The Covid-19 effect on medical students’ perceptions of their profession: A mixed methods study from South India

Covid-19 has devastated human lives and stretched the limits of the medical profession and health systems. Using the mixed methods of online survey and online focus group discussions, we assessed how medical students and interns of two medical colleges in South India viewed the profession they had chosen. Of the 900 participants, 571(63.4%) had a positive perception of the medical profession, 77(8.6%) a negative perception and 252(28%) were undecided. The year of study in medical school was significantly associated with their perception of the medical profession, with interns more likely to have a negative perception (p<0.001). An overwhelming 823(91.4%) participants remained confident of their career choice, but a higher proportion of interns were less confident or regretful about their choice of profession compared to first to fourth year students (p<0.001). Most participants experienced moral distress; they acknowledged a duty to care but were troubled by personal risk, inadequate protection, and limited resources. Gaps were identified in medical and ethics training particularly regarding uncertainties and coping with deficiencies of the health system as encountered in the pandemic. The essential role played by doctors with its required competence, care and ethics cannot be assumed or expected without investment in the making of the future doctor through more socially embedded medical education imparting the skills of understanding the public, responding to them and being the advocate for their equitable and optimal care. An ethics of responsiveness emerges as important for healthcare, also for medical education in preparation for future health crises.

Abuse with impunity in sports: Some reflections

With the conviction of a US gymnastics coach on criminal sexual conduct and other charges, our attention is inevitably drawn to the sporting world in India. The case points to the imperative need for regulations, mandates and ethical codes to protect athletes, especially elite performers under pressure to win. As is now evident, authoritarian structures that do not allow athletes a voice are perfect locations for abuse. An examination of the state of ethical codes and regulations in sports in India is long due. This short essay looks at the issues that must find space in public discussion and in the deliberations of sporting bodies, with a particular emphasis on the role of the medical profession in sports.

Understanding professional stratification and hybridisation in the medical profession: exploratory evidence from Brazilian federal university hospitals / Comprendiendo la estratificación e hibridación profesional en la profesión médica: evidencia exploratoria de los hospitales universitarios federales de Brasil / Compreendendo a estratificação profissional e hibridização na profissão médica: evidências exploratórias de hospitais universitários federais brasileiros

Abstract This paper explores drivers, implications, and trends of professional stratification and hybridisation in the medical profession employed in Brazilian substituir por: federal university hospitals (HUFs). Drawing on exploratory findings, we examine some repercussions of the migration of university hospitals to EBSERH, a public company established by the federal government to manage and organise HUFs integrated into the Unified Health System (SUS). Our research shows that transferring hospital administration to EBSERH has led to further internal stratification of the medical workforce. The shift from the logic of medical-academic professionalism to the new logic of business-like healthcare, with the adoption of distinct job contracts and more managerial logics of work and control, may well be changing subjective and formal links established between professionals, universities, and hospitals. We identify and discuss trends towards hybridisation and dehybridisation. These findings are relevant because this shift can have profound implications for the academic nature of HUFs and for the future of professionalism within these health and teaching organisations.

Resumen Este artículo explora impulsores, implicaciones y tendencias de la estratificación y la hibridación profesional en la profesión médica empleada en los hospitales universitarios federales brasileños (HUFs). A partir de hallazgos exploratorios, examinamos algunas de las repercusiones de la migración de los hospitales universitarios a la EBSERH, una empresa pública creada por el gobierno federal para administrar y organizar los HUFs integrados en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Nuestra investigación muestra que la transferencia de la administración hospitalaria a la EBSERH ha llevado a una mayor estratificación interna de la fuerza laboral médica. El cambio de la lógica del profesionalismo médico-académico a una lógica empresarial en salud, con la adopción de diferentes regímenes de empleo y modos de trabajo y control más gerenciales, puede estar alterando los vínculos subjetivos y formales que se establecen entre los profesionales, las universidades y los hospitales involucrados. Se identifican y discuten tendencias hacia la hibridación y deshibridación. Estos hallazgos son relevantes porque tales cambios pueden tener profundas implicaciones para la naturaleza académica de los HUFs, así como para el futuro del profesionalismo dentro de estas organizaciones de salud y educación.

Resumo: Este artigo explora motivadores, implicações e tendências de estratificação e hibridização profissional na profissão médica atuante em hospitais universitários federais brasileiros (HUFs). Com base em achados exploratórios, examinamos algumas das repercussões da migração dos hospitais universitários para a EBSERH, uma empresa pública criada pelo governo federal para gerenciar e organizar os HUFs vinculados ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A pesquisa mostra que a transferência da administração hospitalar para a EBSERH tem acarretado maior estratificação interna da força de trabalho médica. A mudança da lógica de profissionalismo médico-acadêmico para uma nova lógica empresarial de saúde, com a adoção de distintos regimes empregatícios e formas de trabalho e controle mais gerenciais, podem estar alterando vínculos subjetivos e formais estabelecidos entre os profissionais, as universidades e os hospitais envolvidos. Tendências em direção à hibridização e desibridização foram identificadas e discutidas. Esses achados são relevantes tendo em vista que tais movimentos podem representar implicações profundas para a natureza acadêmica dos HUFs e para o futuro do profissionalismo nessas organizações de saúde e ensino.

George Deacon and the circulation of homeopathic therapies in Lima (1880-1915) / George Deacon e a circulação de tratamentos homeopáticos em Lima (1880-1915)

Abstract Homeopathy arrived from the United States to Peruvian soil in the last decades of the nineteenth century, broadening the repertoire of existing medical knowledge, which included an emerging medical profession, Chinese herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. This article examines the circulation and use of homeopathic therapies and medicines in Lima from the time when the American homeopath George Deacon initiated his practice, in the 1880s, until his death, in 1915. Although homeopathy was not the most widely used medical therapy in the country, it nevertheless posed a threat to professional medicine and the School of Medicine's desired monopoly of the field of medicine.

Resumo A homeopatia originária dos EUA adentrou solo peruano nas últimas décadas do século XIX, ampliando o repertório de conhecimento médico existente até então, o qual incluía uma profissão médica em ascensão, herbolários chineses e médicos locais. Este artigo analisa a circulação e o uso de tratamentos e medicamentos homeopáticos em Lima desde o período em que o homeopata norte-americano George Deacon iniciou sua prática, nos anos 1880, até sua morte, em 1915. Embora a homeopatia não fosse o tratamento médico mais disseminada no país, ela representou uma ameaça à medicina profissional e ao monopólio do campo da medicina almejado pela escola tradicional.

Breaking the boundaries of professional regulation: medical licensing, foreign influence, and the consolidation of homeopathy in Mexico / Rompendo as barreiras da regulamentação profissional: licenciamento médico, influência estrangeira e consolidação da homeopatia no México

Abstract As doctors sought state support to regulate professional training and practice after Independence, Mexicans also developed different attitudes toward foreign ideas, influences, and professionals. Leveraging the allure of the foreign among Mexicans, homeopaths strategically used work, products, and organizations from abroad to establish their practices and fight changing professional policies in the country that threatened homeopathic institutions. Homeopaths inhabited the blurry and shifting boundary between professional and lay medical practice during the early Republican period, the Porfiriato, and the post-revolutionary era, and used the ambivalent feelings about medical licensing, and foreign influence in Mexican society to consolidate their position.

Resumo Após a independência do país, enquanto os médicos buscavam apoio do Estado para regulamentar o treinamento e a prática profissionais, os mexicanos desenvolveram atitudes diferentes em relação a ideias, influências e profissionais estrangeiros. Aproveitando o encanto dos mexicanos com o estrangeiro, os homeopatas usaram estrategicamente o trabalho, os produtos e as organizações de fora do país para implantar suas práticas e combater as políticas que ameaçavam as instituições ligadas à homeopatia. Os homeopatas ocuparam a barreira nebulosa entre as práticas médicas profissional e leiga no início do período republicano, no Porfiriato e na era pós-revolucionária, usando sentimentos ambivalentes sobre licenciamento médico e influência estrangeira para consolidar sua posição.

Is My Profession Killing Me? A Medical Professional's Perspective

This study has tried to focus on the gravity of burnout in medical professionals, its lack of awareness among the medical fraternity and the importance of its knowledge and awareness worldwide. This study represents a fundamental conceptual understanding of burnout among the medical fraternity, create awareness of health hazard in conjecture to their profession and hope to create an interest in developing diagnostic tools, to monitor and manage burnout in medical schools and hospitals. Besides it also stress upon developing laws to compensate those who are suffering from burnout and study their prevalence in developing countries. It also highlights the effect of burnout on the economy of any country with some examples and stressed the importance of its awareness not only in the interest of the medical fraternity but also in the best interest of the country itself.

Autogestión hospitalaria y cambios en el modelo asistencial. los médicos en la implementación de la experiencia en Mendoza, Argentina / Hospital self-management and changes in the care model. physicians in the implementation of the policy in Mendoza, Argentina

PROPÓSITO: Comprender y analizar el papel de los médicos en la implementación del modelo asistencial delineado en la política de descentralización hospitalaria en Mendoza, Argentina, entre 1990 y 2015. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo, orientado por constructivismo, realizándose 30 entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra intencional de médicos en posiciones estratégicas en el Ministerio de Salud y en seis hospitales descentralizados de alta y mediana complejidad. Los datos se analizaron en base al Framework Analysis. RESULTADOS: Los relatos reflejan que la fijación de prioridades asistenciales de los hospitales está más influenciada por la capacidad de negociación de jefes médicos y directivos que por criterios sanitarios delineados desde el gobierno central. El modelo de cuidados progresivos afecta dispositivos tradicionales de socialización médica, como las revistas de sala. El trabajo en redes asistenciales es visualizado como responsabilidad del hospital por entrevistados de los centros menos complejos. En contraste, desde los grandes centros se concibe que la coordinación con atención primaria es competencia ministerial. La estandarización clínica es legitimada cuando los procedimientos se construyen de manera participativa. Si bien convive con sistemas promovidos por la administración, la vigilancia de las buenas prácticas se dirime en espacios de la profesión. CONCLUSIONES: Las creencias compartidas, fruto de la socialización profesional, operan como filtros a partir de los cuales los médicos en posiciones relevantes adoptan y/o adaptan valores e instrumentos del modelo asistencial que subyace a la descentralización hospitalaria. Las herramientas gestionarias que le son inherentes conviven pero no eliminan formas de autogobierno arraigadas en los servicios.

PURPOSE: To understand and analyze the role of physicians in the implementation of the care model outlined in the hospital decentralization policy in Mendoza, Argentina, between 1990 and 2015. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative study, with a constructivist approach, was conducted. A total of 30 semi-structured interviews were carried out with an intentional sample of physicians in strategic positions in the Ministry of Health and from six decentralized high- and medium-complexity hospitals. Data were analyzed using Framework Analysis. RESULTS: Participants' account indicate that the setting of healthcare priorities for hospitals is more influenced by the negotiation capacity of medical and administrative directors than by sanitary criteria delineated by the central government. The coordination of healthcare networks is seen as a responsibility of the hospital by interviewees from less complex centers. In contrast, those interviewed from high complexity hospitals view the coordination effort with primary care as a ministerial responsibility. Clinical standardization is legitimized when it is constructed in a participatory manner. Best practices monitoring, while promoted by administrative systems, is ultimately resolved in clinical medical spaces. CONCLUSIONS: Shared beliefs, which are the result of professional socialization, operate as criteria by which physicians in relevant positions adopt and / or adapt values and instruments of the care model that underlies hospital decentralization. The management tools that are inherent to it coexist but do not eliminate forms of self-government rooted in services.

Establishing a basis for self-regulation: revision of Medical Law

In 2015, reuse of disposable needles at a few local clinics caused herd infections of hepatitis. This triggered a review of the current medical license control system and resulted in the revision of the Medical Law to increase regulation of medical doctors. This article explores the basis and direction of self-regulation of medical profession in terms the revision cases of the Medical Law and new ways to restructure the legal system with regard to medicine. It is expected a self-regulation scheme can be developed based on medical professionalism and new medical laws of Korea.

Índice de Paridad por Género y sus implicaciones en la inserción laboral pública en Ecuador / The Gender Parity Index and its implications on the public work

Objetivo: analizar los indicadores de la distribución por sexo de profesionales médicos en el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador y en estudiantes de medicina de universidades públicas y privadas y su implicación en la planificación del recurso humano en salud. Métodos: diseño transversal a partir de dos bases de datos: a) profesionales médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública período 2008-2012, b) estudiantes de las 21 facultades ecuatorianas de medicina, cohortes 2000-2013. La descripción se realizó con proporciones y con intervalos de confianza 95 por ciento calculado mediante la distribución binomial. Resultados: el Índice de Paridad por Género entre los médicos de 26 a 29 años de edad que ingresaron al ministerio en el 2008 fue 2,36 y en el 2012 fue 1,41. La presencia de vacantes entre el 2008 al 2012 se incrementó en 6,1 veces. Entre los estudiantes de medicina que ingresaron en el 2008 el Índice de Paridad por Género fue 1,37 en las universidades públicas y 1,42 en las privadas, mientras que el índice de los estudiantes que se graduaron al terminar la carrera en las universidades públicas fue 1,02 y en las privadas 0,63. Conclusiones: el Índice de Paridad por Género en el grupo de los profesionales médicos para el 2012 es menor que en el 2008. Aunque ingresan más mujeres que hombres a estudiar medicina, el número de mujeres que se gradúan es menor. Las políticas de recursos humanos en salud requieren tomar en cuenta la perspectiva de género para afianzar el Buen Vivir(AU)

Objective: to describe indicators of distribution by gender of medical doctors working in the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health and of medical students at state and private universities in the country, and the implications for human resource planning. Methods: a cross-sectional design study based on two databases: a) medical professionals working at the Ministry of Public Health from 2008 to 2012, and b) students from the twenty one medical schools in Ecuador; 2000-2013 cohorts. The description used proportions and CI95 percrent calculated according to binomial distribution. Results: the Gender Parity Index among doctors aged 26 to 29 years, who started working for the Ministry of Health in 2008 was 2.36, and in 2012 was 1.41. The amount of vacancies from 2008 to 2012 increased 6.1 times. Among the medical students who started in 2008, the Gender Parity Index was 1.37 in public schools and 1.42 in private schools whereas this index was 1.02 for students who graduated from public universities in that same year and 0.63 for those of private universities. Conclusions: the Gender Parity Index of the medical professionals at the Ministry of Health in 2012 was lower than that of 2008. Although more women begin the medical studies than men, the number of women who graduate is lower than that of men. Human resource policy in public health must take into consideration the gender perspective in line with the Andean philosophy of Good Living(AU)

The Hippocratic oath: A comparative analysis of the ancient text's relevance to American and Indian modern medicine.

Hippocrates (460-375 B.C.), an ancient Greek physician considered the "Father of Medicine," constructed the groundwork for the principles of ethics in medicine over 2,500 years ago in his establishment of the Hippocratic Oath. One of the oldest binding documents in history, the text has remained the ethical template for physicians to this day. The changing cultural and social environment of modern society, accompanied by the advancement in scientific knowledge and therapeutic tools, has surfaced the need to reframe ethical perspective in modern medicine. Progress in aspects such as organ transplantation, stem cell technology, and genetic engineering has welcomed a new set of ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas have become intimately intertwined with the impact of commercialization, as seen by the interplay between legislation, health care, and pharmaceutical businesses. This paper seeks to dissect the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath and analyze the template in relation to the ethical dilemmas presented by contemporary medicine. Examination will provide a deeper understanding of the paradigm shift in modern medical ethics. Both the value of the Oath and the level of awareness of modern ethical dilemmas through the lens of American and Indian medical graduates will be assessed.

Trabajar mejor para trabajar mejor: ¿Se discute la problemática profesional en el Congreso Argentino de Cardiología? ¿Se ocupa el médico de esta problemática? / Better Work, Working Better: Are Professional-Related Problems Discussed at the Argentine Congress of Cardiology? Are Physicians Concerned with this Problem? / Better Work, Working Better: Are Professional-Related Problems Discussed at the Argentine Congress of Cardiology? Are Physicians Concerned with this Problem?

Introducción Los grandes cambios producidos en las dos últimas décadas en las reglas laborales en salud, los estilos de trabajo, la organización sanitaria, el uso y la importancia de la tecnología y en la consideración social acerca del profesional médico tienen causas complejas y multifactoriales; las mismas presentan elementos comunes como el empeoramiento de la remuneración que perciben los médicos, la disminución absoluta y relativa de los honorarios profesionales y la percepción del médico respecto de su propia profesión y marcan una realidad que exige reconsiderar el lugar del médico en sus nuevos escenarios de trabajo. Objetivos Definimos como "problemática médica" a toda vivencia o situación problemática que experimenta el médico durante el ejercicio de su actividad. Sobre el tema existen abundantes datos y opiniones en los últimos años referidos a la insalubre situación laboral del médico y a la propia percepción negativa sobre su tarea. El objetivo de presente trabajo fue explorar si la problemática médica era tratada en el Congreso Argentino de Cardiología. Material y métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo, sobre la existencia de temas libres y mesas sobre problemática médica en los últimos tres Congresos Argentinos de Cardiología y su ubicación temática. Algunas de las palabras clave fueron: realidad laboral, trabajo médico, burn out, bioética, ética, condiciones de trabajo y otras. Resultados Hubo en total 2254 temas libres en los tres años, de los cuales 8 (0,35%) trataron sobre elementos de problemática médica. Los temas libres se ubicaron en las categorías "miscelánea", psicosociales, educación médica o salud pública. Hubo 13 mesas, organizadas por el Comité de Bioética, el Área de Investigación de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología, CONAREC y la Fundación Cardiológica Argentina. Conclusiones En el período estudiado hubo una proporción muy escasa de mesas y temas libres dirigidos a la problemática médica, estos últimos sin un marco conceptual preestablecido adecuado. Así, la problemática médica no es considerada un objeto de estudio relevante. Es conveniente la discusión e investigación para la búsqueda de planteos y soluciones a múltiples niveles, o no podrá hacerse un diagnóstico y tratamiento del tema, con las eventuales y enormes implicaciones futuras potenciales.

Background The big changes produced during the last two decades have produced a reality that requires physicians to reconsider the role they play in their new working scenario. These changes include regulations in health care working, work styles, health organization, use and importance of technology and how the physician is socially considered. The causes are complex and multifactorial, yet they share common elements as worse payment to physicians, an absolute and relative reduction in professional fees and physicians' perception about their own profession. Objectives A "medical problem" is defined as any problematic experience or situation felt by a physician during his/her practice. In the last years, there are plenty of information and several opinions about this matter, in reference to the working conditions of physicians and to their negative self-perception about medical practice. The goal of the present study was to explore if the Argentine Congress of Cardiology dealt with the medical problem. Material and Methods Observational and descriptive study about open-topic sessions and roundtable sessions dealing with the medical problem -and under which field the medical problem was considered- during the past/latest three Argentine Congresses of Cardiology. The following key words were used: working reality, medical practice, burnout, bioethics, ethics and working conditions, among others. Results Of 2254 open topics presented in the three years, 8 (0.35%) dealt with the medical problem. The open topics were considered under "miscellany", psychosocial, medical education or public health fields. Thirteen roundtable sessions were identified and organized by the Committee on Bioethics, the Research Area of the Argentine Society of Cardiology, the CONAREC and the Argentine Cardiology Foundation. Conclusions We found very few roundtable sessions and opened-topic sessions -and without an adequate preestablished conceptual framework- focused on the medical problem. Thus, the medical problem is not considered an important topic of study. Discussion and investigation are convenient to search for arguments and solutions at multiple levels, otherwise it will not be possible to make a diagnosis and treatment of the topic, with the eventual and important future implications.

New Medical Professionalism

The practice of medicine today is beset with unprecedented challenges which include public distrust in medical profession, increasing market force and strengthened management. Recently medical professional societies in UK & USA are overcoming these challenges in the way that medical professionalism is modernized in a changing society. They set 'a physician charter' and new definition of medical professionalism as a partnership. The principles of new medical professionalism are patient welfare, patient autonomy and social justice. It describes doctors' commitment to integrity, compassion, altruism, continuous improvement, excellence, working in partnership, just distribution of finite resources, maintaining trust by managing conflicts of interest and others. New professionalism support improvement of health care system for the welfare of society and the collective human dignity. Experience of rebuilding medical professionalism in UK and USA will give a lesson to Korean medical profession when they seek for solution to restore public confidence and take the leadership in Korean healthcare system.

El valor de la Autonomía y las prácticas comunitarias: de la reflexión a la acción en el ámbito académico / O valor da autonomia e práticas comunitárias: da reflexão à ação no âmbito acadêmico / The value of autonomy and community practices: from reflection to action in the academic environment

La tendencia creciente en Colombia a la negación de la Autonomía profesional en la Medicina se sustenta en estudios como la investigación Decisiones médicas en ambientes controlados en el contexto del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud colombiano, 2007-2008 (Molina, Muñoz y Ramírez, 2009) liderado por el Grupo en Gestión y Políticas Públicas en Salud de la Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Antioquia. En relación con esa investigación, este artículo propone una reflexión sobre aspectos éticos y Autonomía profesional en la formación del pregrado, para fortalecer ese valor. Esta vez, la perspectiva se hace desde el eje social curricular, como uno de los que se requieren para la formación en Autonomía de los profesionales de la salud y como complemento a otros ejes que se centran en lo material y en lo individual. Así, el aprendizaje de las normas y criterios que servirán de base para el autogobierno en la práctica profesional, puede incorporar la consideración intersubjetiva con los individuos, las familias y las comunidades...

The growing trend in Colombia to the denial of professional Autonomy in Medicine is based on the research as Decisiones Médicas en ambientes controlados en el contexto del Sistema de Salud Colombiano, 2007 -2008, led by the Management and Public Policy Group on Health of the School of Public Health of Universidad de Antioquia. In relation to this investigation, this article proposes a reflection on ethical and professional Autonomy on undergraduate students in such a way that it is achieved but strengthens it. By this time, the perspective is achieved from the axis social curriculum as one of those required for the formation in Autonomy of Health Professionals in addition to other topics that focus on the material and individual. This way, the learning of the rules and criteria that will be used as base for the self-government in the professional practice, can incorporate the intersubjective consideration into the individuals, the families and the communities...

Na Colômbia, a crescente tendência à negação da Autonomia profissional na Medicina se sustenta em estudos como a pesquisa "Decisões médicas em ambientes controlados no contexto do Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde", 2007-2008 (Molina, Muñoz e Ramírez, 2009), liderada pelo Grupo de Gestão e Políticas Públicas em Saúde da Faculdade Nacional de Saúde Pública da Universidad de Antioquia. Com relação a esta pesquisa, este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre aspectos éticos e Autonomia profissional na formação da carreira, para fortalecer este valor. Desta vez a perspectiva parte do eixo social curricular, como um dos que são requeridos para a formação em Autonomia dos profissionais da saúde e como complemento a outros eixos centrados nos aspectos material e individual. Assim, a aprendizagem das normas e critérios que servirão de base para o autogoverno na prática profissional pode incorporar a consideração intersubjetiva com os indivíduos, famílias e comunidades...

Medical professionalism in Korea: a sociological view

A profession is characterized by advanced theoretical and systematic knowledge, which can provide that profession with autonomy and authority. This paper examines the factors affecting the realization of complete professional autonomy such as the market and capital, patients, and the state. The primary factor of weak autonomy is due to the undifferentiated interests of professionalism from the influence of capital. The second factor is the ineffective system of self-regulation over physician behavior. The third factor is the underdevelopment of medical values, which could override the current conflicts between physicians and the state.

Médicos ecuestres, el arte de curar y los galenos en la historia nacional (Ciudad de México, 1877-1911) / Itinerant physicians, the art of healing and doctors in national history (Mexico City, 1877-1911)

La incertidumbre y desconfianza que en ocasiones suscitó la presencia y actuación de los médicos diplomados en la ciudad de México durante el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz (1877-1911), condujo a que éstos profesionistas consideraran como esencial fortalecer, vigorizar y crear, hasta donde fuese posible, una imagen respetable, competente y homogénea de su labor profesional. Para ello, recurrieron, recrearon y adaptaron las máximas de ética médica de la cultura médica occidental a su labor profesional, y se abocaron a rescatar del olvido histórico a destacados médicos del convulso siglo diecinueve mexicano. Con ello, como se expondrá en este ensayo, anhelaban responder, reaccionar y neutralizar la incredulidad y la crítica que el público manifestaba en torno a su quehacer y desempeño profesional.

The uncertainty and mistrust towards the presence and activities of academic medical practitioners in Mexico City during the Porfirio Díaz government (1877-1911) convinced these professionals that is was essential to create, strengthen and transmit a respectable, competent and homogeneous image of the profession. To this purpose they recovered, recreated and adapted the ethical maxims of the occidental medical culture to their professional work, and rescued eminent medical figures of Mexico's convulse nineteenth century from being lost in the oblivion of history. Their goal - as it will be expounded in the following pages - was to respond, oppose and neutralize the criticism and disbelief expressed by the public against their professional performance.

Age of consent in medical profession: A food for thought.

The concept of ‘consent’ comes from the ethical issue of respect for individual dignity as well as right to self determination. Indian Constitution covers issue of consent under Article 21 dealing with right to life with dignity. In law, the tort of battery is defined as ‘Application of force to the person of another without lawful justification’ and there in lies the essence of requirement of consent for any medical treatment. Consent has been defined to mean “voluntary agreement, compliance, or permission for a specified act or purpose”. [1] This paper deals with review of literature on the issue of ‘age of consent’ in medical profession, Civil and Criminal Laws in India, judicial pronouncements, medical literature, etc. some textbooks mentioned age of consent as 12 years and others 18 years, while others used the words like: major, adult, minor, child and guardian, etc. author has made a sincere effort to reach at a consensus about the age of consent in medical profession.

Strategy of Comparative Advertisement Use in Medical Profession / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the strategy of comparative advertisement use in medical profession. METHODS: The excellence and the shortcoming of comparative advertisement were analyzed in case study, and the strategy of comparative advertisement use in medical profession was put forward. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS: The use of comparative advertisement in a practical, rational and innovative way helps advertisement to play its potentials.

Mechanisms for guarding against and dissolving risks of the medical profession / 中华医院管理杂志

The special nature of medical care determines the high riskiness of the medical profession that is lacking in other professions. In view of the high-techness and high riskiness of the medical profession, it is only proper to start thinking about setting up corresponding mechanisms for guarding against and dissolving the risks so as to safeguard the legitimate rights of the doctors. Guarding against and dissolving risks of the medical profession fall into a systematic framework of regulations and legal arrangements that are composed of mechanisms for dispersing risks of the medical profession, mechanisms for sharing medical liabilities and systems of medical care and social security.