Actualización de la Epidemiología de Tratamientos Quirúrgicos Maxilofaciales en Hospital Público de Santiago de Chile: Estudio Comparativo - Retrospectivo de 4 Años / Epidemiological Update of Maxillofacial Surgical Treatments in a Public Hospital in Santiago de Chile: A Comparative Retrospective Study of 4 Years

La cirugía maxilofacial es una especialidad médico quirúrgica que se encarga tanto del diagnóstico como del tratamiento de enfermedades que afecta al territorio craneofacial. En Chile existen pocos estudios epidemiológicos en cirugía maxilofacial que describan con detalle el tipo de intervenciones realizadas más allá del trauma maxilofacial, y que además involucren el período por pandemia COVID-19. El objetivo del estudio fue actualizar la epidemiología de resolución quirúrgica bajo anestesia general en el Hospital San José de Santiago de Chile entre los años 2018 y 2021 y compararlo con el estudio realizado en mismo recinto entre los años 2007 y 2013. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 607 pacientes. Se recopiló información de acuerdo a edad, género del paciente y tipo de intervención. Del total de intervenciones realizadas, 176 (29%) correspondieron a trauma maxilofacial y 431 (71%) a cirugías de etiología no traumática. Edad promedio de 38,7 años. Proporción entre el sexo masculino y femenino de 1,28:1. La fractura más frecuente fue la mandibular (59,66%), seguida de la orbito cigomática (23,86%) y la panfacial (4,55%). En las cirugías de etiología no traumática predominaron las intervenciones por dismorfosis dentofaciales (23,2%), seguido tumores de los maxilares (20,41%), lesiones orales (18,56%), defocaciones dentarias (16,24%), infecciones (8,81%), patologías de articulación temporomandibular (8,35%) y finalmente retiro de material de osteosíntesis (4.41%). Las intervenciones de etiología no traumática y la resolución de fracturas mandibulares fueron los procedimientos más realizados por la unidad. El conocimiento de estos datos y la comparación con el estudio anterior permite observar el cambio en la epidemiologia, que puede explicarse por la pandemia por COVID-19. Considerando lo anterior, ambos tipos de intervenciones deben ser abordadas de manera integral y con las condiciones adecuadas. Para ello es importante enfocar los recursos en esas áreas y desarrollar mayor entrenamiento en las mismas.

Maxillofacial surgery is a medical- surgical specialty that deals with both diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the craniofacial territory. In Chile there are few epidemiological studies in maxillofacial surgery that describe in detail the type of interventions performed beyond maxillofacial trauma, and that also involve the COVID-19 pandemic period. The aim of the study was to update the epidemiology of surgical resolution under general anesthesia at the Hospital San José in Santiago de Chile between 2018 and 2021 and to compare it with the study performed at the same hospital between 2007 and 2013. A retrospective study was performed with 607 patients. Information was collected according to age, patient gender and type of intervention. Of the total number of interventions performed, 176 (29%) corresponded to maxillofacial trauma and 431 (71%) to surgeries of non-traumatic etiology. Average age of 38.7 years. Male to female sex ratio of 1.28:1. The most frequent fracture was mandibular (59.66%), followed by orbito-zygomatic (23.86%) and panfacial (4.55%). In surgeries of non-traumatic etiology, interventions for dentofacial dysmorphosis predominated (23.2%), followed by tumors of the jaws (20.41%), oral lesions (18.56%), dental defocations (16.24%), infections (8.81%), temporomandibular joint pathologies (8.35%) and finally removal of osteosynthesis material (4.41%). Interventions of non-traumatic etiology and resolution of mandibular fractures were the procedures most performed by the unit. The knowledge of these data and the comparison with the previous study allows us to observe the change in epidemiology, which can be explained by the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the above, both types of interventions should be approached in a comprehensive manner and with the appropriate conditions. To this end, it is important to focus resources in these areas and to develop more training in them.

Impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital / Impacto del COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's behavior. Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital. Methods: This research involved a 4-year descriptive, comparative, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Patients surgically treated between March 1 and December 31, 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared with those who had undergone surgery between the same date in the years 2017-2019 (non-pandemic period). Age, sex, residence, year, month, alcohol consumption at the time of trauma, etiology, fractures types, and number of fractures per patient were recorded. Results: A decline in patients with maxillofacial fractures in 2020 (n=25) was observed when compared to equivalent periods in the three previous years (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectively, with an annual average reduction of 31.19 percent. Interpersonal violence was found to be the paramount etiological factor for maxillofacial fractures during the comparison periods (2017-2019); however, road traffic accident prevailed in the 2020 (n=12; 48 percent). There was a small increase in the number of alcohol-related fractures (56 percent in 2020 vs 46.34 percent, 41.94 percent, and 51.35 percent in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 impacted on the epidemiology maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in this Cuban university hospital (AU)

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el comportamiento de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano. Métodos: Esta investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo y transversal de 4 años de duración. Se compararon los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de diciembre de 2020 (periodo COVID-19) con los intervenidos entre la misma fecha en los años 2017-2019 (periodo no pandémico). Se registraron edad, sexo, residencia, año, mes, consumo de alcohol en el momento del traumatismo, etiología, tipos de fracturas y número de fracturas por paciente. Resultados: Se observó un descenso de pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales en 2020 (n=25) en comparación con periodos equivalentes de los tres años anteriores (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectivamente, con una reducción media anual del 31,19 poe ciento. Se observó que la violencia interpersonal fue el factor etiológico primordial de las fracturas maxilofaciales durante los periodos de comparación (2017-2019); sin embargo, el accidente de tráfico prevaleció en el 2020 (n=12; 48 por ciento). Hubo un pequeño aumento en el número de fracturas relacionadas con el alcohol (56 por ciento en 2020 frente a 46,34 por ciento, 41,94 por ciento y 51,35 por ciento en 2019, 2018 y 2017, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 impactó en la epidemiología de fracturas maxilofaciales atendidas quirúrgicamente en este hospital universitario cubano (AU)

Caracterización del Traumatismo Dentoalveolar Concomitante a Trauma Maxilofacial en Personal Profesional de Fuerzas Armadas: Revisión Narrativa

El trauma maxilofacial es un problema de salud pública, comúnmente asociado a traumatismo dentoalveolar. Su prevalencia es alta, siendo más frecuente en poblaciones de riesgo, como personal de Fuerzas Armadas, esto por sus actividades laborales, generando gran impacto en el paciente. Caracterizar, según la literatura, el traumatismo dentoalveolar concomitante a trauma maxilofacial en el personal profesional de Fuerzas Armadas. Se realizó una revisión narrativa en cuatro bases de datos, en octubre del 2020. Se incluyeron publicaciones de máximo 5 años de antigüedad, en inglés o español, con resumen disponible, estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas. Se excluyó publicaciones no disponibles en texto completo y reportes de casos. Se incluyeron 15 artículos. Existe un déficit de evidencia sobre la asociación que existe entre traumatismo dentoalveolar y traumatismo maxilofacial en la población estudiada. Encontrándose que solo el 6,7 % de estos incluía en su análisis la concomitancia entre ambos tipos de traumas. Sin embargo, los diagnósticos más prevalentes consistieron en fracturas coronarias y mandibulares, respectivamente, asociadas a actividades de entrenamiento y combate. Se establece que el tipo de trauma maxilofacial más frecuente en la población profesional de Fuerzas Armadas es la fractura mandibular y en relación al traumatismo dentoalveolar, la fractura coronaria. En cuanto a la etiología, destacan las heridas de bala, explosivos y accidentes en vehículos, afectando principalmente a personal del Ejército entre 18 a 30 años. Es importante mencionar que los artículos incluidos en esta revisión que hacen referencia a la concomitancia entre el traumatismo dentoalveolar y maxilofacial son escasos y no se encuentran actualizados, por lo que, se necesita continuar investigando en esta temática.

The maxillofacial injuries are a public health issue commonly associated to dentoalveolar injuries. Its high prevalence in risk population such as the Armed Forces personnel, due to their work activities, generates a great impact on the patient. Characterize, according to the literature, dentoalveolar injuries within the maxillofacial injuries in professional Armed Forces personnel. A narrative research was conducted on October 2020 with four data bases. Only 5-year-old publications were considered both in English and Spanish, including their available summary, primary studies and systematic revisions. Publications without full access or report cases were not included. Fifteen scientific papers were included. There is a deficit of evidence between maxillofacial and dentoalveolar injuries in the target population. Only 6.7 % of the research included a joint analysis between both traumas, however the most prevalent diagnosis consisted in coronaries and mandibular fractures, in that order, associated mainly to training and combat activities. The most frequent maxillofacial injury within the Armed Forces personnel is the mandibular fracture, and in relation with dentoalveolar injuries is the coronary fracture. Regarding the etiology, gunshot wounds, explosives and car accidents are featured affecting mainly between 18 to 30 years old army personnel. It's relevant to highlight that the scientific papers included in this revision about the association between dentoalveolar and maxillofacial injuries are poor and not updated. Further research is needed in this issue.

Comportamiento y gravedad del trauma maxilofacial en urgencia en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García" / Characteristics and Severity of Maxillofacial Trauma in the Emergency Room at General Calixto García University Hospital

Introducción: La región maxilofacial es vulnerable al trauma. Se utilizan herramientas para evaluar la gravedad del trauma maxilofacial. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento y gravedad del trauma maxilofacial en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", desde septiembre de 2018 hasta marzo de 2021. El universo fue de 57 pacientes. Se aplicó la escala de severidad de lesiones faciales. Variables analizadas: edad, sexo, etiología, diagnósticos, exámenes complementarios, gravedad del trauma maxilofacial, procederes terapéuticos inmediatos. Resultados: Prevaleció la fractura mandibular como diagnóstico (66,7 por ciento). La etiología más frecuente fue la violencia interpersonal (29,8 por ciento). Predominó la gravedad leve del trauma maxilofacial (71,9 por ciento). La extracción de cuerpos extraños de la vía aérea, tracción lingual, inserción de cánula orofaríngea, intubación orotraqueal (5,3 por ciento), y sutura (64,9 por ciento), fueron los procederes terapéuticos inmediatos más utilizados. Conclusiones: Prevalecen los pacientes del sexo masculino y del grupo de edad de 19 a 30 años. Predomina la fractura mandibular como diagnóstico. Los exámenes complementarios más utilizados son, la tomografía computarizada, el hemograma completo y el coagulograma. Impera la violencia interpersonal como etiología. Prevalece la gravedad leve del trauma maxilofacial. Los procederes terapéuticos inmediatos más empleados son, extracción de cuerpos extraños de la vía aérea, tracción lingual, inserción de cánula orofaríngea, intubación orotraqueal y sutura(AU)

Introduction: The maxillofacial region is vulnerable to trauma. Tools are used to assess the severity of maxillofacial trauma. Objective: To characterize maxillofacial trauma and its severity in patients cared for at the maxillofacial surgery emergency department of General Calixto García University Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in patients attending the maxillofacial surgery emergency department at General Calixto García University Hospital, from September 2018 to March 2021. The study universe was 57 patients. The facial injury severity scale was applied. The analyzed variables were age, sex, etiology, diagnoses, complementary examinations, severity of maxillofacial trauma, immediate therapeutic procedures. Results: Mandibular fracture prevailed as a diagnosis (66.7 percent). The most frequent etiology was interpersonal violence (29.8 percent). Mild severity of maxillofacial trauma predominated (71.9 percent). Extraction of foreign bodies from the airway, tongue traction, insertion of oropharyngeal cannula, orotracheal intubation (5.3 percent) and suturing (64.9 percent) were the most frequently used immediate therapeutic procedures. Conclusions: There is a prevalence of male patients and the age group 19 to 30 years. Mandibular fracture predominates as a diagnosis. The most frequently used complementary tests are computed tomography, complete blood count and coagulogram. Interpersonal violence prevails as an etiology. Mild severity of maxillofacial trauma prevails. The most commonly used immediate therapeutic procedures are extraction of foreign bodies from the airway, tongue traction, insertion of oropharyngeal cannula, orotracheal intubation and suturing(AU)

Retiro de elementos de osteosíntesis en trauma maxilofacial / Osteosynthesis elements removal in maxillofacial trauma

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores en la remoción de elementos de osteosíntesis (OTS) de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente debido a fracturas maxilofaciales. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo, donde fueron incluidos todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura maxilofacial y tratados mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna rígida en un intervalo de 10 años, en el Servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial en el Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad (HCMS). Resultados: En un total de 807 pacientes intervenidos, con un rango etario entre 22-66 años, fueron utilizados 2.421 OTS. Entre ellos, 58 pacientes (7,2%) fueron sometidos a un segundo procedimiento quirúrgico, retirándose un total de 129 OTS (5,3%). La principal causa de retiro fue infección (41,1%), comúnmente de carácter tardío. El tercio inferior facial fue el más afectado, específicamente, la zona parasinfisiaria. El 39% fue retirado antes de los 12 meses de posicionados. Conclusiones: El retiro de OTS, posterior a trauma maxilofacial tiene una baja prevalencia. El sitio más afectado es el hueso mandibular y la mayoría se retira dentro de los primeros 12-24 meses. La etiología es variable, sin embargo, la infección se mantiene como una de las principales. Los hallazgos sugieren que no sería recomendable realizar este procedimiento de forma universal para todos los pacientes.

Aim: To analyse the prevalence and factors regarding to osteosynthesis elements (OTS) removal from patients surgically treated due to maxillofacial fractures. Materials and Method: Retrospective study in which all patients with diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures and treated with open reduction and internal rigid fixation were included, in an interval of 10 years, in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of HCMS. Results: In 807 surgically treated patients, with an age between 22-66 years, 2.421 OTS were used. Among them, 58 patients (7.2%) underwent a second surgical procedure, with a total of 129 OTS removed (5.3%). The main cause of removal was infection (41.1%), commonly of a chronic nature. The lower third of the face was the most affected, specifically, the parasymphysis region. 39% of OTS were withdrawn before 12 months. Conclusions: OTS removal after maxillofacial trauma has a low prevalence, the most affected site is the mandibular bone, within the first 12-24 months. The aetiology is variable, however, infection remains one of the main. The findings suggest that it would not be advisable to perform this procedure universally for all patients.

Influência da pandemia nos traumas de face em mulheres vítimas da violência doméstica / The influence of pandemic in the maxillofacial trauma in women victims of domestic violence

O surgimento do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2 ­ COVID-19) teve início em dezembro de 2019 na China e rapidamente se espalhou gerando mudanças por todo o planeta. Mudanças drásticas no estilo de vida das pessoas e que afetaram o comportamento da população, inclusive no atendimento dos serviços de saúde. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os dados epidemiológicos do serviço de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial de um hospital de referência, analisando o impacto da pandemia nas agressões físicas contra as mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo comparativo no período dos doze meses anteriores ao início da declaração de pandemia no Brasil e os doze meses após o início das restrições. Os resultados mostraram que a idade das pacientes agredidas passou de 29.58 para 32 (valor p= 0,24) no período pré-pandemia para pandemia respectivamente. O índice de violência doméstica cresceu 337% (valor p= 0,02), passando de 8 para 27 registros. Houve diferença no número de ossos fraturados nas agressões (p=0,04), sendo a fratura dos ossos nasais a região mais acometida, com variação entre as posições seguintes. Durante a pandemia aumentou o índice de intervenções cirúrgicas de 37,5% para 44,44% (valor p= 0,57). Sendo assim, o perfil epidemiológico das pacientes agredidas não obteve mudanças durante a pandemia, porém, a violência doméstica aumentou significativamente neste período e as agressões ficaram mais graves, necessitando de um maior número de intervenções cirúrgicas(AU)

The emergence of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 - COVID-19) started in December 2019 in China and quickly spread and generated changes all over the planet. Drastic lifestyle changes have affected the behavior of the population and even impacted the care of healthcare services. The present study aimed to evaluate epidemiological data from the oral and maxillofacial surgery and traumatology service of a reference hospital to analyze the impact of the pandemic on physical aggression against female victims of domestic violence. A retrospective study was developed comparing the period of twelve months before the beginning of the pandemic declaration in Brazil and the twelve months after the start of the restrictions. Results show that the age of battered patients increased from 29.58 to 32 (p value= 0.24) in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period respectively. The rate of domestic violence increased by 337% (p-value= 0.02), from 8 to 27 records. There was a difference in the number of fractured bones in the assaults (p=0.04), with nasal bone fracture being the most affected region, with variation among the following positions. During the pandemic, the rates of surgical interventions increased from 37.5% to 44.44% (pvalue=0.57). The epidemiological profile of battered patients did not change during the pandemic. However, domestic violence increased significantly in the pandemic period, and assaults became more severe, requiring a greater number of surgical interventions(AU)

Qualitative study on post-traumatic experience of inpatients with simple maxillofacial trauma / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the post-traumatic experience of inpatients with simple maxillofacial trauma, and to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of post-traumatic intervention programs.Methods:A qualitative approach was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with 17 inpatients with simple maxillofacial trauma in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January to April, 2020, and Colaizzi phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the interview data.Results:The post-traumatic experience of inpatients with simple maxillofacial trauma mainly included five themes: acute impairment of maxillofacial function, change of comfort, disorder of self-image, transformation from negative psychological experience to positive psychological experience, and lack of coping resources.Conclusions:Medical staff should pay attention to the functional recovery, body image and psychological intervention of inpatients with simple maxillofacial trauma, provide more professional support, and promote the physical and mental recovery of patients.

Facial trauma and background level: a study on the populations perspective / Trauma de face e níveis de escolaridade: um estudo sobre a perspectiva da população

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the population's understanding on facial trauma, according to their level of schooling. Methods: an observational, cross-sectional, quantitative, documentary study conducted, based on 852 interviews carried out in two Brazilian state capitals. The association between the levels of schooling and varied knowledge of facial trauma was investigated. The data were analyzed with Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, with a margin of error of 5%. Results: there was a statistically significant association between the participants' schooling and their understanding on the consequences of trauma in: functions (p = 0.001), mouth mobility (p = 0.005), and dental issues (p = 0.003). In the most affected population, schooling was also associated with youth (p = 0.001) and adults (p = 0.044). Regarding causes, there was association with falls (p = 0.034) and traffic accidents (p = 0.034). There was association with bikers (p = 0.016) and motorcyclists (p = 0.001) as the population with greater propensity. Schooling was associated with all the professionals. Concerning the consequences to the victim's life, there was association also with general health (p = 0.049), household chores (p = 0.001), and social life (p = 0.001). Recklessness was the only cause with an association (p = 0.004). Schooling was associated with previous knowledge of trauma (p = 0.001). Conclusion: their understanding on the consequences of trauma, most affected population, main causes, professionals involved in the treatment, repercussion for people's lives, and previous knowledge of the subject increased along with the levels of background.

RESUMO Objetivo: averiguar a perspectiva da população sobre trauma de face, de acordo com nível de escolaridade. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal, documental, quantitativo, oriundo de 852 entrevistas, em duas capitais brasileiras. Investigou-se associação entre nível de escolaridade e demais conhecimentos sobre trauma de face. Dados foram analisados com testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher, erro de 5%. Resultados: houve associação estatisticamente significante da escolaridade e entendimento das consequências do trauma em: funções (p=0,001), mobilidade da boca (p=0,005) e questões dentárias (p=0,003). Na população mais acometida, escolaridade também se associou a jovens (p=0,001) e adultos (p=0,044). Sobre causas, houve associação com quedas (p=0,034) e acidentes de trânsito (p=0,034). Houve associação de ciclistas (p=0,016) e motociclistas (p=0,001) como população mais propensa. Escolaridade foi associada a todos profissionais. Com relação às consequências para a vida, houve também associação com saúde geral (p=0,049), atividades domésticas (p=0,001) e vida social (p=0,001). Imprudência foi a única causa com associação (p=0,004). Escolaridade foi associada ao conhecimento prévio sobre trauma (p=0,001). Conclusão: entendimento sobre consequências do trauma, população mais acometida, principais causas, profissionais envolvidos no tratamento, repercussão para a vida das pessoas e conhecimento prévio sobre o assunto aumentaram de acordo com os níveis de escolaridade.

Epidemiología del trauma maxilofacial, tratado quirúrgicamente en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública: 3 años de revisión / Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma, surgically treated in the Emergency Hospital Public Assistance: 3 years of revision

Resumen Introducción: El trauma maxilofacial (TMF) constituye un problema de relevancia en los centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad. Objetivo: Evidenciar y actualizar la epidemiología del trauma maxilofacial de resolución quirúrgica bajo anestesia general, en pabellón central tratado en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública durante el período comprendido entre diciembre de 2014 a diciembre de 2017 y compararla con la realidad epidemiológica de otros centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad en Chile y en el extranjero. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron los protocolos operatorios de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma maxilofacial, en pabellón central, bajo anestesia general, en un período de 37 meses. Las variables analizadas fueron diagnóstico, edad, género, tercio facial y zona anatómica afectada. Resultados: Se realizaron 127 procedimientos quirúrgicos, para resolver 259 fracturas. La edad promedio de los pacientes intervenidos fue de 33 años, con predominio del género masculino (85,8%); el tercio inferior fue el más afectado (77,2%), específicamente en la zona parasinfisiaria mandibular (22,4%). Discusión: Los resultados expuestos concuerdan con estudios realizados internacionalmente, pero tiene discordancia en relación a la zona anatómica más afectada al comparalo con los otros centros que analizaron su epidemiología. Conclusión: Resulta necesario continuar la investigación epidemiológica de estas patologías y unificar criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento para poder establecer políticas de prevención y tratamiento eficientes en relación a cada servicio y en conjunto a nivel de salud pública.

Introduction: Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) is a relevant problem in highly complex hospital centers. Aim: To show and update the epidemiology of the maxillofacial trauma of surgical resolution under general anesthesia, in a major operating room, treated in the Emergency Hospital Public Assistance during the period from December 2014 to December 2017 and to compare it with the epidemiological reality of other high complexity hospital centers in Chile and abroad. Materials and Method: A retrospective study was carried out and the surgical protocols of the patients operated for maxillofacial trauma, in a major operating room, under general anesthesia, in a period of 37 months, were analyzed. The variables considered were diagnosis, age, gender, facial third and affected anatomic area. Results: 127 surgical procedures were performed, for the resolution of 259 fractures. The average age of the operated patients was 33 years, with predominance of the male gender (85.8%), the lower third was the most affected (77.2%), specifically in the parasymphysis area (22.4%). Discussion: The exposed results agree with studies carried out internationally, but it has discordance in relation to the most affected anatomical area at national level comparing it with the other hospitals that analyzed its epidemiology. Conclusion: It is necessary to continue the epidemiological investigation of these pathologies and to unify diagnostic and treatment criteria in order to establish efficient prevention and treatment policies in relation to each service and jointly at the level of public health.

Prevalência de sequelas neurológicas associadas a trauma em face / Prevalence of neurological sequelae associated with facial trauma

Introdução: pacientes acometidos por traumatismo craniofacial podem evoluir com sequelas variadas. Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de sequelas neurológicas ocorridas entre os pacientes com traumatismo craniofacial em um serviço de referência para o trauma no sul do Brasil. Sujeitos e método: foram analisados 1.385 prontuários, em que 169 (12%) pacientes foram selecionados com trauma em crânio e face simultaneamente, levando em consideração o agente etiológico, a procedência, a idade, o sexo do paciente e a localização das fraturas. Resultados: uma taxa de 85% dos indivíduos era do sexo masculino, com faixa etária entre 31-40 anos. Os fatores etiológicos mais prevalentes foram acidentes de trânsito (36%), quedas (22%) e violência interpessoal (21%). No grupo selecionado, o traumatismo cranioencefálico esteve presente em 89% dos casos; em 64% da população, não houve sequela neurológica; 28% apresentaram algum tipo de sequela; e em 8% dos prontuários não havia informações completas. Conclusão: na população estudada, mesmo com um subgrupo específico de traumatizados, houve prevalência de gênero masculino, terceira década de vida e acidente automobilístico. Além disso, a região anatômica mais acometida foi o conjunto de ossos do terço médio da face, e, ainda nesta condição de associação, o traumatismo cranioencefálico esteve presente na maioria dos casos, porém, somente 28% dos casos evoluíram com alguma sequela neurológica. (AU)

Introduction: patients affected by craniofacial trauma may evolve into various sequelae. Objective: to identify the prevalence of neurological sequelae among patients with craniofacial trauma in a reference trauma service in southern Brazil. Subjects and method: a total of 1.385 medical records were analyzed, from which 169 (12%) patients were selected with simultaneous skull and face trauma, considering the etiologic agent, origin, age and sex of the patient, and fracture location. Results: a rate of 85% of the individuals were men aged 31 through 40 years. The most prevalent etiological factors were car accidents (36%), falls (22%), and interpersonal violence (21%). In this selected group, traumatic brain injury was present in 89% of the cases. In 64% of the population, there were no neurological sequelae, 28% presented some type of sequelae, and 8% of the medical records did not contain complete information. Conclusion: for this population studied, even with a specific subgroup of traumatized subjects, the male sex, the third decade of life, and car accidents are the most prevalent factors. In addition, the most affected anatomic region is the set of bones in the middle third of the face and, in this condition of association, traumatic brain injury was present in the great majority of cases, but only 28% of them evolved into some type of neurological sequelae. (A)

Prevalência de traumatismos maxilofaciais causados por agressão ou violência física em mulheres adultas e os fatores associados: uma revisão de literatura / Prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by aggression or physical violence to adult women and the associated factors: a literature review

O traumatismo maxilofacial de mulheres causado porviolência tem sido mais abordado nos últimos anos. Oaumento dos casos tem sido acompanhado do aumentodas denúncias de violência contra a mulher, tornando oproblema mais visível à sociedade. Objetivo: o presentetrabalho teve o objetivo de fazer uma revisão de literaturaque aborda a prevalência de traumas maxilofaciaisdecorrentes de violência física contra mulheres e os fatoresrelacionados às lesões. Revisão de literatura: os estudosreportaram prevalências entre 24,4% e 81,0% detraumatismos maxilofaciais em mulheres causados porviolência. A maioria aponta o marido ou o companheirocomo principal agressor e o uso de força física comoprincipal tipo de agressão. Mulheres com idades entre 20e 39 anos, dependentes econômicas ou de baixa renda ecom nível de escolaridade inferior são mais susceptíveisa apresentar traumatismo maxilofacial mais prevalentenos tecidos moles. As consequências mais relatadasentre as mulheres com traumatismos maxilofaciais porviolência incluem problemas de autopercepção, de inter-relação social e de baixa autoestima. Consideraçõesfinais: conclui-se que a prevalência de traumatismosmaxilofaciais por violência em mulheres é alta, estandorelacionada à idade, à dependência econômica, ao graude escolaridade, à ocupação e a problemas psicoafetivosque podem também influenciar a dinâmica familiar. (AU)

Maxillofacial trauma caused by violence to women has been addressed more in recent years. The increase of trauma has been accompanied by an increase in the reported cases of violence to women, making the problem more visible to society. Objective: by means of a literature review, the present study aimed to review the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by physical violence to women and the factors related to such injuries. Literature review: the studies reported that the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma in women due to violence was between 24.4% and 81.0%. Most studies indicate the husband or partner as the primary aggressor, and the use of physical force as the main type of aggression. Women aged between 20 and 39 years, who are economic dependent or have low income and low level of education are more likely to present maxillofacial trauma more prevalent in soft tissues. The consequences most reported among women with maxillofacial trauma caused by violence included issues regarding self-perception, social interrelation, and low self-esteem. Final considerations: it is concluded that the prevalence maxillofacial trauma caused by violence to women is high and it is related to age, economic dependence, level of education, occupation, and psycho-affective problems, which may also influence family dynamics. (AU)

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com lesões buco-maxilo-faciais: contribuições para a eficiência dos processos de gestão hospitalar / Epidemiological profile of patients with oral and maxillofacial injuries: contributions to the efficiency of hospital management processes

Objetivos: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com lesões buco-maxilo-faciais. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo mediante análise de 344 fichas ambulatoriais ou prontuários médico-hospitalares. Resultados: O sexo masculino foi o mais prevalente, a faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos, a mais acometida (28,8%), com tendência altamente significante (p≤0,01). O acidente de moto foi o segundo principal agente etiológico (32,6%). Os traumatismos faciais foram mais prevalentes no domingo, no período da tarde (24,7%; p≤0,01). A maioria das vítimas de acidentes não fez uso de algum Equipamento de Proteção Individual e alegou ter consumido algum tipo de droga (22,7%). Conclusão: As lesões buco-maxilo-faciais é um tema amplo, que possui uma gama de etiologias distintas e envolve a interação de vários fatores. As injúrias provenientes dos acidentes motociclísticos contribuem para a morbimortalidade e para o aumento dos custos hospitalares... (AU)

Objectives: To outline the epidemiological profile of patients with buco-maxillofacial lesions. Methods: In this retrospective study, 344 outpatient records or medical records were analyzed. Results: The male gender was the most prevalent, the age group of 21 to 30 years was the most affected (28.8%), with a highly significant trend (p≤0.01). The motorcycle accident was the second major etiological agent (32.6%). Facial trauma was more prevalent on Sunday afternoon (24.7%, p≤0.01). Personal Protective Equipment was not used by most accident victims, who claimed to have used some type of drug (22.7%). Conclusion: Buco-maxillofacial lesions are a broad theme that has a range of distinct etiologies and involves the interaction of several factors. Injuries from motorcycle accidents contribute to morbidity and mortality and increase hospital costs... (AU)

Evaluación de protocolos para la atención inicial del trauma maxilofacial grave / Evaluation of protocols for the initial management of severe maxillofacial trauma

Introducción: el trauma maxilofacial es uno de los mayores retos para los servicios públicos de salud por su alta incidencia. Los protocolos mejoran la calidad de la atención y reducen la variación de la práctica clínica, por lo que es vital contar con una protocolización de alta calidad en esta área. Objetivo: evaluar protocolos de atención en la urgencia de pacientes politraumatizados, politraumatizados maxilofaciales y trauma maxilofacial grave. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal con enfoques cualitativos de mayo a junio de 2015. Se efectuó una búsqueda en Internet de protocolos de atención de urgencia del politraumatizado, politraumatizado maxilofacial y trauma maxilofacial grave en español, inglés o portugués; y nacionalmente por correo electrónico y teléfono. Se creó un instrumento evaluativo y un grupo evaluador. Se trabajó con números enteros, índices y medias. Resultados: el Protocolo de tratamiento inicial del paciente politraumático obtuvo 275 puntos, seguido por el Soporte Vital Avanzado de Trauma con 229 (índice de dificultad total de 0,93 y 0,70, respectivamente). El protocolo extranjero maxilofacial obtuvo 150 (índice de dificultad total 0,46). El ítem dos alcanzó 128 puntos (índice de dificultad total 1). El protocolo del Hospital Calixto García obtuvo 223 (índice de dificultad total 0,73) y los de Matanzas y Villa Clara 120 cada uno (índice de dificultad total 0,32). El ítem de mayor puntuación fue el cuatro con 74 puntos (índice de dificultad total 0,54). Conclusiones: los protocolos extranjeros de mayor calidad fueron Tratamiento inicial del paciente politraumático y Soporte Vital Avanzado de Trauma y el ítem mejor elaborado fue el dos. Los mejores protocolos nacionales fueron Atención al trauma grave del Hospital Calixto García y el de las provincias Villa Clara y Matanzas, y el ítem de mejor elaboración fue el cuatro(AU)

Introduction: due to its high incidence, maxillofacial trauma is one of the greatest challenges for public health services. Protocols improve the quality of care and reduce variation in clinical practice, hence the crucial importance of high-quality protocolization in the area of trauma care. Objective: evaluate the care protocols followed in the emergency management of polytrauma, maxillofacial polytrauma and severe maxillofacial trauma. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted from May to June 2015. An online search was carried out for protocols for the emergency management of polytrauma, maxillofacial polytrauma and severe maxillofacial trauma in Spanish, English and Portuguese. A parallel national search was performed by telephone and electronic mail. An evaluation tool was developed and an evaluation team was formed. Estimations were based on integers, indices and means. Results: the Protocol for Initial Management of Polytrauma scored 275 points, followed by Advanced Trauma Life Support with 229 (total difficulty index 0.93 and 0.70, respectively). The foreign maxillofacial protocol scored 150 points (total difficulty index 0.46). Item 2 scored 128 points (total difficulty index 1). The protocol from Calixto García Hospital scored 223 points (total difficulty index 0.73), and the ones from Matanzas and Villa Clara scored 120 each (total difficulty index 0.32). Item 4 had the highest score, with 74 points (total difficulty index 0.54). Conclusions: the highest quality foreign protocols were Initial Management of Polytrauma and Advanced Trauma Life Support, and the best developed item was number 2. The best national protocols were Management of Severe Trauma, from Calixto García Hospital, and the ones from the provinces of Villa Clara and Matanzas. The best developed item was number 4(AU)

Fracture patterns and causes in the craniofacial region: an 8-year review of 2076 patients / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: For proper recovery from craniofacial fracture, it is necessary to establish guidelines based on trends. This study aimed to analyze the patterns and causes of craniofacial fractures. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent surgery for craniofacial fractures between 2010 and 2017 at a single center. Several parameters, including time of injury, region and cause of fracture, alcohol intoxication, time from injury to surgery, hospitalization period, and postoperative complications, were evaluated. RESULTS: This study analyzed 2708 fracture lesions of 2076 patients, among whom males aged 10 to 39 years were the most numerous. The number of patients was significantly higher in the middle of a month. The most common fractures were a nasal bone fracture. The most common causes of fracture were ground accidents and personal assault, which tended to frequently cause more nasal bone fracture than other fractures. Traffic accidents and high falls tended to cause zygomatic arch and maxillary wall fractures more frequently. Postoperative complications—observed in 126 patients—had a significant relationship with the end of a month, mandible or panfacial fracture, and traffic accidents. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings on long-term craniofacial fracture trends should be considered by clinicians dealing with fractures and could be useful for policy decisions. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40902-018-0168-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reduction of Isolated Zygomatic Arch Fractures with Gillies Approach / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of facial bone fracture is increasing. The zygomatic bone, due to its anatomical prominence, is the second most common site of all facial bone fractures. In this study, we present the clinical experiences of zygomatic arch fracture in a tertiary hospital and introduce the Gillies approach for reduction and its outcome results. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We collected data from retrospective chart reviews of patients who underwent surgeries from 2010 to 2017 for zygomatic arch fractures at Chungbuk National University Hospital. Data were analyzed according to age, gender, cause of trauma, location of trauma, and clinical symptoms including trismus. All surgery was performed under general anesthesia and via the use of Gillies approach. The result of surgery was evaluated by postoperative facial computed tomography. RESULTS: Sixteen patients underwent surgery for zygomatic arch fracture. The patients had the average age of 41.3 years, a male predominance of 15:1 and physical assault as the most common cause of trauma. The time lag between injury and surgical reduction was 5.5 days. The surgical outcomes were assessed “good” in 14 cases and “moderate” in one case. Patients who had trismus preoperatively were resolved of it in all cases after operation. Postoperative complications were absent. CONCLUSION: The Gillies approach proved to be a relatively easy, safe, and reliable method, and its surgical outcomes was satisfactory in our experiences.

Epidemiología de la patología quirúrgica que afecta al territorio maxilofacial, tratada bajo anestesia general en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública entre 2014 y 2016 / Epidemiology of surgical pathology affecting the maxillofacial area, treated under general anesthesia at the Emergency Hospital Public Assistance between 2014 and 2016

Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de la especialidad en cirugía y traumatología bucal y maxilofacial en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, a través de la epidemiología de los tratamientos quirúrgicos realizados en pabellón central, bajo anestesia general, durante el período comprendido entre noviembre del 2014 y julio del 2016. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron los protocolos operatorios de los pacientes intervenidos durante el período. Se recopiló información de la base de datos del pabellón central sobre el diagnóstico, la edad, el sexo y el tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico. Se incluyeron 125 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en 109 pacientes. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes intervenidos fue de 38 años, con preponderancia del sexo masculino (70,6%). El 50,4% de los procedimientos quirúrgicos correspondieron a traumatismos en el territorio maxilofacial, de los cuales la fractura mandibular fue la lesión más frecuente (68,3%). El 46,4% de los procedimientos correspondieron a infecciones en el territorio maxilofacial, en los cuales la localización más frecuente fue el espacio anatómico submandibular (25,8%). El resto de los procedimientos se relacionó con otro tipo de diagnósticos (3,2%). Discusión: En general los resultados concuerdan con estudios similares realizados en hospitales de atención de urgencia. Conclusión: Dentro de las patologías de urgencia del territorio maxilofacial, las lesiones traumáticas e infecciones son las que con mayor frecuencia requieren de cirugía mayor bajo anestesia general. Los pacientes intervenidos con cirugía bajo anestesia general en pabellón central son principalmente hombres, siendo las fracturas mandibulares y la infección del espacio submandibular las lesiones más frecuentes en cada tipo de patología.

Objective: To determine the experience of the specialty in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology at the Hospital Emergency Assistance Publique, through epidemiology of surgical treatments carried out in major operating room, under general anesthesia during the period between November 2014 and July 2016. Material and methods: A retrospective study where the operative protocols of patients operated during the period analyzed was performed. Database information from major operating room for diagnosis, age, sex and type of surgical procedures was collected. 125 surgical procedures performed in 109 patients were included. Results: The average age of the operated patients was 38 years with a preponderance of males (70.6%); 50.4% of surgical procedures were for injuries in the maxillofacial area, where the mandibular fracture was the most common lesion (68.3%); 46.4% of the procedures were for infections in maxillofacial area, where the most common location was the submandibular anatomical space (25.8%). The rest of the procedures related to other diseases (3.2%). Discussion: In general the results are consistent with similar studies in emergency care hospitals. Conclusion: Within the pathologies of urgency of the maxillofacial territory, traumatic injuries and infections are those that most frequently require major surgery under general anesthesia. Patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia in major operating room are mainly men, with mandibular fractures and submandibular space infections being the most frequent lesions in each type of pathology.

Retrograde submental intubation assisted with direct video laryngoscopy in maxillofacial trauma: technical note and case report / Intubación submentoniana retrógrada asistida con videolaringoscopía en trauma maxilofacial: nota técnica y reporte de caso

The management of a difficult airway is one of the biggest challenges of perioperative anesthesia management. The maxillofacial trauma can cause serious disturbances of the soft and hard tissues of the anatomical components of the upper airway and often with little external evidence of deformity. The submental intubation is a procedure that was reported to avoid tracheostomy and allow for the concomitant restoration of occlusion and reduction of facial fractures in patients with craniomaxillofacial trauma ineligibles for nasotracheal intubation. We described a modification of the original technique by performing a retrograde submental intubation assisted by direct laryngoscope video in a maxillofacial trauma patient with restricted mouth opening. In addition, the surgical anatomy of the technique is detailed described.

El manejo de una vía aérea difícil es uno de los mayores desafíos del manejo anestésico perioperatorio. El trauma maxilofacial puede causar serias alteraciones a los tejidos blandos y duros de la vía aérea superior, y muchas veces con pequeña evidencia externa de deformidad. La intubación submentoniana es un procedimiento que fue reportado para evitar la traqueostomía y permitir la concomitante restauración de la oclusión para la reducción de fracturas faciales en pacientes donde la intubación nasotraqueal está contraindicada. Describimos una modificación de la técnica original, realizando una intubación submentoniana retrógrada asistida con videolaringoscopio en un paciente de trauma maxilofacial con apertura de la cavidad disminuida. Adicionalmente se describe detalladamente la anatomía quirúrgica de la técnica.

Evaluación de guías de práctica clínica de atención al politraumatizado maxilofacial y trauma maxilofacial grave / Evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for the care of maxillofacial polytrauma and maxillofacial severe trauma patients

Introducción: la guía de práctica clínica es una herramienta que permite resumir la información científica disponible. Objetivo: evaluar dos guías de práctica clínica que abordan la atención en la urgencia de los politraumatizados maxilofaciales y el trauma maxilofacial grave. Métodos: se evaluaron dos guías (una cubana, Guías prácticas de estomatología, y otra extranjera, Manejo del trauma facial: una guía práctica); mediante el instrumento para la evaluación de guías del Appaisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation. Se conformó el grupo evaluador que fue capacitado en el conocimiento y aprendizaje del instrumento evaluativo. Para el análisis de la información, se trasladaron los datos obtenidos a un modelo Excel y se calculó la puntuación estandarizada por dominio. Resultados: en la guía Manejo del trauma facial, el dominio de Alcance y objetivos obtuvo un resultado catalogado como mejorable, mientras el de claridad de la presentación, con el 22,2 por ciento de puntuación estandarizada, se encontró en el rango de deficiente. En la evaluación globa,l tres de los evaluadores dieron calificación de uno, y otro dio un dos. Los cuatro evaluadores respondieron que no la recomendarían para su uso. En las Guías prácticas de estomatología, los dominios con mejores valores fueron el 6, 2 y 1 con 43,8 por ciento, 22,2 por ciento y 2,8 por ciento, respectivamente, lo cual representó resultados muy mejorables, deficientes y muy deficientes, en ese mismo orden. En la evaluación global, dos evaluadores dieron valores de 3 , otro de 2 y el restante de 1. Al responder a sí recomendarían la guía para su uso, dos respondieron que no y los restantes que si con modificaciones. Conclusiones: las Guías prácticas de estomatología muestran mejores puntuaciones estandarizadas en la mayoría de los dominios que la de Manejo del trauma facial: una guía práctica; aunque los resultados evaluativos no son satisfactorios, los dominios con más bajas evaluaciones resultan, de forma común, los de Rigor en la elaboración y Aplicabilidad(AU)

Introduction: clinical practice guidelines are tools used to summarize the available scientific information. Objective: evaluate two clinical practice guidelines for emergency care of maxillofacial polytrauma and maxillofacial severe trauma patients. Methods: two guidelines were evaluated: one Cuban (Dental Practice Guidelines) and the other foreign (Management of Facial Trauma: A Practice Guideline), using the guideline evaluation tool Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation. An evaluation team was formed who received information about and training in the use of the evaluation tool. For analysis, the data obtained were transferred to an Excel model, and standardized scores were estimated for each domain. Results: in Management of Facial Trauma the scope and objectives domain was classed as improvable, whereas the clarity of presentation domain, with a 22.2 percent standardized score, was classed as poor. In the overall evaluation, three of the evaluators awarded a score of one, and another awarded a two. None of the four evaluators would recommend it for use. In Dental Practice Guidelines, the higher ranking domains were 6, 2 and 1, with 43.8 percent, 22.2 percent and 2.8 percent, respectively, representing very improvable, poor and very poor results, in that order. In the overall evaluation, two evaluators awarded a score of 3, another awarded a 2, and the other a 1. Two evaluators would recommend the guideline for use, two would not, and the remaining ones stated they would recommend it if modified. Conclusions: dental Practice Guidelines obtained higher standardized scores in most domains than Management of Facial Trauma: A Practical Guideline. Although the evaluation results are not satisfactory, the domains with the lowest scores in both tools are rigor in guideline development and applicability(AU)

Prevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma and use of Mouthguard by Student Athletes in São Luís, Northeastern Brazil

Objective:To estimate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma (MT) during sporting activities and to compare the level of knowledge and use of mouthguard (MG) by athletes from the public andprivate school system of São Luís, MA, Brazil. Material and Methods:Cross-sectional study in which a target population composed of 416 competition student athletes aged between 10 and 20 years of both genders, basketball (n=100), handball (n=60), soccer (n=96), judo (n=11), karate (n=22) and volleyball (n=127) players were interviewed by a single examiner. A structured questionnaire containing six objective questions about history of MT, knowledge and use of MG was used. Data were statistically analyzed using the x2 test (α= 0.05). Results:A 26% prevalence of MT was observed in the study population. The knowledge of MG as a method for preventing injuries during sport practice was significant (p<0.05); however, its use by athletes was minimal. A difference in the use of MGby athletes from public and private schools was observed (p<0.05). Conclusion:It was concluded that more than one fourth of the study population was affected by some kind of MT, highlighting dichotomy between the knowledge of MG as prevention method and its non-use during sporting practice

Morbilidad de los defectos bucomaxilofaciales en Sancti Spíritus. Noviembre 1998-diciembre 2010 / Morbidity of the buccomaxillofacial defects in Sancti Spíritus. November 1998-December 2010

Fundamento: El conocimiento de la morbilidad de los defectos bucomaxilofaciales brinda información valiosa que permite ser utilizada en pos de garantizar una atención integral a los pacientes con estos defectos. Objetivo: Determinar la morbilidad y caracterizar los defectos bucomaxilofaciales en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos. Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en una población constituida por 475 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento en el Departamento de Prótesis Bucomaxilofacial entre noviembre de 1998 y diciembre de 2010. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad de 60 y más años (38,1 %) y el sexo masculino (75,4 %). Prevaleció el defecto ocular (73,9 %) y el factor etiológico traumático (56,6 %). La prótesis más requerida por años fue la ocular con 351 y el año más representativo el 2001. Conclusiones: Se observó un predominio en el grupo de edad de 60 y más años, y el sexo masculino. En cuanto a la localización el defecto ocular resultó ser el más representado, en casi las tres cuartas partes de la población, con un predominio del trauma como factor causal. El tipo de prótesis más demandada fue la ocular y su cantidad se comportó de forma irregular en los diferentes años.

Background: The knowledge of the morbidity of the buccomaxillofacial defects offers valuable information that allows to be used after guaranteeing an integral attention to the patients with these defects. Objective: To determine the morbidity and to characterize the buccomaxillofacial defects in the Provincial General Hospital Camilo Cienfuegos. Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: It was carried out a descriptive study of traverse cut, in a population constituted by 475 patients that received treatment in the Department of buccomaxillofacial Prosthesis between November 1998 and December 2010. The theoretical, empiric and statistical level methods were used. Results: Prevailed the group of age from 60 and more years old (38,1 %) and the masculine sex (75,4 %). the ocular defect prevailed (73,9 %) and the traumatic etiologic factor (56,6 %). The prosthesis more required per years was the ocular one with 351 and the most representative year was 2001. Conclusions: Was observed a prevalence in the group of age from 60 years old and more, and the masculine sex. As for the localization the ocular defect turned out to be the most represented one, in almost fourth three parts of the population , with a prevalence of the trauma like causal factor. The ocular prosthesis was most demanded and its quantity behaved in an irregular way in the different years.