing products containing essential fatty acids in its composition and absence of trans fatty acids. The formulations M1 to M7, except M2 after 21 days of storage, revealed satisfactory Bb-12 populations for a probiotic food, with counts above 6 log CFU/g during 35 days of storage at 5±1ºC. Margarines supplemented with inulin presented suitable Bb-12 populations throughout the whole storage period, reaching up to 8 log CFU/g by the end of storage (M1). Also, M3 and M6, revealed Bb-12 populations of 6.87 log CFU/g and of 7.27 log CFU/g (day 35), respectively. In contrast, M8 was not characterized as probiotic margarine, since it showed Bb-12 populations below 6 log CFU/g on day 1. Even though whey protein is largely employed in probiotic foods, margarine supplementation with WPC without inulin or CMP did not lead to Bb-12 satisfactory populations, decreasing from 7.82 (day 1) to 4.64 log CFU/g (M2, day 35) (p<0.05). During the whole in vitro assays, Bb-12 survived significantly better (p<0.05) in M1 and revealed populations above 6 log CFU/g after 6h even after 28 days. M2 populations decreased drastically during the in vitro assays for all storage period tested (reduction of 5 log CFU/g after 2h of in vitro assays on day 7 and populations of 2.8 log CFU/g after 6h). For the other formulations, Bb-12...