Trypanosoma cruzi XRNA granules colocalise with distinct mRNP granules at the nuclear periphery

BACKGROUND Eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are important for the regulation of RNA fate. RNP granules exist in trypanosomatids; however, their roles in controlling gene expression are still not understood. XRNA is a component of granules in Trypanosoma brucei but has not been investigated in Trypanosoma cruzi. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the TcXRNA dynamic assembly and its interaction with RNP components under conditions that affect the mRNA availability. METHODS We used in vitro metacyclogenesis of T. cruzi to observe changes in RNP granules during the differentiation process. TcXRNA expression was analysed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Colocalisation assays were performed to investigate the interaction of TcXRNA with other RNP components. FINDINGS TcXRNA is constantly present during metacyclogenesis and is localised in cytoplasmic granules. TcXRNA does not colocalise with TcDHH1 and TcCAF1 granules in the cytoplasm. However, TcXRNA granules colocalise with mRNP granules at the nuclear periphery when mRNA processing is inhibited. MAIN CONCLUSIONS TcXRNA plays a role in mRNA metabolism as a component of mRNP granules whose assembly is dependent on mRNA availability. TcXRNA granules colocalise with distinct RNP granules at the nuclear periphery, suggesting that the perinuclear region is a regulatory compartment in T. cruzi mRNA metabolism.

Relación entre cambios en la expresión de proteasas y metaciclogénesis espontánea asociadas a las condiciones de mantenimiento de Trypanosoma cruzi en el laboratorio / Relationship between changes in the expression of proteases and spontaneous metacyclogenesis associated to Trypanosoma cruzi maintenance conditions in the laboratory

La metaciclogénesis de Trypanosoma cruzi es la transformación del estadio epimastigota en tripomastigota metacíciclico que ocurre en la ampolla rectal del insecto vector. Durante este proceso se ha implicado una activación del metabolismo proteico, con probable participación de proteasas en la degradación de proteínas del parásito. En el presente trabajo se determinó el efecto de las condiciones de mantenimiento de T. cruzi en el laboratorio sobre la actividad de proteasas y su relación sobre la metaciclogénesis espontánea en cultivos axénicos. Se trabajó con el clon Dm30L de Trypanosoma cruzi mantenido en el laboratorio mediante pases trimestrales chipo-ratón (condición triatomino: CT) o repiques semanales durante 15 años en medio LITB (condición cultivo: CC). En ambas condiciones, se hizo curva de crecimiento durante 30 días en medio LITB suplementado con 10, 24 y 48 mM glucosa, calculándose el porcentaje de metacíclicos espontáneos y determinación de la actividad de proteasas. En 10 mM glucosa, parásitos de la CT presentaron mayor expresión de proteasas y porcentaje de metacíclicos respecto a la CC. En la CT, el crecimiento en 48 mM glucosa redujo las variables antes mencionadas, mientras que no se evidenció actividad proteolítica ni metaciclogénesis espontánea en parásitos de la CC en altas concentraciones de glucosa. En todos los casos se evidenció mayor actividad de cisteín proteasas durante la fase estacionaria del cultivo. No se reportó actividades metaloproteasas en ninguna de las condiciones estudiadas, pero sí en el clon Dm28c utilizado como control de la expresión de este tipo de enzima. Estos resultados sugieren que la expresión de proteasas está influenciada por la constitución genética del parásito y que la CC provoca disminución de la actividad proteolítica que persisten aún en condiciones de agotamiento de carbohidratos del medio, con una concomitante reducción significativa en el porcentaje de metacíclicos espontáneos.

Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis is the transformation of epimastigote stage to trypomastigote metacyclic that happens in the rectal ampulla of the insect vector. During this process it has been implicated protein metabolism activation, with proteases likely involvement in parasite protein degradation. In this study we determined the effect of T. cruzi keeping conditions in the laboratory on the activity of proteases and their relationship on spontaneous metacyclogenesis in axenic culture. We worked with Trypanosoma cruzi Dm30L clone maintained in the laboratory by quarterly passes triatomine-mouse (triatomine condition: TC) or serial culture media during 15 years in LITB medium (culture condition: CC). In both conditions, growth curve was made for 30 days in LITB medium supplemented with 10, 24 and 48 mM glucose, calculating the percentage of spontaneous metacyclics and determining proteases activity. In 10 mM glucose, TC parasites showed higher expression of proteases and metacyclic percentage relative to the CC. In TC, the growth in 48 mM glucose reduced the above variables, while no evidenced proteolytic activity nor spontaneous metacyclogenesis on CC parasites in high glucose concentrations. In all cases there was greater cysteine proteases activity during the stationary phase of the culture. Metalloprotease activity was not reported in any of the conditions studied, but it was detected in clone Dm28c used as control of expression of this type of enzyme. These results suggest that the expression of proteases is influenced by the genetic makeup of the parasite and the CC causes decrease of proteolytic activity which persists even in carbohydrate depleted conditions of the medium, with a concomitant significant reduction in the percentage of spontaneous metacyclics.

The overexpression of the trypanosomatid-exclusive TcRBP19 RNA-binding protein affects cellular infection by Trypanosoma cruzi

To characterise the trypanosomatid-exclusive RNA-binding protein TcRBP19, we analysed the phenotypic changes caused by its overexpression. Although no evident changes were observed when TcRBP19 was ectopically expressed in epimastigotes, the metacyclogenesis process was affected. Notably, TcRBP19 overexpression also led to a decrease in the number of infected mammalian cells. These findings suggest that TcRBP19 may be involved in the life cycle progression of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite.

A influência do metabolismo redox na transmissão da doença de Chagas / The influence of the redox metabolism upon the transmission of Chagas disease

As formas epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi proliferam e se diferenciam no interior de diferentes compartimentos do trato digestivo dos triatomíneos. Esses ambientes antagônicos, no que diz respeito à concentração de nutrientes, pH e status redox, constituem um desafio para o protozoário por conterem moléculas e fatores capazes de deflagrar diferentes sinalizações e respostas no parasito. Por isso, testamos a influência de produtos abundantes do metabolismo do vetor e de status redox distintos, frente aos processos de proliferação e diferenciação in vivo e in vitro. Como exemplo temos o heme e a hemozoína, subprodutos da digestão da hemoglobina, e o urato, rico na urina dos insetos. O heme é uma importante molécula em todos os seres vivos. Nosso grupo mostrou seu papel na proliferação in vitro de T. cruzi e que esse sinal é governado pela enzima redox-sensível CaMKII (Lara et al., 2007; Souza et al., 2009). Esse efeito parece depender de uma sinalização redox, onde o heme e não seus análigos induz a formação de EROs, modulando a atividade da CaMKII (Nogueira et al, 2011). Apesar de gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) em formas epimastigotas, o heme não alterou a ultraestrutura desses parasitos mostrando uma adaptação a ambientes oxidantes. Além disso, a adição de FCCP inibiu a formação de EROs mitocondrial, diminuindo a proliferação dos parasitos. Em contrapartida, a AA aumentou drasticamente a produção de EROs mitocondrial levando à morte dos epimastigotas. Estes resultados confirmam a hipótese de regulação redox do crescimento de epimastigotas...

Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes proliferate and differentiate inside different compartments of the triatomines gut. These environments are antagonic in terms of nutrient content, pH and redox status. All these factors represent a challenge to the protozoan due to the presence of molecules and factors which are able to induce different signals to the parasite. Thus, we tested the influence of abundant metabolism products of the vector, with distinct redox status, in the proliferation and metacyclogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These molecules are heme and hemozoin, both byproducts of hemoglobin digestion, and urate, present in the urine of insects. Heme is a ubiquitous molecule present in all living organisms. Our group studied its role in T. cruzi growth in vitro, showing that this signal is governed by the redox-sensitive enzyme CaMKII (Lara et al., 2007; Souza et al., 2009). Indeed, it seems to rely on a redox signaling pathway in which heme, but not its analogs, induces ROS formation, thus modulating CaMKII activity (Nogueira et al., 2011). Although it induces ROS in epimastigotes, the heme molecule had no deleterious effect upon the parasites ultrastructure, suggesting an adaptation to oxidative environments. In addition, FCCP inhibited mitochondrial ROS formation, then decreasing the parasite proliferation. On the other hand, AA drastically increased mitochondrial ROS production leading to cell death. These results corroborate the hypothesis of redox regulation of epimastigotes proliferation. Hemozoin (β- hematin) formation is an elegant strategy to minimize the toxic effect of heme in hematophagous insects. However, β-hematin had no influence upon the proliferation or metacyclogenesis in vitro. Also, urate, GSH and NAC impaired epimastigote proliferation. These effects were partially reversed when the antioxidants were incubated along with heme...

Prevalence and intensity of infection, metacyclogenesis and nuclear phenotypes in Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) after ingestion of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) II and subjection to heat shock / Prevalência e intensidade de infecção, metaciclogênese e fenótipos nucleares em Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) após ingestão de Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) II e choque de temperatura

This study aimed to contribute to our knowledge of the parasite-vector interaction associated with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) infection in Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835), an important vector of Chagas' disease in Brazil. The prevalence and intensity of T. cruzi infection, the incidence of metacyclogenesis and the frequency of nuclear phenotypes in Malpighian tubules were investigated in nymphs of P. megistus, reared at 28 °C and subjected to heat shock (40 °C, 1 hour) two days after infection with T. cruzi II (Y strain). Following the 45-day post-infection period, the frequency of epimastigotes was much higher than that of trypomastigotes in both heat-shocked and non-shocked insects, and the prevalence of infection was not altered by heat shock. Fewer epimastigotes and trypomastigotes were found in the infected insects subjected to the heat shock, indicating that the multiplication and metacyclogenesis of the parasites were affected by the stress. In infected specimens heat shock promoted an increased frequency of cell nuclei with heterochromatin decondensation, a cell survival response to stress, and did not affect insect survival. The effects of infection and heat shock, especially on the multiplication and metacyclogenesis of T. cruzi, and the observed resistance to heat shock developed by P. megistus nymphs are suggestive that they should be considered when adequate conditions for rearing these infected insects in the laboratory are pursued.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a interação parasita-vetor associada à infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) em Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835), importante vetor da doença de Chagas no Brasil. A prevalência e a intensidade da infecção por T. cruzi, a incidência de metaciclogênese e a frequência de fenótipos nucleares presentes em túbulos de Malpighi foram investigadas em ninfas de P. megistus criadas à temperatura de 28 °C e submetidas a choque térmico por 1 hora a 40 °C, dois dias após alimentação em camundongos infectados com T. cruzi II (linhagem Y). A análise realizada 45 dias pós-infecção revelou que tanto nos insetos submetidos ao choque térmico como nos respectivos controles a frequência de epimastigotos se apresentava muito maior do que a dos tripomastigotos; a prevalência da infecção não foi alterada pelo choque térmico. Menos epimastigotos e tripomastigotos foram encontrados nos insetos submetidos ao choque térmico, indicando que a multiplicação e a metaciclogênese dos parasitas possam ser afetadas com o estresse. Nos espécimes infectados, o choque térmico induziu aumento na frequência de núcleos com descompactação da heterocromatina, uma resposta de sobrevivência celular ao estresse, e não afetou a sobrevivência propriamente dita do inseto. Os efeitos da infecção e do choque térmico, especialmente sobre a multiplicação e a metaciclogênese de T. cruzi, e a resistência ao choque térmico desenvolvidos pelas ninfas de P. megistus são indicativos de que devam ser considerados quando se buscam condições adequadas de criação em laboratório de insetos infectados.

In vitro effects of citral on Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis

Citral, the main constituent of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil, was added to Trypanosoma cruzi cultures grown in TAU3AAG medium to observe the effect on the epimastigote-to-trypomastigote differentiation process (metacyclogenesis). Our results showed that citral (20 μg/mL) did not affect epimastigote viability or inhibit the differentiation process. Concentrations higher than 60 μg/mL, however, led to 100 percent cell death (both epimastigote and trypomastigote forms). Although epimastigotes incubated with 30 μg/mL citral were viable and able to adhere to the substrate, we observed around 50 percent inhibition in metacyclogenesis, with a calculated concentration that inhibited metacyclogenesis by 50 percent after 24 h (IC50/24 h) of about 31 μg/mL. Treatment with 30 μg/mL citral did not hinder epimastigote multiplication because epimastigote growth resumed when treated cells were transferred to a drug-free liver infusion tryptose culture medium. Metacyclogenesis was almost totally abolished at 40 μg/mL after 24 h of incubation. Furthermore, the metacyclic trypomastigotes obtained in vitro were similarly susceptible to citral, with an IC50/24 h, concentration that killed 50 percent of the cells after 24 h, of about 24.5 μg/mL. Therefore, citral appears to be a good candidate as an inhibitory drug for further studies analyzing the T. cruzi metacyclogenesis process.

Metaciclogénesis y desarrollo de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) en Lutzomyia ovallesi (Diptera: Psychodidae) / Metacyclogenesis and development of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Lutzomyia ovallesi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

La interacción Leishmania-vector es un proceso complejo y multifactorial. En los últimos años se han logrado avances importantes en la relación Leishmania-vector, pero aún se desconocen algunos aspectos. Este trabajo estudia la interacción de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomadidae) en Lutzomyia ovallesi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Hembras de L. ovallesi fueron infectadas artificialmente y se determinó el patrón de desarrollo, densidad parasitaria, secuencia de morfotipos de promastigotes en las regiones del intestino, efecto de la realimentación, y el patrón de carbohidratos de la superficie de las leptomonas usando lectinas fluorescentes. Los resultados mostraron desarrollo suprapilórico de L. (L.) amazonensis. La densidad parasitaria mostró dos ciclos de división separados en tiempo y espacio, se observaron morfotipos caracterizados como paramastigotes en división. La realimentación no alteró la migración de los morfotipos y la mayor proporción de leptomonas en el intestino medio torácico sugiere migración natural que pudiera ser modulada por el gradiente de carbohidratos en el intestino del flebótomo y por la exposición de saliva. Las leptomonas exhibieron diferentes patrones de unión de glicoconjugados, que sugieren presencia de distintos residuos de carbohidratos en la superficie celular del parásito y/o flagelo, que pueden tener funciones importantes en la interacción y estabilidad de los parásitos en el lumen del intestino y su migración a las diferentes regiones del mismo. Se aportan diferentes aspectos del desarrollo de L. (L.) amazonensis en L. ovallesi importantes para entender su potencial vectorial.

Leishmania-vector interaction is a complex and multifactorial process. During the last few years important advances in the Leishmania-vector interaction have been reached but there still some unknown aspects. This work studies the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (Kinetoplastide: Trypanosomatidae) interaction in Lutzomia ovallesi (Diptera: Psychodidae). L. ovallesi females were artificially infected and the development pattern, parasite density, and promastigote morphotype sequence in the intestinal regions were determined, as well as the effect of re-feeding, and the carbohydrate pattern of the leptomonad surface using fluorescent lectins. The results showed suprapiloric development of L. (L.)amazonensis. Parasite density showed two division cycles separated in time and space, morphotypes characterized as dividing paramastigotes were observed. Re-feeding did not alter the migration of morphotypes and the greater proportion of leptomonads in the middle intestine suggests a natural migration which could be modulated by the carbohydrate gradient in the phlebotom intestine and by exposure to saliva. Leptomonads exhibited different glyconjugate union patterns which suggest the presence of various carbohydrate residues in the cell surface of the parasite and/or flagellum, which can have important functions in the interaction and stability of the parasites in the intestinal lumen and their migration to the different intestinal regions. Several aspects of L. (L.)amazonensis development in L. ovallesi important for understanding its vectorial potency are discussed.

Vectorial capacity of Triatoma guasayana (Wygodzinsky & Abalos) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) compared with two other species of epidemic importance

Triatoma guasayana (Wygodzinsky & Abalos) is a peridomestic triatomine with epidemiological importance in Bolivia, that may play an important role in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas). In this study, two parameters of vectorial capacity were evaluated: the interval of feeding-defecation time and metacyclogenesis, in adult males and females and nymphal instars II to V of T. guasayana with comparisons with Triatoma infestans (Klug) and T. sordida (Stal). The results showed a close relationship between ingestion of blood and beginning of defecation. Values were negative in T. infestans, and T. sordida for instars II, III, IV, and V and also males and females but were positive in female T. sordida. Triatoma guasayana showed only negative values for instar II. Adults and nymphs began defecation as soon as they had finished feeding and required an average of 29.8 min. The analysis of metacyclogenesis showed that T. guasayana was superior to T. infestans and T. sordida. However, the vectorial effectiveness of T. guasayana was significantly affected regarding the percentage of metacyclic trypomastigotes during instars III to V and showed a progressive increase. Females had higher proportions despite their ingestion being half that of T. infestans. The different instars of T. guasayana had a higher parasitic load than those of T. sordida and, although ingestion was 1/3 of that of female T. infestans, there was a progressive increase in metacyclic trypomastigotes in the different nymphal stages of T. guasayana that decreased in adults.

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 is present in promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and its surface expression increases during metacyclogenesis

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11), a protein present in all kinetoplastid protozoa, is considered a potential candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine. A suitable leishmaniasis vaccine candidate molecule must be expressed in amastigotes, the infective stage for mammals. However, the expression of KMP-11 in Leishmania amastigotes has been a subject of controversy. We evaluated the expression of this molecule in logarithmic and stationary growth phase promastigotes, as well as in amastigotes, of Leishmania amazonensis by immunoblotting, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody against KMP-11. We found that KMP-11 is present in promastigotes and amastigotes. In both stages, the protein was found in association with membrane structures (at the cell surface, flagellar pocket and intracellular vesicles). More importantly, its surface expression is higher in amastigotes than in promastigotes and increases during metacyclogenesis. The increased expression of KMP-11 in metacyclic promastigotes, and especially in amastigotes, indicates a role for this molecule in the parasite relationship with the mammalian host. The presence of this molecule in amastigotes is consistent with the previously demonstrated immunoprotective capacity of vaccine prototypes based on the KMP-11-coding gene and the presence of humoral and cellular immune responses to KMP-11 in Leishmania-infected humans and animals.

Trypanosoma cruzi: a stage-specific calpain-like protein is induced after various kinds of stress

Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteinases found in all living organisms and are involved in diverse cellular processes. Calpain-like proteins have been reported after in silico analysis of the Tritryps genome and are believed to play important roles in cell functions of trypanosomatids. We describe the characterization of a member of this family, which is differentially expressed during the life-cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Active transcription and ultrastructural changes during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis

The differentiation of proliferating epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi , the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas’ disease, into the infective and non-proliferating metacyclic forms can be reproduced in the laboratory by incubating the cells in a chemically-defined medium that mimics the urine of the insect vector. Epimastigotes have a spherical nucleus, a flagellum protruding from the middle of the protozoan cell, and a disk-shaped kinetoplast - an organelle that corresponds to the mitochondrial DNA. Metacyclic trypomastigotes have an elongated shape with the flagellum protruding from the posterior portion of the cell and associated with a spherical kinetoplast. Here we describe the morphological events of this transformation and characterize a novel intermediate stage by three-dimensional reconstruction of electron microscope serial sections. This new intermediate stage is characterized by a kinetoplast compressing an already elongated nucleus, indicating that metacyclogenesis involves active movements of the flagellar structure relative to the cell body. As transcription occurs more intensely in proliferating epimastigotes than in metacyclics, we also examined the presence of RNA polymerase II and measured transcriptional activity during the differentiation process. Both the presence of the enzyme and transcriptional activity remain unchanged during all steps of metacyclogenesis. RNA polymerase II levels and transcriptional activity only decrease after metacyclics are formed. We suggest that transcription is required during the epimastigote-to-metacyclic trypomastigote differentiation process, until the kinetoplast and flagellum reach the posterior position of the parasites in the infective form.

A diferenciação de formas epimastigotas (proliferativas) do Trypanosoma cruzi, parasita protozoário causador da doença de Chagas, em formas metacíclicas tripomastigotas (infectivas e não proliferativas), pode ser reproduzida em laboratório incubando-se as células em um meio quimicamente definido que imita a urina do inseto vetor deste parasita. Os epimastigotas têm um núcleo esférico, o flagelo se projeta da metade do corpo do protozoário e o cinetoplasto (organela que possui o DNA mitocondrial) possui formato de disco. Os tripomastigotas metacíclicos têm um núcleo alongado com o flagelo emergindo da extremidade posterior da célula associado ao cinetoplasto esférico. Neste trabalho descrevemos as mudanças morfológicas que ocorrem durante essa transformação e caracterizamos uma nova forma intermediária do parasita usando reconstrução tridimensional de cortes seriados, visualizados por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Essa nova forma intermediária é caracterizada pela compressão do cinetoplasto contra o núcleo alongado, indicando que a metaciclogênese envolve movimentos ativos do cinetoplasto associado à estrutura flagelar em relação ao corpo celular. Como tripomastigotas metacíclicos transcrevem menos que as formas epimastigotas proliferativas, verificamos a presença da RNA polimerase II e medimos a atividade transcricional durante o processo de diferenciação. A presença da enzima e a atividade transcricional permanecem inalteradas durante todas as etapas da metaciclogênese, desaparecendo apenas quando as formas metacíclicas são formadas. Sugerimos que a diferenciação requer uma atividade transcricional, necessária para uma intensa remodelação da célula, que acontece até o cinetoplasto e o flagelo atingirem uma posição posterior do corpo do tripomastigota metacíclico.

Cloning and characterization of a V-ATPase subunit C from the American visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis modulated during development and blood ingestion

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious tropical disease that affects approximately 500 thousand people worldwide every year. In the Americas, VL is caused by the parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi mainly transmitted by the bite of the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Despite recent advances in the study of interaction between Leishmania and sand flies, very little is known about sand fly protein expression profiles. Understanding how the expression of proteins may be affected by blood feeding and/or presence of parasite in the vector's midgut might allow us to devise new strategies for controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. In this work, we report the characterization of a vacuolar ATPase subunit C from L. longipalpis by screening of a midgut cDNA library with a 220 bp fragment identified by means of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the gene varies along insect development and is upregulated in males and bloodfed L. longipalpis, compared to unfed flies.

Behavior of Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes during the course of infection and immune response development in resistant versus susceptible hosts

Little is known on the epitopes derived from metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania that are important on the regulation or destruction of the parasite, as targets of immune attack in the vertebrate host. In this study we investigated an alternative method to obtain metacyclic promasigotes of Leishmania major, as evaluated by the course of infection and delayed-type hipersensitivity (DTH) in resistant versus susceptible inbred mice. Non-infective (procyclic) promastigotes of L. major recently transformed from tissue amastigotes were attached to a negatively charged glass-wool column, whereas metacyclic promastigotes were not bound to columns and could be easily recovered. Optimal chromatography conditions were validated through statistical analyses. Parasite average yield from glass wool columns and promastigote viability were estimated by light microscopy. Metacyclic promastigotes yielded 43.5% to 57.5%. Different patterns of cutaneous lesions were obtained in BALB/c (susceptible) and C57BL/6 (resistant) mice, the former with highly infective lesions induced by metacyclic promastigotes. DTH responses proved to be higher in groups of C57BL/6 mice which were infected with metacyclic promastigotes. These results indicate that the new method could be integrated with the investigation of metacyclogenesis of Leishmania in vivo.

Pouco se conhece sobre os epítopos derivados de promastigotas metacíclicos de Leishmania que são importantes para a regulação ou destruição do parasita, como alvos de ação imunológica no hospedeiro vertebrado. Neste estudo, nós investigamos um método alternativo para obter promastigotas metacíclicos de Leishmania major, pela avaliação do curso da infecção e reação de hipersensibilidade do tipo retardado (HTR) em hospedeiros resistentes e susceptíveis. Promastigotas não-infectantes (procíclicos) de L. major, recentemente isolados de amastigotas, foram selecionados pela adesão a colunas de lã de vidro negativamente carregadas, enquanto que promastigotas metacíclicos não se aderem à coluna e podem ser recuperados com facilidade. Condições ótimas de cromatografia foram validadas por análise estatística. O rendimento médio de parasitas obtidos após separação em colunas de lã de vidro e a viabilidade dos promastigotas foram estimados por microscopia óptica. Os promastigotas metacíclicos tiveram um rendimento médio de 43,5% a 57,5%. Camundongos BALB/c (susceptíveis) e camundongos C57BL/6 (resistentes) apresentaram padrões distintos de lesões cutâneas, os primeiros com lesões mais agressivas, induzidas por promastigotas metacíclicos. As respostas à reação de HTR foram maiores nos grupos de camundongos C57BL/6, submetidos à infecção com promastigotas metacíclicos. Estes resultados indicam que o novo método poderia ser integrado aos protocolos existentes para estudar a metaciclogênese de parasitas do gênero Leishmania in vivo.

Behavior of Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes during the course of infection and immune response development in resistant versus susceptible hosts

Little is known on the epitopes derived from metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania that are important on the regulation or destruction of the parasite, as targets of immune attack in the vertebrate host. In this study we investigated an alternative method to obtain metacyclic promasigotes of Leishmania major, as evaluated by the course of infection and delayed-type hipersensitivity (DTH) in resistant versus susceptible inbred mice. Non-infective (procyclic) promastigotes of L. major recently transformed from tissue amastigotes were attached to a negatively charged glass-wool column, whereas metacyclic promastigotes were not bound to columns and could be easily recovered. Optimal chromatography conditions were validated through statistical analyses. Parasite average yield from glass wool columns and promastigote viability were estimated by light microscopy. Metacyclic promastigotes yielded 43.5% to 57.5%. Different patterns of cutaneous lesions were obtained in BALB/c (susceptible) and C57BL/6 (resistant) mice, the former with highly infective lesions induced by metacyclic promastigotes. DTH responses proved to be higher in groups of C57BL/6 mice which were infected with metacyclic promastigotes. These results indicate that the new method could be integrated with the investigation of metacyclogenesis of Leishmania in vivo.

Pouco se conhece sobre os epítopos derivados de promastigotas metacíclicos de Leishmania que são importantes para a regulação ou destruição do parasita, como alvos de ação imunológica no hospedeiro vertebrado. Neste estudo, nós investigamos um método alternativo para obter promastigotas metacíclicos de Leishmania major, pela avaliação do curso da infecção e reação de hipersensibilidade do tipo retardado (HTR) em hospedeiros resistentes e susceptíveis. Promastigotas não-infectantes (procíclicos) de L. major, recentemente isolados de amastigotas, foram selecionados pela adesão a colunas de lã de vidro negativamente carregadas, enquanto que promastigotas metacíclicos não se aderem à coluna e podem ser recuperados com facilidade. Condições ótimas de cromatografia foram validadas por análise estatística. O rendimento médio de parasitas obtidos após separação em colunas de lã de vidro e a viabilidade dos promastigotas foram estimados por microscopia óptica. Os promastigotas metacíclicos tiveram um rendimento médio de 43,5% a 57,5%. Camundongos BALB/c (susceptíveis) e camundongos C57BL/6 (resistentes) apresentaram padrões distintos de lesões cutâneas, os primeiros com lesões mais agressivas, induzidas por promastigotas metacíclicos. As respostas à reação de HTR foram maiores nos grupos de camundongos C57BL/6, submetidos à infecção com promastigotas metacíclicos. Estes resultados indicam que o novo método poderia ser integrado aos protocolos existentes para estudar a metaciclogênese de parasitas do gênero Leishmania in vivo.

Metaciclogênese do Trypanosoma cruzi como parâmetro de interação do parasita com o triatomíneo vetor / The metacyclogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi as a parameter of parasite interaction with the triatomid vector

Triatoma infestans infectados por três amostras do Trypanosoma cruzi permitiram observar: 1) variabilidade numérica de metacíclicos obtidos de cada amostra após diferentes períodos de infecção; 2) diferenças na perda da infecção de acordo com a amostra infectante e 3) a relação entre o número de parasitas ingeridos e metacíclicos obtidos posteriormente.

Infection of Triatoma infestans with three different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi permited to observe: 1) numerical variability of metacyclics obtained after different times; 2) the differences of loss of infection according to each strain; 3) the relationship between ingested parasites and later obtained metacyclics.