Focus on the epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis outbreaks and the global road map of defeating meningitis by 2030 / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

World Health Organization (WHO) reported that a total of 559 meningitis cases and 18 deaths were reported in the southeast of Niger from November 1, 2022 to January 27, 2023.Children were the major of patients.Among the laboratory confirmed cases, 93.7%(104/111) were epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.Since 2021, the epidemic of meningococcal disease has attacked the gay and bisexual men in Florida, USA.This paper briefly reviews the occurrence and development of the two outbreaks of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, as well as the causes and countermeasures.The current prevention and control measures of meningitis is discussed based on the " Defeating meningitis by 2030: Global Road Map" issued by WHO in 2021.This paper is expected to attract the attention and to improve awareness and vigilance of domestic clinical and public health workers, which would lead to strengthen the surveillance, prevention and control of meningitis.

La enfermedad meningocócica por bacteria infecciosa en Ecuador

Introducción: La meningitis puede ocurrir a cualquier edad y en individuos previamente sanos; concierne a la inflamación de las meninges por bacterias piógenas. La enfermedad meningocócica bacteriana prevalece en todo el mundo y constituye una emergencia médica con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la sintomatología de la enfermedad meningocócica en Ecuador. Método: Se realizó una investigación de tipo cualicuantitativa, se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva en buscadores bibliográficos con la búsqueda de palabras claves: enfermedad meningocócica por bacteria infecciosa. Se estudió el universo constituido por 151 pacientes afectados. Las variables edad en años de los afectados, factores de riesgo dependientes y síntomas presentes permitió a los autores plantear las conclusiones. Resultados: El 56,30 % de la población es de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de aproximadamente 10 meses. El 63,58 % población de estudio es menor de 1 año de edad, la cantidad de síntomas presentados fue variable, del 11 % con 4 o más síntomas y el 47 % con un síntoma. La mala higiene en las personas se presentó en un 35,20 %. La sintomatología está relacionada con el consumo de caracoles y agua sin hervir. Conclusiones: La enfermedad meningocócica ocasiona daños a nivel del cerebro y medula espinal y su número de infecciones ha incrementado en los últimos años. La limpieza inadecuada de los alimentos supone un riesgo para adquirir la enfermedad. Los síntomas más frecuentes son: afectación neurológica, convulsiones, vómitos y náuseas, además la presencia de eosinófilos en sangre y líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Introduction: Meningitis can affect at any age and healthy individuals; it´s the inflammation of the meninges caused by the infection with pyogenic bacteria. Meningococcal disease is prevalent worldwide and constitutes a medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To assess the symptomatology of meningococcal disease in Ecuador. Method: A qualitative-quantitative research was carried out, an exhaustive bibliographic review was conducted in bibliographic search engines with the use of keywords: meningococcal disease caused by infectious bacteria. A total of 151 affected patients (as universe) were studied. The variables: age of those affected patients, dependent risk factors and symptoms present, helped in the authors final conclusions. Results: The 56.30% of the studied population was male, with an average age of approximately 10 months. The 63.58% of the studied population is under 1 year of age, the number of symptoms presented was variable, 11% with 4 or more symptoms and 47% with one symptom. Poor hygiene was presented in 35.20%. Symptomatology is related to the consumption of snails and unboiled water. Conclusions: Meningococcal disease causes damage to the brain and spinal cord, and infections has increased in recent years. Inadequate food sanitation is one of the risks for acquiring the disease. The most frequent symptoms are: neurological involvement, convulsions, vomiting and nausea, as well as the presence of eosinophils in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Introdução: A meningite pode ocorrer em qualquer idade e em indivíduos previamente saudáveis; diz respeito à inflamação das meninges por bactérias piogênicas. A doença meningocócica bacteriana é prevalente em todo o mundo e constitui uma emergência médica com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar os sintomas da doença meningocócica no Equador. Método: Realizou-se uma investigação quali-quantitativa, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica exaustiva em buscadores bibliográficos com a busca das palavras-chave: doença meningocócica por bactéria infecciosa. Foi estudado o universo constituído por 151 pacientes acometidos. As variáveis idade em anos dos afetados, fatores de risco dependentes e sintomas presentes permitiram aos autores tirar conclusões. Resultados: 56,30% da população é do sexo masculino, com idade média de aproximadamente 10 meses. 63,58% da população estudada é menor de 1 ano, o número de sintomas apresentados foi variável, 11% com 4 ou mais sintomas e 47% com um sintoma. A má higiene das pessoas foi apresentada em 35,20%. Os sintomas estão relacionados ao consumo de caracóis e água não fervida. Conclusões: A doença meningocócica causa danos ao cérebro e à medula espinhal e o número de infecções aumentou nos últimos anos. A limpeza inadequada dos alimentos representa um risco para a aquisição da doença. Os sintomas mais frequentes são: comprometimento neurológico, convulsões, vômitos e náuseas, além da presença de eosinófilos no sangue e líquido cefalorraquidiano.

Serogrupos y resistencia antimicrobiana de Neisseria meningitidis causantes de enfermedad invasiva en Paraguay

RESUMEN La enfermedad meningocócica representa un problema de salud pública y una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Los serogrupos que causan la mayor carga de enfermedad a nivel global son A, B, C, W e Y. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los serogrupos y la resistencia antimicrobiana de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas de enfermedad invasiva en Paraguay durante el periodo 2010-2020. Se estudiaron todas las muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo y sangre con aislamientos o detección de ADN por PCR de N. meningitidis de pacientes de diversas edades, que fueron remitidas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública durante el periodo 2010-2020, dentro del marco de la vigilancia epidemiológica de meningitis (n=163) en Paraguay. La mayor frecuencia de hallazgos de N. meningitidis se observó en el grupo de edad de < 1 año. El 25,7% de los casos correspondió al serogrupo B, el 52,1% al serogrupo C, 18,4% al serogrupo W y 3,7% al serogrupo Y. En el 2018, se evidenció la mayor cantidad de casos por serogrupo C (n=27). La menor frecuencia de sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina G fue en el 2010 (12,5%) y la mayor en el 2014 (100,0%). Se registró un aumento de casos por serogrupo C a partir del 2017, posicionándose como serogrupo prevalente hasta el 2020, y además, un aumento de la sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. La vigilancia es de importancia en el control de la enfermedad meningocócica para detección de brotes, estimación de la carga de enfermedad, análisis de resistencia antimicrobiana, distribución de serogrupos y evaluaciones de estrategias de control.

ABSTRACT Meningococcal disease represents a public health problem and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The serogroups that cause the highest burden of disease globally are A, B, C, W, and Y. The aim of the study was to describe serogroups and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from invasive disease in Paraguay during the 2010-2020 period. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid and blood with isolates or detection of DNA by PCR of N. meningitidis from patients of different ages referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory during the period 2010-2020 within the framework of the epidemiological surveillance of meningitis (n = 163) in Paraguay were studied. The highest frequency of N. meningitidis findings was observed in the <1 year age group, 25.7% of the cases corresponded to serogroup B, 52.1% to serogroup C, 18.4% to serogroup W and 3.7% to serogroup Y. In 2018, the highest number of cases by serogroup C (n = 27) was found. The lowest frequency of decreased sensitivity to penicillin G was in 2010 (12.5%) and the highest in 2014 (100.0%). There was an increase in cases due to serogroup C in 2017, positioning itself as the prevalent serogroup until 2020, in addition, there was an increase in decreased sensitivity to penicillin. Surveillance is important in the control of meningococcal disease for outbreak detection, estimation of the burden of disease, analysis of antimicrobial resistance, serogroup distribution, and evaluations of control strategies.

Trajectory of serogroups causing Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Santa Catarina state, Brazil (2007-2019)

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the trajectory of serogroups causing Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) in the Santa Catarina (SC) state with those of whole Brazil. A retrospective analysis of all IMD cases reported from January 2007 to December 2019 was carried out. During the study period, 26,058 IMD cases were registered in Brazil and 644 and in SC state alone. Overall, Brazil showed progressive reduction in cases since 2010, when the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine was introducted on National Immunization Program, while SC showed an increase in total cases since 2013, particularly from serogroups W and C. Serogroups distribution was significantly different between Brazil and SC. The emergence of serogroup W highlights the improved meningococcal surveillance through increased accuracy in identification methods in SC state. This finding is important for discussing recommendations of quadrivalent (ACWY) conjugate vaccines in different geographical areas of Brazil.

A propósito de la epidemia meningocóccica chilena (1941-1942): el niño con shock séptico hace 80 años desde la perspectiva médica y social / About the Chilean meningococcal epidemic (1941-1942): the children with septic shock 80 years ago from a medical and social perspective

Resumen: En nuestro país, la enfermedad meningocóccica presenta una baja endemia y alta letalidad, con exis tencia de brotes epidémicos, algunos de ellos de carácter histórico, como el acaecido durante la pri mera mitad del siglo pasado. La acción de un grupo de médicos, pioneros en los aspectos clínicos, de investigación y docencia, junto al personal de salud que constituía su equipo, inmersos en una política pública sanitaria exitosa, permitieron consolidar el cuidado necesario del niño enfermo de esta grave patología, como también de muchas otras, posibilitando así el desarrollo de una propuesta estructurada y científica a la luz del conocimiento disponible en aquella época. Por ello, luego de 80 años, es importante revisar los diversos aspectos clínicos, fisiopatológicos y terapéuticos, además del contexto hospitalario y social de esta exitosa historia del sistema de salud público chileno.

Abstract: In our country, meningococcal disease has a low endemic and high lethality, with epidemic out breaks; some of them of historical character, like the one happened during the first half of the last century. The action of a group of doctors, pioneers in clinical, research and teaching aspects, together with the health personnel that constituted their team, immersed in a successful public health policy, allowed to consolidate the necessary care of the sick child of this serious pathology, as well as many others, thus enabling the development of a structured and scientific proposal, in the light of the knowledge available at that time. Therefore, after 80 years, it is important to review the various clini cal, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects, in addition to the hospital and social context, of this successful history of the Chilean public health system.

Vacuna cubana antimeningocócica VA-MENGOC-BC®: Treinta años de uso y potencialidades vigentes / Cuban Meningococcal Vaccine VA-MENGOC-BC®: 30 Years of Use and Future Potential

La enfermedad meningocócica provoca cada año más de 500.000 casos y 85.000 muertes en el mundo y un 20 por ciento de los sobrevivientes sufre secuelas. En Cuba, en 1980, la incidencia llegó a 14,4 por 100.000 habitantes para todas las edades y fue declarada como el principal problema de salud del país. En niños menores de 1 año se reportaron más de 120 casos por 100.000 habitantes en algunas provincias. En 1989, investigadores en La Habana, Cuba desarrollaron una vacuna contra meningococo B y C; VA-MENGOC-BC®, la primera en el mundo eficaz contra el meningococo del serogrupo B. Su eficacia de 83 por ciento se demostró en un estudio de campo prospectivo a doble ciegas, aleatorizado, contra placebo. En su producción se empleó por primera vez la tecnología vesicular o proteoliposómica. Esta vacuna se usó en una campaña de vacunación masiva y posteriormente fue incluida en el Programa Ampliado de Inmunización en Cuba y tuvo un impacto acumulado sobre la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica del serogrupo B superior a 95 por ciento (93 por ciento-98 por ciento). La vacunación masiva y sistemática cambió el espectro de cepas del meningococo en los portadores asintomáticos sanos y la circulación de cepas en las poblaciones hacia fenotipos no virulentos. La enfermedad dejó de ser un problema de salud en el país. VA-MENGOC-BC® es la vacuna contra la enfermedad meningocócica del serogrupo B que se aplicó en el mayor número de susceptibles en el mundo. En América Latina se administraron más de 60 millones de dosis. En varios países donde se ha usado VA-MENGOC-BC®, circulan cepas diferentes a la vacunal y contra todas ellas se demostró un elevado porcentaje de efectividad (55%-98 por ciento en menores de 4 años y 73 por ciento-100 por ciento en mayores de 4 años). VA-MENGOC-BC® y su tecnología proteoliposómica han tenido impacto y mantienen su potencialidad, no solo en la enfermedad meningocócica, sino en el desarrollo de otras vacunas y adyuvantes(AU)

Every year, meningococcal infection by Neisseria meningitidis causes over 500,000 cases and 85,000 deaths in the world, with 20 percent of survivors suffering sequelae. In Cuba its incidence in 1980 reached 5.9 cases per 100,000 population; about 80 percent of cases were serogroup B, prompting health authorities to declare meningococcal disease the country's main public health problem. Several provinces reported over 120 cases per 100,000 children aged <1 year, overwhelmingly serogroup B. At that time, no vaccines existed with proven efficacy against N. meningitidis serogroup B, nor was there a vaccine candidate that could be successful in the short term. By 1989, researchers in Havana had developed a Cuban meningococcal B and C vaccine, VA-MENGOC-BC®, the world's first against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Its efficacy of 83 percent was demonstrated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field study. Vaccine production used vesicle or proteoliposome technology for the first time. The same year, the World Intellectual Property Organization awarded its gold medal to the main authors of the VA-MENGOC-BC® patent. The vaccine was used in a mass vaccination campaign and later included in Cuba's National Immunization Program, with a cumulative impact on incidence of serogroup B meningococcal disease greater than 95 percent (93 percent-98 percent). Mass, systematic vaccination shifted the spectrum of meningococcal strains in healthy asymptomatic carriers and strains circulating among population groups toward nonvirulent phenotypes. The disease ceased to be a public health problem in the country. VA-MENGOC-BC® is the most widely applied vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease in the world. Over 60 million doses have been administered in Latin America. In several countries where it has been applied, in which strains other than the vaccine-targeted strains circulate, VA-MENGOC-BC® has demonstrated effectiveness against all (55 percent-98 percent in children aged ≥4 years and 73 percent-100 percent in children aged >4 years). The vaccine and its proteoliposome technology have had an impact and continue to have potential, not only for meningococcal disease, but also for development of other vaccines and adjuvants(AU)

Epidemic situation and preventive strategy for meningococcal disease / 中华预防医学杂志

The incidence of meningococcal disease is generally low globally at present. The epidemics, problems and challenges of meningococcal disease were described in order to provide support for prevention and control of meningococcal disease in China, especially in the areas of disease surveillance, epidemic changes, serogroup witching, vaccines and vaccination strategies and meningococcal group B vaccine development.

Genotipos de Neisseria meningitidis aislados de pacientes con enfermedad meningocócica en Paraguay, 1996-2015 / Genotypes of Neisseria meningitidis isolates in patients with meningococcal meningitis in Paraguay, 1996-2015 / Genótipos de Neisseria meningitidis isolados de pacientes com doença meningocócica no Paraguai, 1996-2015

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las características fenotípicas y genotípicas de cepas de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas de enfermedad meningocócica en Paraguay entre 1996 y 2015. Métodos Se estudiaron por métodos microbiológicos convencionales y técnicas moleculares 114 aislamientos de N. meningitidis y 12 muestras clínicas sin aislamiento confirmadas por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) que fueron remitidas por los diferentes centros centinelas y centros colaboradores de Paraguay. Resultados El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de menores de 1 año (19,0%), seguido por el de 1 a 5 años (17,5%). Un mayor porcentaje de las cepas se aisló de casos de meningitis (81,7%) y el serogrupo B se encontró en 60,3% de los casos. Los fenotipos más frecuentes fueron B:4:P1.14 (16,0%), B:15:P1.5, C:NT:NST y W:NT:P1.2 (10,5%), respectivamente. Los complejos clonales prevalentes fueron ST-11/ET37 complex 29,6% (8/27) con predominio del serogrupo W (6/8), ST-35 complex 18,5% (5/27) en el serogrupo B (4/4), y ST-32/ET5 complex 14,8% (4/16) en el serogrupo B (5/5). Conclusiones En Paraguay la enfermedad meningocócica es relativamente infrecuente. Los análisis de distribución de serogrupo muestran que el más frecuente es el B y en los últimos dos años aumentaron los casos de enfermedad meningocócica por C y W. Los complejos clonales encontrados se correlacionan con los hallados en la región del Cono Sur. Debido al alto nivel de virulencia de N. meningitidis, su vigilancia debe constituir una prioridad estratégica de los sistemas de salud pública nacionales y regionales para prevenir brotes epidémicos y apoyar la toma de decisiones en salud pública.

ABSTRACT Objective Describe the phenotypical and genotypical characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from cases of meningococcal disease in Paraguay between 1996 and 2015. Methods Conventional microbiological methods and molecular techniques were used to study 114 isolates of N. meningitidis and 12 clinical samples without isolation (confirmed by polymerase chain reaction), provided by various sentinel centers and collaborating centers in Paraguay. Results The most affected age group was children under 1 year (19.0%), followed by 1-5-year-olds (17.5%). The highest percentage of strains was isolated in meningitis cases (81.7%) and serogroup B was found in 60.3% of cases. The most frequent phenotypes were B:4:p1.14 (16.0%), B:15:p1.5, C:nt:nst, and W:nt:p1.2 (10.5%), respectively. The prevalent clonal complexes were: ST-11/ET37 complex, 29.6% (8/27), predominantly serogroup W (6/8); ST-35 complex, 18.5% (5/27), in serogroup B (4/4); and ST-32/ET5 complex, 14.8% (4/16), in serogroup B (5/5). Conclusions Meningococcal meningitis is relatively uncommon in Paraguay. Distribution analysis showed that serogroup B is the most common and that the number of cases of meningococcal disease caused by serogroups C and W increased in the last two years. The identified clonal complexes were correlated with those found in the Southern Cone region. Due to the high virulence of N. meningitidis, its surveillance should be a strategic priority of national and regional public health systems to prevent epidemic outbreaks and support public health decision-making.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características fenotípicas e genotípicas de cepas de Neisseria meningitidis isoladas de casos de doença meningocócica no Paraguai entre 1996 e 2015. Métodos Foram estudados por métodos microbiológicos convencionais e técnicas moleculares 114 isolados de N. meningitidis e 12 amostras clínicas sem isolamento confirmadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) enviados por diferentes centros-sentinela e centros colaboradores do Paraguai. Resultados A faixa etária mais afetada foi a de crianças menores de 1 ano (19,0%) e crianças de 1 a 5 anos (17,5%). Uma maior porcentagem de cepas foi isolada de casos de meningite (81,7%) e o sorogrupo B foi identificado em 60,3% dos casos. Os fenótipos mais comuns foram B:4:P1.14 (16,0%), B:15:P1.5, C:NT:NST e W:NT:P1.2 (10,5%), respectivamente. Os complexos clonais mais prevalentes foram o complexo ST-11/ET37 (29,6%, 8/27) com predomínio no sorogrupo W (6/8), complexo ST-35 (18,5%, 5/27) no sorogrupo B (4/4) e complexo ST-32/ET5 (14,8%, 4/16) no sorogrupo B (5/5). Conclusões A doença meningocócica é relativamente pouco comum no Paraguai. A análise da distribuição dos sorogrupos demonstrou que o sorogrupo B é o mais prevalente e, nos últimos dois anos, ouve um aumento nos casos de doença meningocócica pelos sorogrupos C e W. Os complexos clonais encontrados se correlacionam com os achados na região do Cone Sul. Devido à alta virulência da N. meningitidis, a vigilância deste agente deve ser uma prioridade estratégica dos sistemas de saúde pública nacionais e regionais para prevenir surtos epidêmicos e subsidiar a tomada de decisão em saúde pública.

Púrpura en los pies: Meningococcemia? Reporte de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Purpura in the feet: Meningococcemia? Clinical case report and literature review

Neisseria meningitidis es la etiología de infecciones severas incluso letales, afectando principalmente a la población joven. No obstante, dado que el único reservorio es la nasofaringe humana, hay portadores asintomáticos. El meningococo es sensible a los antibióticos de uso habitual, como: cefalosporinas de tercera generación y quinolonas, pero el retraso en el diagnóstico por presentaciones clínicas infrecuentes y la administración tardía de la terapia, se asocian a elevada morbimortalidad. Presentamos una paciente de 18 años, con un cuadro de rápida evolución, con parámetros inflamatorios de laboratorio alterados, asociado a lesiones cutáneas purpúricas, que evolucionó con falla multiorgánica y desenlace fatal, lográndose la confirmación etiológica por el Instituto de Salud Pública. Reportamos el caso para tener en consideración el diagnóstico de meningococcemia, frente a pacientes con cuadro clínico y exámenes de laboratorio sugerentes de sepsis, que presentan lesiones cutáneas compatibles.

Neisseria meningitidis is the etiology of severe, even lethal infections, affecting mainly the young population. However, since the only reservoir is the human nasopharynx, there are asymptomatic carriers. Meningococcus is sensitive to commonly used antibiotics such as third generation cephalosporins and quinolones, but delayed diagnosis due to infrequent clinical presentation and delayed therapy are associated with high morbidity and mortality. We present an 18-year-old female patient with a rapid evolution, with altered inflammatory laboratory parameters, associated with purpuric skin lesions, which evolved with multiorgan failure and fatal outcome, and the etiological confirmation was obtained by the Public Health Institute. We report the case to take into account the diagnosis of meningococcemia in patients with clinical symptoms and laboratory tests suggestive of sepsis and compatible skin lesions.

A cross-sectional study assessing the pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in subjects aged 1-24 years in the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Meningococcal carriage is a prerequisite for invasive infection. This cross-sectional study assessed the pharyngeal carriage prevalence in healthy subjects aged 1-24 years in Embu das Artes city, São Paulo, Brazil. Pharyngeal swabs were examined for the presence of Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were tested for different serogroups using agglutination and polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression model assessed any independent association between Neisseria meningitidis carriage and various risk factors. A total of 87/967 subjects (9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.3-11.0) tested positive for N. meningitidis: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.8-9.4) in 1-4 years, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.1-13.0) in 5-9 years, 12.5% (95% CI: 7.8-18.6) in 10-14 years, 12.6% (95% CI: 7.4-19.7) in 15-19 years and 9% (95% CI: 4.9-14.9) in 20-24 years age groups. Highest carriage prevalence was observed in adolescents 10-19 years old. Serogroup C was predominant (18.4%) followed by serogroup B (12.6%). The 15-19 years age group showed a significant association between number of household members and carriers of N. meningitidis. This cross-sectional study is the first in Brazil to evaluate meningococcal carriage prevalence and associated factors in a wide age range.

Evaluation of the impact of serogroup C meningococcal disease vaccination program in Brazil and its regions: a population-based study, 2001-2013

BACKGROUND Meningococcal C conjugate (MenC) vaccine was introduced as part of the Brazilian National Immunisation Program in 2010 for children < 1 year of age. OBJECTIVES The study objective was to evaluate the impact of this vaccination strategy. METHODS An observational, mixed ecological and analytical study was conducted, based on time series panel data from surveillance records (2001-2013). FINDINGS A total of 37,538 of meningococcal disease cases were recorded during the study period. Of these, 19,997 were attributed to serogroup C. A decrease in meningococcal disease serogroup C (MDC) incidence among children aged < 1 year [65.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 20.5-84.7%] and 1-4 years (46.9%; 95%CI: 14.6-79.1%) were found in the three years following vaccination introduction. Vaccination impact on the reduction of MDC incidence varied from 83.7% (95%CI: 51.1-100.0%) in the Midwest region to 56.7% (95%CI: 37.4-76.0%) in the Northeast region. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Vaccination against MDC in Brazil had a positive impact on the population of children aged < 1 year, across all regions, and on the 1-4 year-old cohort. Nevertheless, in our view there is scope for improving the vaccination strategy adopted in Brazil.

Advance and challenge in research on meningococcal group B vaccines / 药物评价研究

It is generally accepted that vaccinations are one of the most effective tool for control of infectious diseases.In recent years,the research on meningococcal group B vaccines has made progress extensively.A new meningococcal group B vaccine,developed by the reverse vaccinology technology,has been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drag Administration.Although no related products has been approve till now in China,some meningococcal group B vaccines are also developing in domestic companies and research institutes.Therefore,to further understand these vaccines and facilitate the development of meningococcal group B vaccines,this paper reviews advance and challenge in research on meningococcal group B vaccines.

Advance and challenge in research on meningococcal group B vaccines / 药物评价研究

It is generally accepted that vaccinations are one of the most effective tool for control of infectious diseases.In recent years,the research on meningococcal group B vaccines has made progress extensively.A new meningococcal group B vaccine,developed by the reverse vaccinology technology,has been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drag Administration.Although no related products has been approve till now in China,some meningococcal group B vaccines are also developing in domestic companies and research institutes.Therefore,to further understand these vaccines and facilitate the development of meningococcal group B vaccines,this paper reviews advance and challenge in research on meningococcal group B vaccines.

Meningococcal disease, a clinical and epidemiological review

Meningococcal disease is the acute infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, which has humans as the only natural host. The disease is widespread around the globe and is known for its epidemical potential and high rates of lethality and morbidity. The highest number of cases of the disease is registered in the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. In Brazil, it is endemic with occasional outbreaks, epidemics and sporadic cases occurring throughout the year, especially in the winter. The major epidemics of the disease occurred in Brazil in the 70's caused by serogroups A and C. Serogroups B, C and Y represent the majority of cases in Europe, the Americas and Australia. However, there has been a growing increase in serogroup W in some areas. The pathogen transmission happens for respiratory route (droplets) and clinically can lead to meningitis and sepsis (meningococcemia). The treatment is made with antimicrobial and supportive care. For successful prevention, we have some measures like vaccination, chemoprophylaxis and droplets' precautions. In this review, we have described and clarify clinical features of the disease caused by N. meningitidis regarding its relevance for healthcare professionals.

Meningococcal disease, a clinical and epidemiological review

Meningococcal disease is the acute infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, which has humans as the only natural host. The disease is widespread around the globe and is known for its epidemical potential and high rates of lethality and morbidity. The highest number of cases of the disease is registered in the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. In Brazil, it is endemic with occasional outbreaks, epidemics and sporadic cases occurring throughout the year, especially in the winter. The major epidemics of the disease occurred in Brazil in the 70's caused by serogroups A and C. Serogroups B, C and Y represent the majority of cases in Europe, the Americas and Australia. However, there has been a growing increase in serogroup W in some areas. The pathogen transmission happens for respiratory route (droplets) and clinically can lead to meningitis and sepsis (meningococcemia). The treatment is made with antimicrobial and supportive care. For successful prevention, we have some measures like vaccination, chemoprophylaxis and droplets’ precautions. In this review, we have described and clarify clinical features of the disease caused by N. meningitidis regarding its relevance for healthcare professionals.

Enfermedad meningocóccica invasora por serogrupo B en dos niños chilenos vacunados contra serogrupos ACWY / Meningococcal invasive disease caused by serogroup B in two Chilean children vaccinated against ACWY serogroups

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) by serogroup W has become predominant in Chile since 2012, prompting vaccination with conjugate ACWY. We reported two pediatric cases in patients already vaccinated, which evolved with IMD by serogroup B. This should remind us to keep the alertness with this pathology, despite the current vaccination system in Chile, emphasizing in improve our epidemiological case definition and its diagnosis.

La Enfermedad Meningocóccica Invasora (EMI) por serogrupo W ha llegado a ser predominante en Chile desde el 2012, motivando estrategias de inmunización con vacunas conjugadas contra los serogrupos ACWY. Presentamos dos casos pediátricos de pacientes vacunados contra meningococo ACWY que evolucionaron con EMI por serogrupo B, lo que debe recordarnos la alerta y sospecha de esta patología, inclusive con el esquema de vacunación actual chileno, poniendo énfasis en mejorar nuestra definición epidemiológica de caso sospechoso para optimizar su diagnóstico.

Características clínicas y factores pronósticos de la enfermedad meningocóccica: un estudio de serie de casos en Chile durante el brote 2012-2013 / Clinical features and prognostic factors of meningococcal disease: a case series study in Chile during the 2012-2013 outbreak

Introduction: Meningococcal disease (MD) is a major global problem because of its case fatality rate and sequels. Since 2012 cases of serogroup W have increased in Chile, with nonspecific clinical presentation, high case fatality rate and serious consequences. Objective: To characterize the evolution and outcome of MD cases between January 2012 and March 2013 in Chile. Material and Methods: Case series considering149 MD cases of 7 regions. A questionnaire was applied and clinical records were reviewed, including individual, agent, clinical course and healthcare process variables. The analysis allowed to obtain estimates of the OR as likelihoodof dying. Results: 51.5% was meningococcemia, the case fatality rate reached 27%, prevailing serogroup W (46.6%). Factors that increased the probability of dying: > age, belonging to indigenous people, having lived a stressful event, having diarrhea, impaired consciousness, cardiovascular symptoms, low oxygen saturation and low Glasgow coma scale score. Discussion: The case fatality rate exceeded normal levels and was higher in serogroup W. Increasing in this serogroup, associated to the increased presence of nonspecific symptoms or rapid progression to septicemia, hit a health system accustomed to more classic meningococcal disease presentation, which could partly explain the observed increased fatality rate.

Introducción: La enfermedad meningocóccica (EM) es un importante problema mundial por su letalidad y secuelas. Desde 2012 aumentaron en Chile los casos por serogrupo W, con presentación clínica inespecífica, elevada letalidad y secuelas graves. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución y desenlace de EM en casos desde enero de 2012 a marzo de 2013 en Chile. Material y Método: Serie de 149 casos de EM de siete regiones. Se aplicó un cuestionario y se revisaron registros clínicos, incluyendo variables del individuo, agente, curso clínico y proceso de atención. Los análisis permitieron obtener OR como estimadores de la probabilidad de fallecer. Resultados: El 51,5% se presentó como meningococcemia, la letalidad alcanzó a 27%, predominando el serogrupo W (46,6%). Aumentaron la probabilidad de fallecer: una mayor edad, pertenencia a pueblos originarios, haber vivido evento estresante, presentar diarrea, compromiso de conciencia, síntomas cardiovasculares, baja saturación de oxígeno y bajo puntaje de Glasgow. Discusión: La letalidad superó las frecuencias habituales y fue mayor en el serogrupo W. El aumento de este serogrupo, asociado a la mayor presencia de síntomas inespecíficos o a la rápida progresión a septicemia, impactó en un sistema de salud habituado a cuadros más clásicos de EM, lo que podría explicar en parte, la mayor letalidad observada.

Vaccination Policy in Korean Armed Forces: Current Status and Future Challenge

Infectious diseases have historically resulted in suspended or cancelled military operations. Vaccination for disease prevention is a critical component of the military's force readiness doctrine. Until recently, Korea had not recognized the importance of vaccinating military personnel. However, a 2011 meningococcal disease outbreak at an army recruit training center led to dramatic changes in the paradigm of traditional medical practice in the Korean armed forces. A new vaccination policy was formed by a 2012 Military Healthcare Service Act. Since then, Neisseria meningitidis, hepatitis A, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines have been routinely administered to all new recruits early in basic training to ensure protection against these diseases. All active-duty soldiers also receive seasonal influenza vaccination annually. Despite quantitative improvements in vaccination policies, several instances of major infectious diseases and adverse vaccine reactions have threatened soldier health. In the future, vaccination policies in the Korean armed forces should be based on epidemiologic data and military medical research for vaccine use and safety management.

A Case Report of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in an Adult without Identifiable Risk Factors.

Meningitis is the most common manifestation of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), occurring in approximately 50% of all cases. It is characterized by sudden onset, very rapid progression, and a high case fatality rate even with early and appropriate treatment. The purpose of this case report is to increase the awareness of health care professionals about the seriousness of IMD, so it should be considered in differential diagnosis with top priority in certain cases even in absence of risk factors, and emphasize that excellent outcome can be achieved by early employment of appropriate therapy. In this case report, we review an adult male, with no past medical history of significance, who presented with IMD, and was successfully treated in the intensive care unit with prompt initiation of IV antibiotics, ventilation support and multidisciplinary approach in management.

Enfermedad meningocóccica en la Región Metropolitana de Chile y su correlación con factores ambientales / Meningococcal disease in the Metropolitan Region of Chile and its correlation with environmental factors

Introduction: Meningococcal disease (MD) is a public health problem worldwide, due to its high morbidity and mortality. Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a marked seasonal pattern with predominance during the dry season. Objectives: To describe the morbidity of MD in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile and explore whether there is a correlation between the number of cases with the levels of atmospheric particulate matter PM 10 and PM 2.5, relative humidity (RH), temperature and total environmental pollen. Materials and Methods: Ecological time series study, statistical analysis with R 3.0.1, graphics with Excel 2013. Results: Between 2010 and 2013, 234 MD cases were reported in the MR with an increasing trend. There is a seasonal pattern with an increase of cases from August to October, and a decrease from March to April. There is no correlation with the levels of PM10 and PM2.5. There is a slight positive correlation with RH and a slight negative correlation with temperature. There is a moderate positive correlation with the levels of total environmental pollens. Discussion: Overcrowding and the winter viral infections could explain the increased incidence of MD and the slight correlation with RH and temperature. The moderate correlation with the pollens could be explained by an effect of irritation of the upper airway. Conclusions: More epidemiological studies whose designs allow a greater causal inference are required.

Introducción: La enfermedad meningocóccica (EM) constituye un problema de salud pública mundial debido a su alta morbi-mortalidad. La mayor cantidad de casos ocurre en África subsahariana, donde existe un marcado patrón estacional en la estación seca. Objetivos: Describir la morbilidad de la EM en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Chile y explorar si existe correlación entre el número de casos con PM 10, PM 2,5 humedad relativa (HR), temperatura y pólenes ambientales totales. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio ecológico tipo series de tiempo, análisis estadístico con R 3.0.1, gráficos con Excel 2013. Resultados: En el período 2010-2013 se notificaron 234 casos de EM en la RM, con una tendencia al alza. Se observa un patrón estacional con aumento de casos entre agosto y octubre y una disminución entre marzo y abril. No existe correlación con los niveles de PM 10 ni de PM 2,5. Se describe una correlación positiva leve con la HR y negativa leve con la temperatura. Existe correlación moderada positiva con los niveles de pólenes totales ambientales. Discusión: El hacinamiento y las infecciones virales de invierno podrían explicar el aumento de casos de EM y la correlación leve con la HR y la temperatura. La correlación moderada con los pólenes podría explicarse por un efecto de irritación de la vía aérea superior. Conclusiones: Se requieren más estudios epidemiológicos cuyos diseños permitan una mayor inferencia causal.