Research Status of Job Stress of Hospital Pharmacists and Its Measurement Methods / 中国药房

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To analyze the job stress of hospital pharmacists and its measurement methods，and to provide reference for improving the quality of related researches about the work stress of hospital pharmacists. METHODS：Related literatures about the job stress of hospital pharmacists were retrieved from CJFD，VIP，Wanfang database，Web of Science， SciFinder，Springer Link and other databases during database establishment to Aug. 2019，using“Hospital”“Pharmacist”“Stress” “Scale”as Chinese keywords，“Hospital”“Pharmacist”“Stress”“Pressure”“Scale”as English keywords. The research status was explored，and the measurement methods for work stress of hospital pharmacists were summarized. RESULTS：There were many researches on the job stress of pharmacists at abroad，including the stress status，causes，the results of stress，the model of action mechanism，etc.，but there were some problems such as long time ago and outdated data；while the related researches in China were relatively rare，and there was still a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on the job stress of hospital pharmacists. Most researches at home and abroad used the scale to measure job stress of hospital pharmacists，including the special scale for hospital pharmacists（such as the pressure source scale and the pressure list of hospital pharmacists）and the general scale for general employees（such as health occupational stress survey，work stress items and perceived psychological stress scale）. Among them，pressure source scale of hospital pharmacists was relatively consistent with the job characteristics of hospital pharmacists in China，while the other scales had problems of less coverage，too many items，and not conforming to job characteristics of hospital pharmacists in China. CONCLUSIONS：In order to improve the research quality related to job stress of hospital pharmacists，it is necessary to adjust the existing scale or develop a new measurement scale in order to measure the real work pressure of Chinese hospital pharmacists and provide reference for improving the quality of work of hospital pharmacists and improving the level of clinical pharmaceutical care

Research progress on anhedonia and its measurement methods / 中国药理学通报

Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleas-ure, is a hallmark symptom of depression.As a psychopathological symptom, anhedonia was first noted in the early 19th century.The neurobiological mechanisms that underline anhedonia and its role in diagnosing depression disorder or evaluating antidepressant response have long been aroused attention for nearly a century.Consequently, there are many measuring methods established in both the animal study and human research, which would be reviewed in the present study.

Advance in Measurement Methods of Intramedullary Pressure after Spinal Cord Injury (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

The measurement of intramedullary pressure is particularly important in the research of spinal cord injury. This article ana-lyzed the influence factors and the measurement methods of intramedullary pressure. The influence factors included edema, vascular regula-tion and bleeding, spinal dural, pia mater spinalis, cerebrospinal fluid, canalis vertebralis and body position, etc. The measurement methods included direct measurement methods, as the sensor placed in the parenchyma of spinal cord, intradural extramedullary or lumbar catheter, and measuring in vitro, and indirect measurement methods, as computer modeling and intraocular pressure measuring.

A summary of measurement methods for abdominal withdrawal reflex test / 中国比较医学杂志

Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) test, which evaluates the behavioral response of animals through expanding the intestinal tract, is the most widely used method to assess animal's visceral sensitivity in recent years.However, as AWR experimental operation involves many factors, it''s hard to find a commonly recognized operating procedure.Through review of literature of AWR experimental measuring methods, this article summarizes the basic steps of AWR operation.Meanwhile, it scrutinizes the differences of various measuring methods in relevant factors, including expansion method and airbag method, with special operating suggestions to them.Hopefully, this article will provide an option to future researchers who will use this method to evaluate animal''s visceral sensitivity, and provide a necessary foundation for the standardization of the experimental operation.

Aprender a observar desde el inicio de los estudios médicos es una necesidad formativa / to observe from the beginning of medical studies is a training need

Fundamento: la habilidad observar tiene importancia en la educación y práctica médicas, se aplica ante situaciones que van desde los estudios anatómicos, hasta el trabajo sistemático con distintos métodos y procedimientos propios de la profesión; no obstante los resultados actuales en el ciclo básico biomédico son aún insuficientes. Objetivo: profundizar en las dimensiones conceptuales, microcurriculares y didácticas de la habilidad observar en los estudios básicos biomédicos. Metodología: se realizó revisión documental, observaciones científicas a actividades docentes durante el curso 2012/2013 y se aplicó cuestionario a profesores. Resultados: no se constató claridad conceptual en los profesores con respecto a la habilidad observar en los estudios médicos. En la dimensión microcurricular se comprobó falta de sistematicidad en la inclusión de la habilidad observar en los sistemas de objetivos y habilidades. En las observaciones realizadas se constató un pobre accionar de profesores y estudiantes en la formación y el desarrollo de la habilidad observar; menos aún para evaluar el dominio alcanzado. Conclusiones: el conocimiento conceptual constatado, las condiciones de diseño microcurricular actual y las características del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de las ciencias básicas biomédicas, no favorecen una adecuada formación y desarrollo de la habilidad observar en los estudios básicos biomédicos.

Background: the observation ability is important in medical education and practice, it is applied to situations, ranging from anatomical studies to the systematic work with different methods and procedures of the profession; however actual results in the biomedical basic cycle are still insufficient. Objective: to deepen into the conceptual, microcurricular and didactical dimensions of the observation ability in basic biomedical studies. Methodology: a literature review was made as well as scientific observations on teaching activities during the 2012/2013 academic course and a questionnaire to teachers was applied. Results: no conceptual clarity was found in the teachers regarding the observation ability in medical studies. In the microcurricular dimension lack of systematic inclusion of the observation ability in the systems of objectives and skills was found. In the performed observations poor acting by the teachers and students in the training and development of the observation ability was found; still less to assess the achieved mastery. Conclusions: the conceptual knowledge found, the current microcurricular design conditions and the characteristics of the teaching-learning process of the basic biomedical sciences, do not favor the proper training and development of the observation ability in basic biomedical studies.

Application and comparison of modified in vitro PICC measurement in children with blood cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the best in vitro PICC measurement in children with blood cancer. Methods 70 cases of hematology-oncology patients who aged from 1 to 7 years old from June,2009 to July, 2010 in Pediatric Hematology Oncology were selected and divided randomly into the control group and the observation group with 35 cases in each group. The measurement of the control group was from the pre-puncture point along the vein to the right chest acromioclavicular joint, the measurement of the observation group was from the pre-puncture point along the vein to 1cm below the right chest acromioclavicular joint. Results The rate of PICC placed in the lower superior vena cava was 94.29% in the observation group, and 57.14% in the control group, the difference was significant. Conclusions For children patients aged from 1 to 7 years old with blood cancer, PICC catheter length measurement from the prepuncture point along the vein to 1cm below the right chest acromioclavicular joint, can improve accuracy for the PICC into the lower superior vena cava.

Análise da produção científica dos grupos de pesquisa em educação em Enfermagem da região Sul do Brasil / Análisis de la producción científica de los grupos de investigación en educación en Enfermería de la región Sur de Brasil / Scientific production analysis of Nursing education research groups in Southern Brazil

Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, em base documental, com o objetivo de analisar o conhecimento produzido nos Grupos de Pesquisa em Educação em Enfermagem da Região Sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante o período de janeiro a maio de 2009 a partir do Censo dos Grupos de Pesquisas do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico e no Currículo Lattes dos pesquisadores desses Grupos. A análise do conteúdo dos artigos evidenciou uma concentração de estudos de natureza qualitativa nos últimos cinco anos, pautada no positivismo, com temáticas heterogêneas e reduzido enfoque na linha de pesquisa Educação, Enfermagem e Saúde. Os enfermeiros dos Grupos têm optado pelo trabalho individual, apresentando dificuldade em articular as pesquisas entre seus membros, distanciando-se do aprofundamento em educação em saúde, preocupando-se com a categoria produtividade em detrimento de uma produção que dê visibilidade e contribua com sua linha de pesquisa.

The objective of this qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, in documental base was to analyze the accumulated knowledge produced in Nursing Education Research Groups in Southern Brazil. Data was collected during the period from January to May, 2009, from the Census of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development Research Groups and the Curriculum Lattes of these groups of researchers. Content analysis of these articles showed a concentration within the last five years in studies of a qualitative nature, based on positivism with heterogeneous themes and a reduced focus on the Education, Nursing, and Health Care line of research. The nurses of these Research Groups have opted for individual work, presenting difficulties in articulating research among their members, distancing themselves from more profound investigation in health care education, concerning themselves with the productivity category in detriment to production which gives greater visibility and contributes to their line of research.

Investigación cualitativa, exploratoria-descriptiva, en base documental, con el objetivo de analizar el conocimiento producido en los Grupos de Investigación en Educación en Enfermería del Sur de Brasil. La recolección de los dados ocurrió de enero a mayo 2009, según el Censo de Grupos de Investigación del Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico y del Curriculum Lattes de los investigadores de los grupos. El análisis del contenido de los artículos mostró una concentración de estudios cualitativos en los últimos cinco años, basados en el positivismo, con diversidad de temas y escaso enfoque en la línea: Educación, Enfermería y Salud. Los enfermeros de los Grupos han optado por el trabajo individual, con dificultad en realizar la articulación de las investigaciones entre sus miembros, sin profundizar la educación en salud, preocupándose con la productividad en detrimento de una producción de calidad que les de visibilidad y contribuya con su línea de investigación.

Estudos de Reaeração com Velocimetria por Imagens de Partículas - Sistema S-PIV-3D / Rearation Studies with Particle Image Velocimetry - S-PIV-3D System

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) é uma técnica recente de medição não-intrusiva de campos de velocidades em escoamentos. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um equipamento de medição com características similares aos convencionais, porém com algumas características exclusivas, como o método óptico de aquisição de imagens e a calibração de coordenadas, que resultaram na utilização de uma única câmera convencional para obtenção de imagens e dados tridimensionais em escoamentos de baixa turbulência, proporcionando significativa economia na implantação. Foi desenvolvido um software específico e os resultados consistem em campos de velocidades tridimensionais. A aplicação destinou-se à medição de velocidades na superfície do escoamento em um tanque de grades oscilantes de forma a correlacionar a turbulência superficial com a capacidade de reaeração dos corpos da água.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a recent technique of flow measurement labeled as a non-intrusive methodology. The system developed in this paper used principles similar to conventional systems including some exclusive characteristics as the optical method of image acquisition and the calibration process of the coordinate system. The measurement system, resulted from these characteristics, uses a single conventional digital video camera to obtain three-dimensional data in low turbulence flow, which provided significant economy in the system implantation. A specific software was developed and the results consist of fields of three-dimensional velocities obtained from the digital video file. The application was destined to the measurement of velocities on the flow surface in a tank of oscillating grids in order to correlate the surface turbulence with the rearation capacity of the bodies of water.

Analgesia preemptiva do cetoprofeno e do parecoxibe em cirurgia para remoção de terceiros molares inclusos / Preemptive analgesia of the ketoprofen and parecoxib in the surgery to removal of impacted third molar teeth

Este trabalho prospectivo, duplo-cego randomizado, avaliou o efeito da analgesia preemptiva do cetoprofeno e do parecoxibe. Sessenta pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia para remoção de terceiros molares inferiores bilaterais inclusos, sendo operado um lado de cada vez. O paciente foi seu próprio controle. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos de 30 pacientes. No grupo parecoxibe, na primeira operação foi usado o parecoxibe ou placebo, endovenoso, 30 minutos antes da cirurgia e imediatamente após a operação foi feita a administração do placebo ou parecoxibe, garantindo ao paciente receber parecoxibe antes ou após a operação. O lado oposto foi operado após duas semanas da primeira cirurgia e o paciente que havia recebido parecoxibe antes e placebo depois da operação recebeu placebo antes e parecoxibe depois da operação e o que havia recebido placebo antes e parecoxibe depois recebeu parecoxibe antes e placebo depois. Nos 30 pacientes do grupo cetoprofeno, o modelo foi o mesmo, substituindo-se apenas o parecoxibe pelo cetoprofeno. O paciente pôde utilizar como medicação resgate a dipirona, sempre que necessário para controlar a dor pós-operatória. Após a operação foi fornecido para todos os pacientes um questionário, contendo a escala analógica visual (EAV), a escala descritiva de dor (EDD) e uma tabela para informar o consumo de medicação resgate. Foi avaliada a dor pós-operatória por meio da EAV, da EDD e pelo consumo de medicação resgate. Não houve diferença estatisticamente relevante quanto a intensidade da dor com o uso do parecoxibe ou do cetoprofeno antes ou depois do procedimento cirúrgico. Ao comparar a analgesia proporcionada pelo cetoprofeno e pelo parecoxibe os resultados mostraram que o parecoxibe administrado antes do procedimento cirúrgico foi mais eficaz do que o cetoprofeno no controle da dor na quarta hora do pós-operatório (p=0,041), mas foi menos eficaz após 24h (p=0,003). Quando se comparou a analgesia proporcionada por esses...

This is a prospective, double-blind randomized, cross over experiment, to evaluate the effect of the preemptive analgesia of ketoprofen and parecoxib. Sixity patients who had gone though surgery for removal of the impacted mandibular bilateral third molar teeth, having one side operated each time, were evaluated. The patients were separated in groups of 30, in the parecoxib group (P). On the first operation parecoxib or placebo were used 30 minutes before the surgery. Immediately after the operation, placebo or parecoxib were administred, so that the patient who had received parecoxib before the operation or after it. The opposite side was operated two weeks after the first surgery and the patients who received parecoxib before and placebo after operation received placebo before and parecoxib after operation and patients who received placebo before and parecoxib after received parecoxib before and placebo after, under the same method. In the group C (n= 30), the model was the same, using ketoprofen instead parecoxib. The patient could use dipyrone as rescue medication, in the event of postoperative pain. A questionnaire was provided to the patient after each surgery, containing a visual analogic scale, a descriptive pain scale and a table to inform the consum of rescue medication. The postoperative pain was evaluated by visual analogic scale, descriptive pain scale and rescue medicine consum. There was no statistically relevant difference as pain intensity with use of parecoxib or ketoprofen before or after the surgical procedure. Comparing ketoprofen analgesia against parecoxib analgesial, the results shown that the administration of parecoxib before the surgical procedure had a major efficacy than ketoprofen in pain control by the fourth hour post operatory (p=0,041), but was less efficient after 24 hours (p=0,003). When comparing the analgesic effect of both drugs after the operation, parecoxib was more effective than ketoprofen six and eight hours after...

Avaliação do Ensino no Curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Maringá: uma Análise Preliminar / Evaluation of Teaching in the School of Medicine at the State University in Maringá: a Preliminary Analysis

Resumo: Efetua-se uma análise preliminar dos dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa sobre aprendizagem no Curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, na qual estudantes foram inquiridos acerca da avaliação de disciplinas do curso e da metodologia adotada pelos professores. Nos resultados de 1997, os alunos apontaram dificuldades em sua formação, sobretudo pela dicotomia entre teoria e prática, excesso de aulas teóricas em detrimento da prática, estratégias de ensino tradicionais, como aulas expositivas, seminários e avaliações pautadas apenas na memorização de fragmentos de conteúdo. Essas dificuldades, em nossa visão, têm a ver com a construção de novas abordagens para o conhecimento e a formação médica.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to provide a preliminary analysis of data obtained through a study on teaching in the School of Medicine at the State University in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, in which students were asked to evaluate the course contents and methodologies adopted by professors.