Evaluation of applicants unable to perform military service due to eye disease in terms of disease etiology and preventability: A cross-sectional study

Purpose: Our study’s goal was to investigate the individuals who took a pre?military examination and were pronounced “unfit for military service,” in terms of etiological grouping, legal blindness, and whether or not the illness could have been prevented. Methods: The files of 174 individuals deemed “unfit for military service” due to eye disease at the State Hospital Ophthalmology Department between January 2018 and January 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. The disorders were classified as refractive error, strabismus, amblyopia?related, congenital, hereditary, infectious/inflammatory, degenerative, and trauma?related pathologies. The reasons for unsuitability for military service were classified according to monocular and binocular legal blindness, preventability, and treatability with early diagnosis. Results: In our study, the reasons associated with refractive error, strabismus, and amblyopia were placed first in the etiology of unsuitability for military service (40.2%). The next most prevalent condition was trauma (19.5%), which was followed by degenerative (18.4%), congenital (10.9%), hereditary (6.9%), and infectious/inflammatory disorders (4.0%). There was a history of penetrating trauma in 79.4% of trauma patients and blunt trauma in 20.6% of patients. When the etiology was evaluated, 19.5% were in preventable and 51.2% were in treatable group with early diagnosis. In our study, legal blindness was detected in 116 patients. Of these patients, 79% had monocular legal blindness and 21% had binocular legal blindness. Conclusion: It is vital to investigate the etiology of visual disorders, control preventable causes, and determine the methods that will provide early diagnosis and treatment of curable causes.

Research progress in characteristics and field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injury in foreign armies / 中华创伤杂志

Craniocerebral war injury, mainly caused by weaponry equipment and wartime conditions during warfare, are characterized by high difficulty in treatment and evacuation as well as high mortality rate. The field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injury is not only related to injury characteristics, but also to factors such as war scale, combat style, combat area and weapon power. In recent years, there have been few comprehensive reports on the characteristics and field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injury in China. Therefore, the authors reviewed the research progress in the characteristics and field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injuries in foreign armies since 2001, with the aim to provide a reference for relevant basic researches and war injury treatment in China.

La participación de los médicos militares en la construcción del sistema de salud de Chetumal, Quintana Roo (2.ª parte) / The participation of military doctors in the construction of the health system of Chetumal, Quintana Roo (2nd part)

Resumen El desmembramiento del territorio de Quintana Roo, y su restablecimiento durante el gobierno cardenista establecieron las bases para que Payo Obispo iniciara su desarrollo como ciudad y capital del territorio; al mismo tiempo cambió su nombre por el de Chetumal. La destrucción de la ciudad ocasionada por el paso del huracán Janet, dio la oportunidad para reconstruir la ciudad y establecer las instituciones de salud actuales. En esta segunda parte, expondremos las contribuciones de la medicina militar a la capital de Quintana Roo en la segunda mitad del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI.

Abstract The partition of the Territory of Quintana Roo, and its reestablishment during the government of the president Cardenas established the bases for Payo Obispo`s city to begin its development as a capital of the territory; at the same time it was renaimed as Chetumal. The destruction of the city caused by the passage of Hurricane Janet, gave the opportunity to rebuild the city and establish the current health institutions. In this second part, we will expose the contributions of military medicine to the capital of Quintana Roo, in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

Barotrauma y barodontalgia en la aviación / Barotrauma and barodontalgia in Aviation / Barotrauma e barodontalgia na aviação

Introducción: se ha estudiado ampliamente la importancia de los cambios de presión y sus consecuencias en el cuerpo humano. De esto se desprenden dos conceptos importantes: el barotrauma que se define como el daño producido por cambios en la presión atmosférica; y la barodontalgia que se define como el dolor dentario producido por variaciones de presión barométrica, por ejemplo cuando existen gases atrapados en restauraciones o en la cámara pulpar y/o conducto radicular. Estos conceptos se fundamentan en las leyes de los gases: la Ley de Difusión Gaseosa, la Ley de Dalton, la Ley de Boyle, la Ley de Charles y la Ley de Henry. Discusión: el estudio y prevención de la barodontalgia es de suma importancia, ya que aunque no tiene alta prevalencia entre los aviadores, su aparición es súbita y de alta intensidad, lo que puede provocar en el piloto una incapacidad física y mental, que aumenta el riesgo de accidentes. Conclusiones: en esta revisión, se reúnen las estrategias recomendadas para prevenir su aparición.

Introduction: the importance of pressure changes and their consequences on the human body has been widely studied. Two important concepts arise from this: barotrauma, which is defined as the damage produced by changes in atmospheric pressure; and barodontalgia, which is defined as dental pain produced by variations in barometric pressure, for example when gases are trapped in restorations or in the pulp chamber and/or root canal. These concepts are based on the gas laws: the Law of Gaseous Diffusion, Dalton's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Henry's Law. Discusion: the study and prevention of barodontalgia is of utmost importance, since although it is not highly prevalent among aviators, its onset is sudden and of high intensity, which can cause physical and mental incapacity in the pilot, increasing the risk of accidents. Conclusions: this review brings together the recommended strategies to prevent its occurrence.

Introducão: a importância das mudanças de pressão e suas conseqüências sobre o corpo humano têm sido amplamente estudadas. Dois conceitos importantes podem ser derivados disto: barotrauma, que é definido como o dano produzido por mudanças na pressão atmosférica; e barodontalgia, que é definida como a dor dental produzida por variações na pressão barométrica, por exemplo, quando os gases estão presos em restaurações ou na câmara de polpa e/ou canal radicular. Estes conceitos são baseados nas leis do gás: a Lei de Difusão Gasosa, a Lei de Dalton, a Lei de Boyle, a Lei de Charles e a Lei de Henry. Discusion: o estudo e prevenção da barodontia é de suma importância, pois embora não seja muito prevalente entre os aviadores, seu início é repentino e de alta intensidade, o que pode causar incapacidade física e mental no piloto, aumentando o risco de acidentes. Conclusões: esta revisão reúne as estratégias recomendadas para evitar sua ocorrência.

Application of field surgery teaching in standardized residency training for basic-level military doctors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

It is still at the initial stage for basic-level military doctors to participate in the standardized residency training. While, their professional backgrounds and training objectives are significantly different from those civilian residents, it is necessary to explore the standardized training methods in line with the military career demands for those basic-level military doctors. Based on the actual needs of grass-roots troops and military medicine, this study makes significant progress in the integration of standardized residency training and field surgery training methods, making the basic-level military doctors achieve the goal of field surgery training in the course of clinical practice of residents. Not only the surgical capability of basic-level military doctors, but also the medical support capability in grass-roots troops has been improved. This article summarizes the application methods and experience of field surgery teaching in the standardized residency training of military medical residents at the grass-roots level.

La vivencia militar de Santiago Ramón y Cajal en Cuba: capitán médico en Camagüey / The military experience of Santiago Ramón y Cajal in Cuba: medical captain in Camagüey

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda la presencia del eminente neurocientífico, Premio Nobel de Medicina, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, en Cuba donde sirvió en su juventud como médico militar durante la Guerra de los Diez Años. En 1874, Cajal fue destinado al Ejército Expedicionario de Cuba como capitán de Sanidad Militar, permaneciendo en la isla durante catorce meses. El futuro histólogo cumplió servicio en el peor destino posible, las enfermerías de campaña de Vista Hermosa y de San Isidro, situadas en la trocha de Bagá, en el distrito de Puerto Príncipe (hoy Camagüey), en plena e insalubre manigua. En estas enfermerías, atendió a soldados heridos en campaña y a una gran cantidad de soldados enfermos, fundamentalmente de malaria y disentería. También trabajó, durante un mes y medio, recuperándose de las fiebres palúdicas, en el cuerpo de médicos de guardia del Hospital Militar de Puerto Príncipe. El propio Cajal enfermó de malaria y disentería, fue diagnosticado de caquexia palúdica grave y declarado "inutilizado en campaña", pudiendo regresar a España en junio de 1875. En esta experiencia cubana, Cajal descubrió el ambiente de corrupción de la administración colonial, con retrasos injustificados del cobro de salarios, indiferencia del mando y fraudes en las raciones de alimentación de sus enfermos. En este trabajo, también se describe la percepción de Cajal de la isla de Cuba, de sus gentes y de su fauna y flora. La impronta de Cuba y del conflicto bélico marcaría profundamente el ánimo del científico durante toda su vida y ejerció un papel fundamental en la construcción de su pensamiento filosófico, social y político.

ABSTRACT This work addresses the presence of the eminent neuroscientist, Nobel Prize in Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, in Cuba, where he served, in his youth, as a military doctor during the Ten Years' War. In 1874, Cajal was assigned to the Expeditionary Army of Cuba as captain of Military Health, remaining on the island for fourteen months. The future histologist served in the worst possible destination, the Vista Hermosa and San Isidro field infirmaries, located on the Trocha of Bagá, in the district of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), in the middle of the unsanitary manigua. In these infirmaries, he treated soldiers wounded in the field and a large number of sick soldiers, mainly from malaria and dysentery. He also worked, for a month and a half, recovering from malarial fevers, as doctor on call at the Military Hospital of Puerto Príncipe. Cajal himself fell ill with malaria and dysentery, was diagnosed with severe malarial cachexia and declared "disabled for weapons", being able to return to Spain in June 1875. In this Cuban experience, Cajal discovered the environment of corruption in the colonial administration, with unjustified delays in the collection of salaries, indifference of the command and fraud in the food rations of his patients. In this work, Cajal's perception of the island of Cuba, its people and its fauna and flora is also described. The imprint of Cuba and the war conflict would deeply mark the spirit of the scientist throughout his life and played a fundamental role in the construction of his philosophical, social and political thought.

Disciplinary system and classification of military pharmacy / 药学实践杂志

Objective To discuss the system and classification of military pharmacy disciplines. Methods Based on the analysis and induction of the military pharmacy subject positioning, classification status, classification ideas and classification methods, the military pharmacy subject system is described with system analysis and system structured approach. Results The military pharmacy disciplinary system may be divided into four major categories: military pharmacy science, military pharmacy technology, military pharmacy engineering, and military pharmacy management, and several sub-categories. Conclusion Strengthening the research of military pharmacy disciplinary system will improve the disciplinary system classification, which will help improve the overall cognitive level of military pharmacy discipline and accelerate the development of military pharmacy disciplinary system.

La medicina militar cubana en la obra de un pintor / Cuban military medicine in the work of a painter

Introducción: La medicina militar se contextualiza al carácter histórico y social de cada época, fundamentándose al mismo tiempo en las tradiciones de cada país. Por eso, además de ser expresión simultánea de la ciencia médica y militar, es también reflejo de la cultura de cada nación. En el legado cultural del maestro Enrique García Cabrera hay una obra que tomó la medicina militar como tema de inspiración, plasmado en un mural decorativo. Objetivos: Mostrar la serie de pinturas que componen la admirable obra artística, con sus cinco pinturas al fresco cronológicamente ordenadas de modo que permiten recorrer etapas características de la medicina militar en Cuba, exaltando lo estético y patriótico de la obra. Métodos: Se emplean los métodos analítico-sintético, cronológico y el iconográfico-iconológico. Se hace referencia historiográfica al contexto que el autor representa en estas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo ponen a disposición de la docencia un material para la apreciación artística, con una hermosa obra alegórica a la medicina militar cubana. Resultan útiles además como recurso didáctico para la el trabajo educativo dirigido a la formación cultural integral de los profesionales de la salud. Corresponde a la presente y futuras generaciones conservar y estudiar con mayor profundidad esta obra, como un homenaje a su autor y a los que han aportado al desarrollo de la medicina militar cubana(AU)

Introduction: The military medicine used to be adapted at the history and social life of each epoch. At the same time, it also lies over the traditions of the different countries. For the more to be expression at the same time of the medicine and the military sciences, it is also a reflex of the culture of each nation. Enrique Garcia Cabrera was a Cuban's painter who left us a group of attractive work that assumes the military medicine as the motivation, spotted on five esthetics and decorative pictures connected by common history. Objective: The present paper shows this group of pictures which form one composition about the military medicine in Cuba and its history showing in these splendid pictures its patriotic feeling. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out. The analytical - synthetic, the historiography and chronological methods were used to data on the evolution of Cuban's military medicine in order to situate these pictures in their own historic context. Conclusions: These results contribute to enrich the historiography of Cuban's military medicine. In addition, the beautiful composition making by Enrique Garcia Cabrera offers a useful resource to the artistic appreciation teaching and it also can contribute to the education of the health professional just about integrity cultural. The present-day and future generation must guard and study deeply this composition made by Enrique Garcia Cabrera, in admiration of its author and too for all persons who have contributed to develop the Cuban's military medicine(AU)

Reflexiones de un neurocirujano militar de la segunda mitad del siglo XX / Reflections of a military neurosurgeon from the second half of the 20th century

Experiencias y reflexiones del Dr. José Hernán Salas Rubio, presentadas en forma de conferencia, en el Congreso Internacional Neuro-Cuba 2017. Es profesor titular y consultante, uno de los más prominentes neurocirujanos cubanos. Ha trabajado como neurocirujano desde 1962 y contribuido a la formación de jóvenes neurocirujanos. Ha publicado cinco libros y más de cincuenta artículos científicos(AU)

Experiences and reflections of Dr. José Hernán Salas Rubio, presented as a lecture, at the Neuro-Cuba International Congress 2017. He is a full professor and consultant, one of the most prominent Cuban neurosurgeons. He has worked as a neurosurgeon since 1962 and contributed to the training of young neurosurgeons. He has published five books and more than fifty scientific articles(AU)

Metaanálisis de la prevalencia de Chlamydia trachomatis entre hombres y mujeres militares / Meta-analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence among military men and women

Introducción: La Chlamydia trachomatis constituye la primera causa de infecciones de transmisión sexual en el mundo. Los grupos de riesgo son adultos jóvenes y se postula que es mayor en militares y en mujeres. Sin embargo, la evidencia es heterogénea. Objetivo: Realizar un metaanálisis de la prevalencia de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en hombres y mujeres militares. Metodología: Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Se aplicó un protocolo con criterios de inclusión, exclusión, evaluación de la calidad metodológica y reproducible. Se calculó la prueba Z para diferencia de proporciones, prevalencias con sus intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento, razones de prevalencia y análisis de sensibilidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 artículos con 108.856 militares de ocho países diferentes. La prevalencia osciló entre 15,4 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 11,6- 19,3) y 3,0 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 0,4 - 0,5). La prevalencia global fue 5,5 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 5,3 - 5,6) con diferencias significativas entre hombres 2,5 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 2,4 - 2,7) y mujeres 9,5 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 9,2 - 9,7). En el metaanálisis de medidas indirectas se halló una razón de prevalencia 3,7 (IC 95 por ciento 3,5 - 3,9) y una diferencia de proporciones de 6,9 (IC 95 por ciento 6,6 - 7,2). Conclusión: La prevalencia de infección en militares es superior a lo hallado en otros grupos poblacionales con mayor proporción en las mujeres. Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar programas de tamización al momento del ingreso a las fuerzas armadas, realizar vigilancia periódica e implementar investigaciones posteriores que estudien la doble vulnerabilidad de la mujer milita(AU)

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is the first cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world. The risk groups are young adults and it is postulated that it is greater in the military and in women. However, the evidence is heterogeneous. Objective: To perform a meta-analysis of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in military men and women. Methods: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Was applied a protocol with criteria for inclusion, exclusion, evaluation of methodological quality and reproducibility. Was calculated the Z-test for difference in proportions, prevalence with their 95 percent confidence intervals, prevalence ratios and sensitivity analysis. Results: Were included eleven articles with 108 856 soldiers from eight different countries. The prevalence ranged between 15.4 percent (95 percent CI 11.6- 19.3) and 3.0 percent (95 percent CI 0.4- 0.5). The overall prevalence was 5.5 percent (95 percent CI 5.3- 5.6) with significant differences between men 2.5 percent (95 percent CI = 2.4-2.7) and women 9.5 percent (95 percent CI = 9.2 - 9.7). In the meta-analysis of indirect measures, we found a prevalence ratio of 3.7 (95 percent CI = 3.5-3.9) and a difference in proportions of 6.9 (95 percent CI = 6.6-7.2). Conclusion: The prevalence of infection in the military is higher than that found in other population groups with a greater proportion in women. There is evidence of the need to implement screening programs at the time of entry into the armed forces, to carry out periodic surveillance and to implement subsequent investigations that study the double vulnerability of the military woman(AU)

Military Special Operations and Traffic Police Officers Have Similar Lifestyles Unrelated to Physical Fitness / Policiais Militares de Operações Especiais e de Trânsito Apresentam Estilos de Vida Similares não Relacionados à Aptidão Física

O estilo de vida (EV) pode estar relacionado às atividades ocupacionais, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o EV de policiais brasileiros com diferentes demandas de trabalho. Portanto, analisou-se o EV e sua relação com a aptidão física relacionada à saúde (AFRS) de policiais do Batalhão de Operações Especiais (BOPE) e do Batalhão de Polícia de Trânsito (BPTRAN) de Patos-PB, Brasil. Foram analisados 44 militares da ativa, divididos por atividade ocupacional: BOPE (n=23) e BPTRAN (n=21). O EV foi analisado pela escala do Perfil de Estilo de Vida Individual (PEVI) e a AFRS por uma bateria de testes: medidas antropométricas, sentar-e-alcançar, abdominal de 1 min, flexão de cotovelos e vai-e-vem de 20m. Foram utilizados os testes U de Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e correlação parcial (controlada por idade e escolaridade). Os componentes do EV foram similares entre os grupos (P>0,05). Não foram observadas associações significantes entre os perfis negativo e positivo dos componentes do EV com os grupos (P>0,05). O PEVI apresentou fraca correlação parcial com a AFRS em geral ou por atividade ocupacional (−0,310

Lifestyle can be related to occupational activity; however, little is known about lifestyle of Brazilian police officers with different work demands. Thus, lifestyle and its relation to health-related physical fitness (HRPF) of police officers of the Special Operations Battalion (SOB) and Traffic Police Battalion (TPB) from Patos-PB, Brazil were analyzed. Forty-four active military personnel men were analyzed by occupational activity: SOB (n=23) and TPB (n=21). Lifestyle was analyzed by the Individual Lifestyle Profile (ILP) scale and HRPF by a battery of tests: anthropometric measurements, sit-and-reach test, 1-min curl-up test, elbow flexion and 20-m shuttle run test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square and partial correlation (controlled by age and schooling) were used. Lifestyle components were similar between the groups (p>0.05). There were no significant associations between the negative and positive profiles of lifestyle components with the groups (P>0.05). ILP showed a weak correlation with HRPF in general or by occupational activity (−0.310

Dr. Miguel Ángel Moreno Rodríguez. Modelo clínico de la Medicina Interna

El profesor Miguel Ángel Moreno Rodríguez fue un clínico ejemplar, dedicado a la asistencia y docencia en la especialidad de Medicina Interna. Su curriculum Vitae refleja su destacada labor como profesional, internista y revolucionario. Paradigma para las nuevas generaciones de médicos amantes de la clínica médica.

Professor Miguel Ángel Moreno Rodríguez was a model of clinician, devoted to medical care and teaching in the Internal Medicine specialty. His Curriculum Vitae shows his outstanding work as a professional, internist and revolutionary. He was a paradigm for the new generations of doctors who love the Medical Clinics.

Vida y obra del general de división Juan Emilio Núñez Rodríguez / Life and work of Major General Juan Emilio Núñez Rodríguez

RESUMEN El general de división Juan Emilio Núñez Rodríguez, fue estomatólogo del Ejército Libertador, con una destacada trayectoria, que lo ubica como combatiente en las tres guerras contra el dominio español. Fue el único odontólogo que alcanzó el grado de general de división en esta etapa de la historia. Se sintetizan los elementos fundamentales de su biografía con el propósito es divulgar la vida y obra de esta destacada personalidad(AU)

ABSTRACT Major General Juan Emilio Núñez Rodríguez was a stomatologist of the Liberation Army, with an outstanding career that places him as a soldier in the three wars against the Spanish rule. He was the only dentist who reached this rank at this stage of history. We aimed to make known this outstanding personality life and work(AU)

Complex regional pain syndrome in the young male population: a retrospective study of 200 Korean young male patients

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in young male patients in South Korea, especially focusing on the association with military service. METHODS: From January 2007 to May 2017, we investigated the electronic medical records of 430 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 30 years, who visited Seoul National University Hospital Pain Center, with a suspected diagnosis of CRPS at the initial visit. The following patient details were available for analysis: demographic and disease-related variables, relevance to military service, medications, and the treatment modalities received. RESULTS: Out of 430 patients, 245 (57.0%) were diagnosed with CRPS, of which, 200 were male patients and 45 were female patients. Of the male patients, 95 (47.5%) developed CRPS during military service. CRPS during military service was more likely to result from sprain/strain, and the incidence of CRPS was significantly higher in the lower extremities in patients from the military service group than in those from the non-military service group. During the follow-up period, 37.9% of male CRPS patients (n = 61/161) were treated successfully. Patients with moderate to severe initial pain intensity, and diagnosed during their military service, showed better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that manifestation of CRPS in the young Korean population was more common in male and among those male CRPS patients, about half the cases developed during the military service period.

Thinking on accelerating the transformation and development of science and technology in military medical university / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To analyze the countermeasures and propose suggestions for speeding up the development of science and technology in military medical universities.Methods Intelligence research method and analysis induction method were adopted.Results Identify the key points and strategic advice for the development based on the analysis of the science and technology transformation background of the of military medical universities.Conclusions The urgency and significance of accelerating the development of science and technology in military medical universities is unprecedented.The focus is on optimizing the layout of disciplines,highlighting key areas,and innovating organizational models.It is necessary to update ideas,establish a classification evaluation mechanism,deepen the integration of military and non-military,and consolidate the platform.

Memorias para la historia de la docencia en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay"

Se realiza un recuento de la historia de la docencia en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", según las memorias y apuntes del autor, desde el año 1959 hasta el 2009. En los 50 años narrados, se produjeron una serie de acontecimientos, que fueron sedimentando la tradición y el prestigio docente de esta institución. El artículo está basado en las memorias y apuntes del autor, quien ha estado relacionado, usualmente como participante o de forma cercana, con los hechos que se narran.

A history of teaching is recounted at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital according to the memoirs and notes of the author, from 1959 to 2009. In those 50 years a series of events took place, which set up the tradition and the teaching prestige of this institution. This paper is based on the memories and notes of the author, who has been closely connected, usually as a participant, with the events that are narrated.

Investigation and reflection on the teaching effects of high altitude military hygiene protection / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the teaching effects of high altitude military hygiene protection, and to provide the basis for the reform of teaching methods. Methods A questionnaire survey was con-ducted among 55 students who had attended the training program of high altitude military hygiene protec-tion from 2015 to 2017. The survey included teaching effects, curriculum design, teaching methods and suggestions. The results of the survey were processed with SPSS 18.0, and the results were expressed in number and rate. Results 55 questionnaires were distributed and all of them were valid. 69.1％of the stu-dents considered that it was very rewarding to take part in the training class. 67.3％of the students believed that it was very helpful to improve post competence. 71.8％ of the students believed that the knowledge module was necessary. The teaching methods that students wanted to experience are:case teaching, practice teaching, discussion and communication, teacher lecturing, visiting teaching, equipment teaching and litera-ture studying. Conclusions The curriculum of the training program of high altitude military hygiene pro-tection is reasonable and helpful in improving post competence. Students recommended flexible teaching methods, which are suitable to try the reform of teaching methods.

Mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy between psychological quality and depression in graduate students of military medical college / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To explore the mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy between psychological quality and depression in graduate students of military medical college. Methods A cluster sampling survey was conducted among 485 military medical college graduate students using psychological quality questionnaire for medical master (PQQMM),regulatory emotional self-efficacy scale (RESES) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software. Results Total score of psychological quality and scores of 3 dimensions, including cognition, adaptability and personality, were significantly positively correlated with the score of expressing positive emotional self-efficacy (r=0.74, 0.57, 0.41, and 0.67; all P<0.01) and managing negative emotional self-efficacy (r=0.78, 0.65, 0.37, and 0.64; all P<0.01). The scores of psychological quality and regulatory emotional self-efficacy were significantly negatively correlated with depression (psychological quality and 3 dimensions: r=-0.78, -0.54, -0.50, and -0.62, all P<0.01; expressing positive emotional self-efficacy: r=-0.60, P<0.01; and managing negative emotional self-efficacy: r=-0.65, P<0.01). The military medical college graduate students having high regulatory emotional self-efficacy level had significantly higher score of psychological quality and significantly lower score of depression compared with the students having low regulatory emotional self-efficacy level (t=14.71, -9.43; both P<0.01). Expressing positive emotional selfefficacy had partial mediating effect between 3 dimensions of psychological quality and depression, and the proportions of total effect were 22.38%, 6.25% and 24.75%. Managing negative emotional self-efficacy had partial mediating effect between 3 dimensions of psychological quality and depression, and the proportions of total effect were 24.80%, 13.50% and 24.54%. Conclusion Regulatory emotional self-efficacy has partial mediating effect between psychological quality and depression in military medical college graduate students.

Pain management for combat casualty care in the United States army / 第二军医大学学报

In Afghanistan and Iraqi war, the war mortality has been greatly reduced due to the upgrading of United States medical technology and equipment and the optimization of the rapid evacuation of the wounded. With the improvement of survival rate, pain management is more important in the combat casualty care in United States army. The United States army implements a grading pain management strategy in the 5-level combat casualty care system, which may be an important reference for Chinese military. This paper reviews the current pain management for combat casualty care of United States army, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic drugs and protocols, and highlights the enlightenment on improving pain management in Chinese military in future.