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Through the textual research and analysis of the variety， origin， processing， quality evaluation and clinical application of Moslae Herba in ancient and modern literature， its origin of materia medica was clarified. Moslae Herba has experienced variety changes in history. Elsholtzia ciliata was the mainstream variety during and before the Song dynasty， however， during the Ming and Qing dynasties， emerging variety of Mosla chinensis rose to the mainstream status due to its remarkable efficacy and the formation of cultivation， and differentiated into two commodities（wild variety of Qingxiangru and cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru）， cultivated products formed an authentic producing area in Jiangxi. The three varieties coexisted during the Ming and Qing dynasties， and the Elsholtzia varieties were gradually eliminated. Variety changes have caused changes in the functions and indications of drugs. E. ciliata had the effect of clearing heat and was mainly used to treat heatstroke and cholera， while M. chinensis was used for exogenous wind cold and dampness in the summer because of its warm and strong sweating properties， but not for cholera. Traditional Moslae Herba is mainly harvested in the summer and autumn （flowering to fruiting stage） and the above-ground parts are dry in the shade and used as medicine. Modern Qingxiangru is mostly harvested before the flowering period， and Jiangxiangru is harvested after flowering and fruiting in late summer and early autumn. In summary， according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， the dried above-ground parts of Moslae Herba should be selected for Xinjia Xiangruyin in the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（The First Batch）， mainly the cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru， and the raw products is cut into segments and used as medicine. It is suggested that when applying and developing famous classical formulas containing Moslae Herba at different periods of time today， the origin should be established in conjunction with clinical efficacy.
ABSTRACT
Moslae Herba is a commonly used aromatic Chinese medicinal with volatile oil as the main effective component and exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral effects. However, the irritation and instability of Moslae Herba volatile oil necessitate the preparation into a specific dosage form. In this study, the steam distillation method was employed to extract the Moslae Herba volatile oil. The content of thymol and carvacrol in Moslae Herba volatile oil was determined by HPLC as(0.111 9±0.001 0) and(0.235 4±0.004 7) mg·mL~(-1), respectively. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and surfactants compounding were applied in the selection of the optimal excipients(surfactant and cosurfactant). On this basis, a nanoemulsion was prepared from the Moslae Herba volatile oil and then loaded into pressure vessels to get sprays, whose stability and antibacterial activity were evaluated afterward. With clarity, viscosity, smell and body feeling as comprehensive indexes, the optimal formulation of the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was determined as follows: Moslae Herba volatile oil∶peppermint oil∶cremophor EL∶absolute ethanol∶distilled water 7.78∶1.58∶19.26∶6.15∶65.23. The as-prepared nanoemulsion was a light yellow transparent liquid, with Tyndall effect shown under the irradiation of parallel light. It has the pH of 5.50, conductivity of 125.9 μS·cm~(-1), average particle size of 15.45 nm, polydispersity index(PDI) of 0.156, and Zeta potential of-17.9 mV. Under a transmission electron microscope, the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was presented as regular spheres without adhesion and agglomeration. Stability test revealed that the Moslae Herba volatile oil nanoemulsion was stable at 4-55 ℃, which was free from demulsification and stratification within 30 days. After the centrifugation at 12 000 r·min~(-1) for 30 min, there was no stratification either. The nanoemulsion had good inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and resistant S. aureus strains, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.39, 3.12 and 1.56 mg·mL~(-1), respectively. The above results demonstrated that the nanoemulsion was prepared feasibly and showed stable physical and chemical properties and good antibacterial effects. This study provides a practicable technical solution for the development of anti-epidemic and anti-infection products from Moslae Herba volatile oil.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Emulsions , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Oils, Volatile , Particle SizeABSTRACT
Objective::To investigate the pharmacodynamics of volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba, to establish a method for simultaneous determination of three essential ingredients (thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol) in volatile oil of the couplet medicines by gas chromatography (GC), to optimize the preparation process of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex of volatile oil in the couplet medicines and to confirm the formation of the inclusion complex. Method::An in vitro inflammatory response model was established by hyaluronidase activity inhibition test in order to detect the anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil. Also, the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The inclusion of volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba was prepared by scaturated aqueous solution method, colloid milling method and grinding method, respectively. GC was used to determine the contents of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol in volatile oil for optimizing extraction and inclusion processes of volatile oil. Scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy, thermal differential analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to verify the formation of the inclusion complex. Result::The volatile oil not only inhibited hyaluronidase activity to a certain extent, but also eliminated DPPH and increased with the increase of concentration. There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and concentration of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol at 0.021 3-0.426, 0.020 04-0.400 8, 0.022 6-0.452 g·L-1 (R2>0.999), respectively. Their recoveries were 99.59%(RSD 1.6%), 100.15%(RSD 1.5%), 100.70%(RSD 1.4%), respectively. The colloid milling method was optimized, and the formation of the inclusion complex was verified by the aforementioned methods. Conclusion::The volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba has certain anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidation ability. The colloid milling method was the best inclusion process for the volatile oil. The established GC has the advantages of simple, sensitive, accurate, reliable and reproducible, which can meet the requirements of simultaneous determination of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol in the inclusion complex.
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As a commonly used Chinese medicine, Moslae Herba has a diversity of chemical composition and is extensively used in clinical applications. In this paper, the researches on materia medica, chemical compositions, and pharmacological activities of Moslae Herba were summarized. Based on the core concepts of Q-marker, Q-marker components of Moslae Herba were forecasted and analyzed from original source, traditional pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, in vivo process, and measurable composition, which provides a theoretical basis for its quality evaluation.
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Objective:To optimize the processing technology of Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice, and to explore the changes of its volatile components in processing process. Method:The volatile components in Moslae Herba, ginger juice and Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice were extracted by steam distillation. Volatile components in these products were analyzed by HS-GC-MS and identified by NIST 11 standard mass spectra library. Gas chromatographic conditions were as following:HP-5MS elastic quartz capillary column(0.25 mm×30 m, 0.25 μm), helium as the carrier gas, flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, injector temperature at 250℃, sample quantity of 0.2 μL, split ratio of 50:1, temperature program for initial temperature at 40℃, up to 60℃ with the heating rate at 5℃·min-1, keep 2 min, up to 160℃ with the heating rate at 5℃·min-1, keep 3 min, finally rise to 250℃ with the heating rate at 25℃·min-1, keep it for 2 min and finish, mass spectrometry conditions were as following:electron impact ionization(EI), electron collision energy of 70 eV, ion source temperature at 230℃, the interface temperature at 280℃, quadrupole temperature at 150℃, no delay of solvent, electronic multiplier voltage at 2.188 kV, taking full scan mode, scanning range of m/z 35-550.Taking frying time, solid-liquid ratio and moistening time as factors, orthogonal test was adopted to optimize the processing technology with the comprehensive score of relative contents of thymol and carvacrol, number of volatile components and extracting amount of volatile oil as index. Result:A total of 27 volatile components were detected in Moslae Herba. There were 81 volatile components in Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. The processed products of orthogonal test(No. 1-9) had 31, 38, 29, 35, 38, 33, 34, 22 and 26 volatile components, respectively. Extracting amount of volatile oil was in the order of Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice > Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens > Moslae Herba. The best processing technology was as following:moistening Moslae Herba with equal volume of ginger juice for 6 h, stir-frying for 8 min. Conclusion:Processing has certain impact on the extracting amount of volatile oil in Moslae Herba and the types of volatile components. This optimized technology is stable and feasible, which can provide experimental data for the quality evaluation of processed products of Moslae Herba, and lay a foundation for clarifying its processing mechanism.
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To compare the effect of integration processing technology of origin (IPTO) and traditional cutting processing technology (TCPT) of Moslae Herba for lung-Yang deficiency rats caused by complex factors, analyze the mechanism, and provide the modern pharmacology basis for the implementation of IPTO of Moslae Herba. The rat models of lung-Yang deficiency were established by smoking + swimming in ice water + drinking ice water. The model rats were randomly divided into different groups, and were treated with intragastric administration for 30 d. Then the general signs, anal temperature and autonomic activity of the rats were observed. The pathological morphology of lung tissues was observed, and the positive expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was observed by immunohistochemical method, and the hematological indexes were determined. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect serum nitric oxide (NO), immunoglobulin G (IGG), malondialdehyde (MDA), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) level, and the organ coefficients of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and other organs were calculated. According to the results, Moslae Herba volatile oil and decoction could improve the general signs and autonomic activities of lung-Yang deficiency rats, improve the body weight, rectal temperature, and the content of IGG in serum of lung-Yang deficiency rats, reduce organ coefficients of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, serum NO, MDA, TXB2, IL-8 contents, white blood cell and TNF-α mean optical density in the lung tissues of rats. witg statistically significant difference (<0.01 or <0.05). The effects of IPTO volatile oil and water decoction were slightly higher. Therefore, Moslae Herba has therapeutic effect on lung-Yang deficiency rats, and ICPT has better effect, whose mechanism may be related to the intervention of TNF-α expression, improving the level of IGG, and inhibiting NO, MDA, IL-8, and TXB2 levels.
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Objective To provide the feasible basis for the implementation of integration processing technology of origin of Moslae Herba by comparing the traditional cutting processing and integration processing of origin of Moslae Herba. Methods Taking the softening time, the length of cutting section and the drying temperature as the investigation factors of the traditional cutting processing, and the cutting length, drying temperature and drying time as the investigation factors of the integration processing of origin, L9(34) orthogonal test was used. Carvacrol, thymol, volatile oil content were setting as the evaluation indexes, the traditional cutting processing and the integration processing of origin were optimized, and the two selected process were compared. The contents of carvacrol and thymol were deterrmined by Agilent 1200 high performance liquid chromatography and ECOSIL-C18 column. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2％ acetic acid, gradient elution, with wavelength of 274 nm, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, sample volume of 20 μL. The extraction of the volatile oil was in accordance with the volatile oil determination method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition. Results The optimized traditional cutting processing: softening 1 h with 3 times amount of water, cutting to 1.0 cm, drying at 50–60 ℃. The optimized integration processing of origin: cutting to 1.0 cm in fresh, drying at 50–60 ℃, drying to 36 h. The contents of carvacrol, thymol, and volatile oil in the optimum integration processing of origin were all higher than the traditional cutting processing. Conclusion The technology of integration processing of origin is simple and convenient, which can make up the defects of the complicated traditional cutting processing and the lessen of effective components, and is feasible.
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Objective: To use the extracts from traditional Chinese medicinal materials (TCMM) for reduction of Ag+ to obtain the corresponding silver nanomaterials and study its antibacterial activity. Methods: Nano-silver solution was prepared by Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and other 15 kinds of TCMM extracts, the size and distribution of silver nanoparticles were studied using HPPS, TEM, and UV. The antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles were investigated by disk agar diffusion method and double dilution method. Results: Preparation rate and reaction rate of silver nanoparticles prepared with the water extract of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata, Moslae Herba were ideal. Prepared silver nanoparticles with diameter about 100 nm, good uniformity, and good dispersibility have the obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Among them, Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata-silver nano has the strongest bacteriostatic effect. Conclusion: TCMM as a natural bio-reducing agents, can be used to prepare the silver nanoparticles.