Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Mentha arvensis Linn. and demonstration of their in vitro antibacterial activities

Abstract A study was carried out to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using plant extracts and to explore their pharmaceutical application as antibacterial agents. Dried leaves of Mentha arvensis Linn. were powdered and extracts were prepared using three different organic solvents. Preliminary screening on antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method indicated that the methanolic extract possessed higher potential than the other two. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract revealed that it possesses tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. Ag-NPs prepared using this extract were of spherical to cuboidal shape ranging in size from 40 to 70 nm. It retained essential chemical groups and had the required surface plasmon resonance. Further to the antimicrobial assay, the Ag-NPs, in contrast to the whole methanolic leaf extract, showed better (100% vs. 80%) bactericidal activity against the indicator organisms. The zones of growth inhibition for gram positive bacteria ranged between 14±0.6 and 23±0.3, while it was between 12±0.6 and 22±0.2 for gram negative bacteria. The Ag-NPs presented the minimum inhibitory concentration values of 250 µg/mL for gram positive bacteria and 250 - 500 µg/mL for gram negative bacteria. These findings suggest that the natural compounds present in M. arvensis L. possess the potency to facilitate the synthesis and antibacterial action of Ag-NPs.

Chemo-biological evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Mentha arvensis L. and its role in inhibition of advanced glycation end products

Background: There has been enormous curiosity in the development of alternative plant based medicinesto control diabetes, oxidative stress and related disorders. One of the therapeutic approaches is to reducepostprandial release of glucose in the blood. Two key enzymes that are involved in reducing postprandialglucose are a-amylase and a-glucosidase. Mentha arvensis L. has been traditionally used by several tribesas a medicinal plant to treat various disorders.Objective: The present study was undertaken to test M. arvenisis L. for inhibition of postprandialhyperglycemia.Material and method: We performed various in vitro and in vivo tests to evaluate efficacy of M. arvenisis L.for antidiabetic activity (postprandial hyperglycemia).Results: Methanolic extract of M. arvensis L. leaves showed DPPH free radical scavenging activity (morethan 78% mg/ml) and high antiglycation potential (more than 90% inhibition of AGE formation). Methanolic extract also showed remarkable inhibitory effects on a-amylase (more than 50% mg/ml) and aglucosidase (68% mg/ml) and significant inhibition of postprandial hyperglycemia in starch induced diabetic Wistar rats.Conclusion: The non-insulin dependent antidiabetic or inhibition of postprandial hyperglycemic activityof methanolic extract of M. arvensis L. leaves was shown by using in vitro and in vivo approaches in thepresent study.© 2018 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Antioxidant potential of methanol Root extract of Mentha arvensis L from Kashmir Region.

The study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of methanolic root extract of Mentha arvensis L. from Kashmir region. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Mentha arvensis L. was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, reducing power, metal chelating, nitrous oxide scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was found to be 9.12 and 32.14 mg/g respectively. The percentage inhibition values of DPPH scavenging for methanol extract were found to be 35.83%. The percentage inhibition values of Nitrous oxide scavenging for extract were found to be 39.11%, the percentage inhibition values of H2O2 scavenging for extract were found to be 21.72%, the percentage inhibition values of metal chelating activity of methanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml was found to be 79.31% and that for standard ascorbic acid was found to be 96% at same concentration and the reducing power of extract was found to be 0.75 at concentration of 0.25mg/ml. The results indicate that the methanolic root extract of Mentha arvensis L. has good antioxidant potential and it can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L

Objective: To investigate potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. in different in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods: In vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. In vivo analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid-induced writhing test in Swiss albino mice. All studies in mice were undertaken at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Antibacterial activity was studied by disk diffusion assay against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to investigate cytotoxicity effects of the plant extract. Results: The extract showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay (IC

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L

Objective: To investigate potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. in different in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods: In vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. In vivo analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid-induced writhing test in Swiss albino mice. All studies in mice were undertaken at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Antibacterial activity was studied by disk diffusion assay against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to investigate cytotoxicity effects of the plant extract. Results:The extract showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay (IC50~41 μg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid (IC50~19 μg/mL). The extract also produced prominent antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella boydii,Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus aureus compared to standard drug kanamycin at the dose of 30 μg/disc. The extract exhibited lethality against the brine shrimp nauplii with the LC50 values of 40 μg/mL, and also 90% mortality (LC90) value was found to be 160 μg/mL. In analgesic test, the extract demonstrated statistically significant (P Conclusions:These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. has potential antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities that support the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant.

Tipos de estacas e substratos na propagação vegetativa da menta (Mentha arvensis L. ) / Types of cuttings and substrates in the vegetative propagation of mint (Mentha arvensis L. )

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação vegetativa da menta utilizando diferentes tipos de estacas e substratos. O experimento foi conduzido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais da Unimontes, campus Janaúba - MG. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (dois tipos de estacas e quatro diferentes substratos) com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela representada por seis estacas. Foram analisadas as variáveis comprimento de parte aérea e de raízes, massa seca de parte aérea e de raízes e número total de brotações formadas por planta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A interação entre os fatores estacas e substratos não foi significativa para as variáveis estudadas, passando-se a estudar o efeito isolado de cada fator. A propagação de Mentha arvensis L. pode ser realizada tanto por estacas apicais como medianas, utilizando o substrato solo + areia + esterco bovino (2:1:1) para a produção de mudas de qualidade.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the vegetative propagation using different types of mint cuttings and substrates. The experiment was conducted in the Garden of Medicinal Plants of Unimontes, in Janaúba - MG. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in 2 x 4 factorial schemes (two types of poles and four different substrates) with four replications and each plot was represented by six cuttings. The variables analyzed were the length of the shoots and roots, the dry matter of the shoots and roots and the total number of shoots per plant. The data were subject to ANOVA and the means were compared by Scott-Knott's test at 5% of probability. The interaction among stem cuttings and substrates was not significant for the variables studied, thus, the isolated effect of each factor was studied. The propagation of Mentha arvensis L. can be performed either by apical cuttings as medians, using the substrate soil + sand + manure bovine (2:1:1) for the production of quality seedlings.

In vitro study on the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic extracts from Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) against oral pathogens / Estudo in vitro do efeito antimicrobiano dos extratos hidroalcólicos de Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) contra patógenos orais

In vitro tests could be a valuable tool for the evaluation of medicinal plants' antimicrobial activity. Mentha arvensis of the Lamiaceae family is one of the most frequently traditional plants used in Brazil. Hydroalcoholic extracts of M. arvensis were analyzed for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Candida albicans. Three different assays (agar diffusion, broth macro- and micro-dilution methods) were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity. Although hydroalcoholic extracts of M. arvensis did not show any antibacterial effect, its antifungal activity against C. albicans was revealed. According to the micro-dilution broth assay, MIC of the hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of M. arvensis on Candida albicans strains ranged between 625 and 2500 µg mL-1. Results suggest that M. arvensis hydroalcoholic extract may be considered a potentially antifungal agent against C. albicans, and a possible item for human antibiotic therapy. However, further biological tests on the plant's efficacy and side-effects are necessary before its use on humans.

Testes in vitro podem ser uma ferramenta valiosa para a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de plantas medicinais. Mentha arvensis é uma das plantas medicinais brasileiras mais frequentemente utilizadas e pertence à família Lamiaceae. No presente estudo, extratos hidroalcólicos de M. arvensis foram analisados quanto à sua atividade antimicrobiana sobre Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus e Candida albicans. Três diferentes ensaios (métodos de difusão em ágar, macro e microdiluição em caldo) foram utilizados para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana. Embora os extratos hidroalcólicos de M. arvensis não demonstraram qualquer efeito antibacteriano, eles apresentaram atividade antifúngica contra C. albicans. Baseado no ensaio de microdiluição em caldo, a CIM do extrato hidroalcólico das folhas de M. arvensis sobre cepas de C. albicans variaram de 625 a 2500 µg mL-1. Estes achados sugerem que o extrato hidroalcólico de M. arvensis pode ser considerado um agente antifúngico em potencial contra C. albicans, e um possível candidato para antibioticoterapia humana. Contudo, mais testes biológicos sobre a eficácia e efeitos adversos desta planta são necessários antes do seu uso em humanos.

Irradiated sodium alginate improves plant growth, physiological activities and active constituents in Mentha arvensis L.

Sodium alginate, irradiated by Co-60 gamma rays in solid state, elicits plant growth promoting responses in various plants. Irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) was applied as a foliar spray on mint (Mentha arvensis L.) to investigate its effect on plant growth, physiological attributes and herbage yield as well as on content and yield of essential oil and its components (menthol, L-menthone, isomenthone and methyl acetate). A simple pot experiment was conducted applying five concentrations of ISA, viz. 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg L-1, as foliar sprays. GPC study revealed formation of lower molecular weight oligomer fractions in irradiated samples which could be responsible for plant growth promotion in the present work. Of the five ISA concentrations, 100 mg L-1 proved the best. As compared to the control, the ISA applied at 100 mg L-1 resulted in the highest values of all physiological parameters at 100 and 120 days after planting.

Avaliação da atividade anti-Trypanosoma e anti-Leishmania de Mentha arvensis e Turnera ulmifolia / Evaluation of the anti-Trypanosoma and anti-Leishmania activity of Mentha arvensis and Turnera ulmifolia

Tripanosomiasis or “Chagas disease”, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affect 10 million people in Latin America. Today, the chemotherapy is the only specific treatment against this disease, being the most used drugs the nifurtimox and benznidazole. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, mainly founded in regions with forests, as the Amazonia. Recent reports about the Leishmaniasis indicate a deficit of therapeutical drugs available against this disease and reinforce the necessity of the discovering of new drugs. An interesting approach against these diseases is the use of natural products, as the extracts of plants as Mentha arvensis and Turnera ulmifolia. For the in vitro assays against T. cruzi and Leishmania, was used the clone CL-B5 and promastigote forms, respectively. The cytotoxic assay was performed using fibroblasts. Our results indicated that M. arvensis was active against all strains assayed, inhibiting 65 e 47 percent of the assayed strains (IC50 = 192.3 and 531.9 ug/mL respectively), representing an interesting and alternative source of natural products with anti-kinetoplastida activity.

Doença de Chagas, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, afeta cerca de 10 milhões de pessoas nas Américas. Atualmente, a quimioterapia é o único tratamento específico disponível para esta doença, onde os medicamentos utilizados são nifurtimox e benzonidazol. Leishmaniose tegumentar Americana no Brasil é causada por uma variedade de espécies de Leishmania e uma grande diversidade destes parasitos pode ser encontrada na Região Amazônica. Revisões recentes na quimioterapia de leishmaniose enfatizam as deficiências dos agentes terapêuticos atualmente disponíveis e mostram a necessidade urgente de novos candidatos. Uma alternativa para substituir esses medicamentos são extratos naturais de Mentha arvensis e Turnera ulmifolia. Foram preparados extratos etanólicos das folhas de M. arvensis e T. ulmifolia. Para os testes in vitro de T. cruzi, foi utilizado o clone CL-B5 e para Leishmania brasiliensis foram utilizadas formas promastigotas. O ensaio de citotoxicidade foi realizado com linhagens de fibroblastos. Nossos resultados indicam que M. arvensis foi eficaz contra as cepas de parasitos testadas apresentando 65 e 47 por cento de inibição em uma concentração de 500 ug/mL (respectivamente, CE50 = 192.3 e 531.9 ug/mL), sendo considerada uma fonte alternativa de produtos naturais com atividade contra T. cruzi e L. brasiliensis.

Some Biochemical properties of polyphenoloxidase from spearmint (Mentha arvensis)

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO; EC 1.14.18.1) extracted from Mentha arvensis leaves was isolated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and extensive dialysis. Its optimum pH and temperature varied with the substrate. The PPO showed activity with various diphenols. Km values were found 0.825, 0.928 and 7.41mM for caffeic acid, 4-methylcatechol and catechol, respectively. On heat-inactivation, half of the activity was lost after 60 and 15 sec at 70 and 75ºC, respectively. Measuring of residual activity showed a stabilizing effect of sucrose at various temperatures with activation energy (Ea) for inactivation increasing with sucrose concentration from 0 to 40 percent (w/w). Ea values of 78.13; 80.37; 82.79 and 81.00 kJ/Mol were found for 0, 15; 30 and 40 percent sucrose, respectively. PPO was inhibited by ascorbic, benzoic, cinnamic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuich acids, sodium metabisulfite, pyrogallol and resorcinol. The Ki values showed that ascorbic acid was the most effective inhibitor. The type inhibition was determined for each inhibitor.

Polifenoloxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) extraída de folhas de Mentha arvensis foi isolada por precipitação com (NH4)2SO4 e diálise extensiva. Seu pH e temperatura ótimos variaram com o substrato. A PPO apresentou atividade com vários difenóis. Valores de Km foram 0,825; 0,928 e 7,41 mM para ácido caféico, 4-metilcatecol e catecol, respectivamente. Na inativação térmica, 50 por cento da enzima foi inativada após 60 e 15 segundos a 70 e 75ºC, respectivamente. A medida de atividade residual mostrou um efeito estabilizante de sacarose a várias temperaturas e uma energia de ativação (Ea) para inativação aumentando com a concentração de sacarose de 0 a 40 por cento (p/p). Valores de energias de ativação de 78,13; 80,37; 82,79 and 81,00 kJ/Mol foram encontradas para 0, 15, 30 e 40 por cento de sacarose, respectivamente. A PPO foi inibida pelos ácidos ascórbico, benzóico, cinamico, ferulico, p-cumárico, protocatéquico, além de metabisulfito de sódio, resorcinol e pirogalol. Os valores de Ki mostram que o ácido ascórbico foi o mais efetivo inibidor. O tipo de inibição foi determinado para cada inibidor.

Produção de mudas de hortelã-japonesa em função da idade e de diferentes tipos de estaca / Scion production of mint in function of age and different types of cutting

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes idades e tipos de estacas na produção de mudas de Mentha arvensis L. Foram avaliados quatro diferentes tipos de estacas: estacas apicais retiradas da parte aérea; estacas retiradas da parte aérea mediana; estacas retiradas da ponteira do estolão e estacas retiradas da parte mediana dos estolões. Os diferentes tipos de estaca foram avaliadas com 25 e 40 dias de cultivo. Foram empregadas estacas com 4-5cm de comprimento, enterradas 2/3 no substrato comercial Plantmax®. Foram avaliados, nos dois períodos de enraizamento (25 e 40 dias) nos diferentes tipos de estaca na bandeja, a altura, o número de brotações, a biomassa seca da parte aérea e das raízes e a porcentagem de mortalidade. As estacas, após os períodos de enraizamento foram transplantadas para canteiro e vasos. Foi também determinada a porcentagem de mortalidade e a biomassa seca da parte aérea, das raízes e estolões, após um cultivo por 30 dias. Os resultados mostraram que as estacas apicais da parte aérea aos 25 dias e aos 40 dias após o plantio na bandeja apresentaram maior enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea e baixa porcentagem de mortalidade. Aos 25 dias, as estacas apicais da parte aérea se desenvolveram estando as mudas aptas ao transplantio para o campo. Aos 30 dias após o transplantio, as estacas apicais da parte aérea apresentaram maior crescimento, exceto para biomassa seca dos estolões.

The objective of this research was to verify the influence of different age and types of cuttings in the production of scion of Mentha arvensis L. Four different types of cuttings were evaluated: apical and medium cuttings (from aerial part); tip and medium cuttings (from rhizome part). The different types of cuttings were evaluated at 25 and 40 days of age. The cuttings used had 4-5cm long and covered with Plantmax® substrate to a depth of 2/3. Two rooting periods (25 and 40 days) from the different types of cuttings were evaluated: height, shoots number, aerial and roots dry biomass and percentage of mortality. The cuttings after the rooting period were transplanted to bed and pots. The mortality and the aerial part, roots and rhizome dry biomass were determined 30 days after being cultivated. The results showed that apical cuttings from aerial part at 25 and 40 days after being planted in trays had higher rooting, aerial part development and low mortality. At 25 days the aerial part developed and the scion was ready to be transplanted to field. Thirty days after transplanted apical cuttings from aerial part showed a higher growth, except for rhizome dry biomass.

Solução nutritiva e composição mineral de três espécies de menta cultivadas no sistema hidropônico / Nutrient solution and mineral composition of three mint species grown in hydroponic system

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o teor e a acumulação de nutrientes em três espécies de Mentha e testar o desempenho de solução nutritiva calculada para o cultivo de menta, a partir de dados anteriores de produção de matéria seca e de quantidade de nutrientes extraídos por M. arvensis, no sistema hidropônico NFT Técnica do Fluxo Laminar de Nutrientes (NFT). O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação de 250m² do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, RS, Brasil, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2004. Empregou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (órgãos da planta) e cinco repetições. Estacas de plantas matrizes foram enraizadas em espuma fenólica por 20 dias em berçário e após foram transferidas para bancadas de produção final. As plantas foram colhidas aos 62 (M. arvensis), 69 (M. x gracilis) e 76 (M. x piperita var. citrata) dias após o plantio, separadas em partes (raízes, hastes, folhas) e secas em estufa a 70°C para determinação de matéria seca e análise de tecidos. Nitrogênio, cálcio e potássio foram os macronutrientes com maior concentração em todas as partes das plantas, já os micronutrientes foram ferro, manganês e zinco. Houve maior acúmulo de macronutrientes nas folhas, seguidas pelas hastes e raízes. Constatou-se que a solução nutritiva elaborada garantiu elevada produção de fitomassa, sem que as plantas apresentassem sintomas visuais de deficiência ou toxicidade de macro e micronutrientes.

The intention of this study was to determine the levels and accumulation of nutrients in three Mentha species and to test the performance of the nutrient solution for the growth of mint, obtained from previous data of dry matter production and quantity of nutrients extracted by M. arvensis, in NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) hydroponic system. The research was carried out at the Departament of Fitotecny, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil, from October to December. A completely randomized design was used with three treatments (plant organs) and five replications. Stakes of matrix plants rooted in phenolic foam for 20 days in a nursery, being then transferred to final production gullies. The plants were harvested at 62 (M. arvensis), 69 (M. x gracilis) and 76 (M. x piperita var. citrata) days after planting, separeted in parts (roots, stems, leaves) and dried at 70°C for the determination of dry matter and tissue analysis. Nitrogen, calcium and potassium were the macronutrients with larger concentration in all plant parts; the micronutrients were iron, manganese and zinc. There was a higher accumulation of macronutrients in the leaves, followed by stems and roots. It was verified that the nutrient solution elaborated guaranteed a high phytomass production without the plants showing visual symptons of deficiency or toxicity of macro and micronutrients.

Inhibition of IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction by Mentha arvensis in rats / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that Mentha arvensis water extract (MAWE) inhibited systemic anaphylaxis and histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: This study was undertaken to determine the inhibitory effects of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated anaphylactic reaction by MAWE. This paper deals with an evaluation of the effect of MAWE on the anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody induced anaphylactic reaction in rats. We also investigated the influence of MAWE on anti-DNP IgE antibody-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. RESULTS: MAWE inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) when intravenously, intrap- eritoneally, and orally administered. MAWE dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from RPMC activated by anti-DNP IgE antibody. Moreover, MAWE had an inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE antibody induced TNF-alphaproduction from RPMC. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MAWE inhibits the IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction in rats.