Lutar, amar e sofrer entre as Mães pela Diversidade / Luchar, amar y sufrir entre las Madres por la Diversidad / Fighting, loving and suffering among the Mothers for Diversity

Resumo Este artigo parte da interlocução com a associação Mães pela Diversidade do estado de Goiás, Brasil, para analisar a performance do "ativismo materno" que combate violências cometidas contra filhos e filhas lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis, transexuais, intersexos, queers e outras expressões de gênero (LGBTIQ+). Por meio de registros etnográficos verbais e desenhados, proponho refletir sobre os modos como emoções são dramatizadas para a confecção de lutas que, dentre outras coisas, visam à busca por justiça, denúncia de violação de direitos humanos e construção de uma malha de apoio mútuo.

Resumen Este artículo parte del diálogo con la asociación Mães pela Diversidade (Madres por la Diversidad) de Goiás para analizar la actuación del activismo materno que combate la violencia contra hijos e hijas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis, intersexuales, queer y otras expresiones de género (LGBTIQ+). A través de registros verbales y dibujos etnográficos, yo pretendo reflexionar sobre las formas en que se dramatizan las emociones para la creación de luchas que apuntan, entre otras cosas: la búsqueda de la justicia, la denuncia de violaciones de derechos humanos y la construcción de una malla de apoyo mutuo.

Abstract This article is based on the author's dialogue with the association Mães pela Diversidade (Mothers for Diversity), an NGO located in the Brazilian state of Goiás, to analyze the performance of "maternal activism" opposed to violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, transgender, intersex, queer and other non-straight gender expressions (LGBTIQ+). Through verbal and drawn ethnographic records, I propose to reflect on the ways emotions are dramatized in social and political struggles that claim for justice, denounce the violation of human rights, and building a network of mutual support.

The style of mothering and its determinants: a study among mothers of lower primary school children

Background: The first teacher and everlasting support for a child is his/her mother. Mother–child bonds remain so strongly throughout one’s life in spite of the changing times and complexities of life. Literature suggests that elements of warmth and control from parents, especially mothers positively correlated with achievement and intellectual orientation in children. Objectives were to assess the various styles of mothering and its determinants in mothers of children studying in lower primary schools and residing in Adat panchayat, Thrissur, Kerala.Methods: A community based descriptive study was conducted among 315 mothers of lower primary school children residing in Adat panchayat, Thrissur. Data was collected using Parental Authority Questionnaire.Results: Mean age of mothers was 31.9 years. 73% mothers were practicing predominantly authoritative parenting style, 24% were authoritarian and only 3% were permissive style. The type of family and current age of mothers were significantly associated with the style of mothering. Mothering style did not differ with the gender of children. Occupation of mothers had a significant difference in proportion of parenting styles. The working status of either or both parents significantly influenced the mothering styles.Conclusions: Most mothers followed predominantly authoritative style. Responsive and demanding behaviour of mothers vary significantly with respect to type of family, current age and employment status.

A vulnerabilidade de mãe adolescente em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação à hospitalização do filho / The vulnerability of the teenage mother on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs in relation to her child's hospitalization

Estudo sobre a vulnerabilidade de mães adolescentes em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação à hospitalização do filho. Objeto de estudo: a vulnerabilidade da mãe adolescente em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação à hospitalização do seu filho. Questões norteadoras: Que tipo de transição a adolescente que se tornou mãe, em uso de álcool e outras drogas apresenta em relação à hospitalização do seu filho? Quais são os fatores que favorecem a internação dos filhos de adolescentes em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas? Que tipo de vulnerabilidade essas mães adolescentes apresentam? Objetivos: Analisar a vulnerabilidade de mães adolescentes em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação a internação do seu filho; Descrever a vulnerabilidade da adolescente em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação ao filho internado; Identificar o processo de transição dessas mães adolescentes em relação à hospitalização do seu filho; Discutir os fatores que influenciaram na transição de mães adolescentes com filho internado. Método: narrativa de vida. Cenários de estudo: duas maternidades. Participantes: 13 adolescentes com filhos internados. Teve-se aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro e da Secretaria Municipal de Nova Iguaçu. As narrativas foram coletadas por entrevista aberta com a questão: "Fale-me a respeito da sua vida que tenha relação com a internação do seu filho". Realizou-se análise temática e comparativa das narrativas das entrevistadas, na perspectiva teórica da Vulnerabilidade e da teoria da transição. Emergiu das narrativas a categoria: a vulnerabilidade das mães adolescentes em consumo problemático de álcool e outras drogas em relação a internação do filho, com três subcategorias: O álcool como porta de entrada para o consumo de outras drogas; o consumo da droga e a internação do filho como situação adversa na vida da mãe adolescente; e o processo de transição das mães adolescentes e sua maternagem modificada. Resultados: evidenciou adolescentes negras, baixo índice de escolaridade, moradoras da Zona Norte do Rio de Janeiro, renda mensal de até dois salários mínimos, que vivem o contexto violento da localidade que estão inseridas. O álcool é o primeiro consumo. Discussão: a maternagem é evidenciada nas narrativas ao retratar a hospitalização do filho. As adolescentes apresentam vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática no contexto do uso da droga e na internação do filho. A enfermagem tem amplo espaço de atuação nos cuidados à adolescente no ciclo gravídico puerperal e no cuidado a este bebê internado. Considerações Finais: o profissional de enfermagem deve estabelecer cuidado individualizado, contínuo e competente, com acolhimento e humanização da assistência contribuindo para que ocorra transição saudável das adolescentes que têm filho internado.

Study about the vulnerability of the teenage mothers on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs in relation to their child's hospitalization. Study object: the vulnerability of the teenage mother on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs in relation to her child's hospitalization. Guiding questions: What kind of transition does a teenager who has become a mother while abusing alcohol and other drugs have in relation to her child's hospitalization? Which factors favor the hospitalization of teenage mothers 'children on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs? What kind of vulnerability do these teenage mothers have? Objectives: to analyze the vulnerability of the teenage mothers on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs in relation to their child's hospitalization; to describe the vulnerability of these mothers in relation to their hospitalized child; to identify the transition process of these teenage mothers in relation to their child's hospitalization; to discuss the factors that influenced the transition of the teenage mothers with hospitalized children. Method: narrative of life. Study scenarios: two maternity hospitals. Participants: 13 teenage mothers with hospitalized children. The present work was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, the Municipal Health Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro and the Municipal Secretariat of Nova Iguaçu. The narratives were collected by an open interview, by using the question: "Tell me aspects of your life that have to do with your child's hospitalization". A thematic and comparative analysis of the interviewees' narratives was performed, from the theoretical perspective of Vulnerability and the transition theory. The category emerged from the narratives was: The vulnerability of the teenage mothers on problematic abuse of alcohol and other drugs in relation to their child's hospitalization, followed by three subcategories: alcohol as a gateway to other drugs abuse; Drug abuse and the child hospitalization as an adverse situation in the teenage mother's life; and the transition process of the teenage mothers and their modified mothering. Results: the study evidenced black teenage women with low level of education, residents of the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, with monthly income of up to two minimum wages, who live the violent context of the place where they are inserted. Alcohol is the first abuse. Discussion: the mothering is evidenced in the narratives by portraying the child's hospitalization. The teenage mothers have individual, social and programmatic vulnerability in the context of drug abuse and their child's hospitalization. Nursing has a large scope concerning to the care of teenage women in the puerperal pregnancy cycle and the care of the hospitalized baby. Final Considerations: The nursing professional must establish individualized, continuous and competent care, with reception and humanization of care, contributing to the healthy transition of the teenage mothers with hospitalized children.

Intervenciones, transformaciones y objetivos en el abordaje de un niño con patología genética y psíquica grave. Puntualizaciones teóricas acerca del caso Marcos / Interventions, transformations and objectives on the aproach to a boy with serious genetic and psychic pathology. Theorethical observations on the case of Marcos / Interventions, transformations, et objectifs dans le cadre de la prise en charge d'un enfant atteint de pathologie genetique et psychique sevère. Considerations theoriques sur le cas Marcos / Intervenções, transformações e objetivos na abordagem de um garoto com uma patologia genética e psíquica grave. Pontuações teóricas a respeito do caso Marcos

Se realiza un comentario al caso de Marcos, puntualizando teóricamente las intervenciones, transformaciones y objetivos en el abordaje de un niño con patología genética y psíquica grave. En cuanto a las intervenciones y objetivos se analizan: la transformación de la zona oral degradada a agujero hacia la creación de una boca que siente, al articular la mirada y la comida a través del sostén del Otro; el corrimiento desde un cuerpo que drena, a la instauración de un cuerpo tubo contenedor, que posibilitó la retención y expulsión del alimento mediante la construcción de ritmos; la creación de las envolturas psíquicas y el cuerpo piel, y las intervenciones con la madre. Respecto de las transformaciones logradas se resaltan: el pasaje de la estereotipia al jugar, del empujón al juego de "la mancha" que genera lazo social (pasa de ser el niño del que hay que cuidarse a un compañero para jugar), y del balanceo al baile(AU)

A comment on the case of Marcos is made, focalizing the interventions theoretically, the transformations and the objectives on the approach to a boy with a serious genetic and psychic pathology. As regards the interventions and objectives, the analysis is focused on the transformation of the oral zone degraded into a hole towards the creation of a mouth that feels when articulating the gaze and the food through the support of the Other. The change from a body that drains to the instauration of the body ­container, which permits the retention and expulsion of food through the construction of rhythms. The creation of the psychic envelopes and the skin-container. And the interventions with the mother. As regards the accomplished transformations, it is highlighted the passage from the stereotypy when playing, from the shove to play tag, which generates a social bond (he goes from being somebody from whom you need to protect yourself to a partner to play), and from swinging to dancing(AU)

On présente un commentaire du cas Marcos, analysant d'un point de vue théorique les interventions, transformations et objectifs dans le cadre de la prise en charge d'un enfant atteint de pathologie génétique et psychique grave. Au sujet des interventions et objectifs on remarque: la transformation de la zone orale, réduite à un trou, en une bouche qui sent, en articulant le regard et la nourriture à travers le soutien de l'Autre; le changement d'un corps incontinent vers la construction d'un corps tube, contenant, ouvrant la possibilité à la rétention et l'expulsion de l'aliment à travers l'instauration de rythmes; la création des enveloppes psychiques et du corps peau et également les interventions avec la mère. Au sujet des changements obtenus on remarque: le passage du répétitif au jeu, de la poussée au "jeu du loup", ce qui génère un lien social (il passe d'être l'enfant que l'on évite à un compagnon de jeu), et du balancement à la danse(AU)

Realiza-se um comentário sobre o caso Marcos, pontuando teoricamente as intervenções, transformações e objetivos na abordagem de uma criança com uma patologia genética e psíquica grave. Quanto às intervenções e aos objetivos, se analisam: a transformação da zona oral degradada como um buraco à criação de uma boca que sente, ao articular o olhar e a comida através do sustento do Outro; o deslocamento de um corpo que drena, à instauração de um corpo tubo de contêiner, que possibilitou a retenção e expulsão do alimento por meio da construção de ritmos; a criação das envolturas psíquicas e o corpo-pele, e as intervenções com a mãe. Com respeito às transformações alcançadas, se ressaltam: a passagem de estereótipos durante as brincadeiras, do empurrão no jogo "pega-pega" que gera laços sociais (passa a ser o garoto que precisa tomar cuidado com o companheiro para jogar), e o balanço ao dançar(AU)

A constituição do mundo e de si-próprio no enlace existencial mãe-bebê / The constitution of the world and the one's own body in the mother-baby existential enlace / La constitucíon del mundo y del si-mismo en la unión existencial de la madre y el bebé

O presente escrito trata de uma fenomenologia acerca da constituição de mundo e de si-próprio a partir do corpo-infans. A existência humana demanda um mundo. Sua formação se dá em meio às vivências de sociabilidade que possibilitam a apropriação dos sentidos na corporeidade. Essa constituição do horizonte cultural tem como alicerce o enlace existencial mãe-bebê, cuja relação é abertura para uma possibilidade de mundo. O papel existencial da mãe tem como fundo a sociabilidade vivida; a mulher ao se tornar mãe apropria-se dos modos de maternagem existentes em sua sociabilidade e os seus cuidados para com o corpo do infans são o fundamento para a constituição do mundo do infans. Por fim, entende-se que a mãe e o bebê constituem-se em meio aos seus papeis existenciais vividos e que o mundo formado pelo infans sempre esteja ligado às suas vivências com a mãe.

This paper is about the phenomenology of the world's constitution from the body-infans. Human living-experience claims a world. Its formation occur in the middle of the social-experiences that makes the embodied appropriation of meaning possible. This constitution of the cultural horizon has, as its foundation, the mother-baby's existential enlace, whose relation is the opening for a possible world. The existential role of the mother has the living sociability as its background; the woman who became a mother takes possession of the existing mothering styles in her sociability and her caring for the body-infans becomes the basis for the constitution of the infans's world. Lastly, It is known that the mother and the baby are constituted by living their existential role, and that the world constituted by the infans is always connected by its living-experiences with the mother.

Este escrito es una fenomenología sobre la constitución del mundo y del si-mismo a partir del cuerpo-infans. La existencia humana exige un mundo. Su formación se lleva a cabo en medio de las experiencias de sociabilidad que permiten la apropiación de los sentidos en la corporalidad. Esta constitución del horizonte cultural tiene como fundamento la unión existencial madre-hijo cuya relación es la apertura para una posibilidad de mundo. El papel existencial de la madre es como contexto para la sociabilidad vivida; cuando la mujer se convierte en madre, ella se apropia de los modos existentes del cuidado infantil en suya sociabilidad y suyos cuidados para el cuerpo del infans son la base para la constitución del mundo-infans. Por último, se lo entiende que la madre y el bebé están en medio de sus funciones existenciales experimentadas y el mundo formado por el infans es siempre conectado a sus experiencias con la madre.

Nesting materials for does: Effect on nest building and performance at first parturition / Materiales de nido para conejas: Efecto sobre la construcción del nido y desempeño al primer parto / Materiais de ninho para coelhas: Efeito sobre a construção do ninho e desempenho na primeira parição

Abstract Background: The material placed into the nest should provide comfort to both does and their kits. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different nesting materials on rabbit doe performance and nest building. Methods: Thirty primiparous rabbit does were randomized allotted in a block design with three treatments and ten replicates each. The treatments consisted of nest bedding with wood shavings (280 g, control), Tifton hay (220 g), and thin strips of newspaper (200 g). The state of the nest was assessed to evaluate mixing of the material with doe's hair and preservation of the original material. Kit body weight, daily weight gain, and survival rate were evaluated from birth to weaning. Results: The nesting material did not affect the mixing level of material and hair, amount of hair in the nest, body weight, daily weight gain, or survival rate of rabbits from birth to 35 d of age (p>0.05). However, preservation of original material in the nest was lower when Tifton hay was used (p<0.05). Correlations between material type and total number of born alive and the amount of hair, mixture level between hair and material, and material preservation in the nest were not significant (p>0.05). No correlation (p>0.05) was observed between material preservation and hair presence or mixture level between both. Positive correlation between hair presence and mixture level (p<0.001) was observed. Conclusion: Tifton hay and cut newspaper can be used as nest bedding for pregnant does in replacement of wood shavings, with no negative effects on nest building behavior or kit performance.

Resumen Antecedentes: El material ubicado en el nido debe proporcionar confort a la coneja y a su camada. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de nidos forrados con diferentes materiales sobre el desempeño de la coneja y sobre la construcción del nido. Métodos: Treinta conejas primíparas fueron usadas en un diseño en bloques al azar con tres tratamientos y 10 repeticiones cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en forrar el nido con viruta (280 g), heno de Tifton (220 g) y periódico cortado en tiras (200 g). El estado del nido fue determinado para evaluar la mezcla del material y los vellos de la coneja, la preservación del material original, y el peso corporal, la ganancia de peso diaria y la tasa de supervivencia fueron evaluados desde el nacimiento hasta el destete. Resultados: El tipo de material no afectó el nivel de mezcla entre el material y los vellos, cantidad de vello en el nido, peso corporal, ganancia de peso diaria, o tasa de supervivencia de las crías desde el nacimiento hasta el d 35 de edad (p>0,05); sin embargo, la preservación del material original en el nido fue menor cuando el heno de Tifton fue usado (p<0,05). Las correlaciones del tipo de material y número total de nacidos vivos, y la cantidad de vello, nivel de mezcla entre vello y material, y preservación de material en el nido no fueron significativas (p>0,05). No hubo correlación (p>0,05) entre preservación del material en el nido con presencia de vello o nivel de mezcla en los nidos. Hubo una correlación positive entre la presencia de vello en el nido y el nivel de mezcla (p<0,001). Conclusión: El heno de Tifton y el periódico cortado en tiras puede ser usado como revestimiento de nidos para conejas gestantes, sustituyendo la viruta de madera sin efectos negativos sobre el comportamiento de construcción del nido de la coneja ni sobre el desempeño de las crías desde el nacimiento hasta el destete, considerando el primer parto.

Resumo Antecedentes: O material colocado no ninho deve proporcionar conforto à coelha e sua ninhada. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de ninhos forrados com diferentes materiais sobre o desempenho da coelha e sobre a construção do ninho. Métodos: Trinta coelhas primíparas foram usadas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos e dez repetições cada. Foram avaliados três tipos de material para forrar o piso do ninho com maravalha (280 g), feno de Tifton (220 g) e jornal cortado em tiras (200 g). O estado do ninho foi determinado para avaliar a mistura do material com os pelos da coelha, a preservação do material original. Peso corporal, ganho de peso diário e a taxa de sobrevivência foram avaliados desde o nascimento até o desmame. Resultados: Nenhum efeito foi observado do tipo de material sobre o nível de mistura do material e pelos, quantidade de pelos no ninho, peso corporal, ganho de peso diário ou taxa de sobrevivência dos láparos do nascimento até 35 d de idade (p>0,05), entretanto, a preservação do material original no ninho foi menor quando o feno de Tifton foi usado (p<0,05). As correlacões de tipo de material e número total de nascidos vivos com a presença de pelo, nível de mistura entre pelo e material, e preservação de material no ninho não foram significativas (p>0,05). Não houve correlação (p>0,05) entre preservação do material no ninho com presença de pelo ou nível de mistura nos ninhos. Houve correlação positiva entre a presença de pelo no ninho com nível de mistura (p<0,001). Conclusão: Feno de Tifton e jornal cortado em tiras podem ser usados como revestimento de ninhos para coelhas gestantes, substituindo a maravalha sem efeitos negativos sobre o comportamento de construção do ninho da coelha nem sobre o desempenho dos láparos do nascimento até o desmame, considerando-se o primeiro parto.

"Doeu muito em mim!": Vivência da entrega de um filho para adoção na visão de mães doadoras / "It hurt on me a lot": Experience of surrendering a child from birthmothers / "I Me dolió mucho!": La experiencia de la entrega de un hijo según las madres donantes

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender o fenômeno da entrega de um filho para a adoção, a partir das mães que renunciaram à maternagem. Através de entrevistas com três mães doadoras, constatou-se que fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e emocionais estavam presentes na decisão da entrega do filho. Identificou-se que a entrega foi acompanhada por sofrimento e pelo sentimento de impossibilidade de cuidado à criança. Além disso, pode-se verificar que as ações realizadas por profissionais da saúde e conselheiros tutelares diante da decisão da mãe entregar o filho à adoção nem sempre estavam adequadas conforme o preconizado na Lei nº 12.010, havendo violação dos direitos. Destaca-se a necessária aplicabilidade das políticas públicas que visam à assistência jurídica e psicológica às mães que entregam o filho para adoção. (AU)

This study aimed to understand the phenomenon of giving a child away for adoption, from the perspective of mothers who abdicate mothering. Based on interviews with three mothers who gave their children away, findings underline that social and economic, family and emotional factors were present throughout the decision process of giving a child away. Such decision was followed up by suffering and by the feeling of being impossible to take care of the child. Moreover, actions carried out by health care professionals and child protection agents, when facing the mother's decision of giving the child away for adoption, were not always according to what is recommended by Law 12.010, culminating with violation of rights. Therefore, this study highlights the need to apply public policies that aim at legal and psychological assistance to mothers who give their children away for adoption. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el fenómeno de la entrega de un hijo en adopción, a partir de las madres que han renunciado a la maternidad. A través de entrevistas con tres madres donantes, se constató que los factores socioeconómicos, familiares y emocionales estuvieron presentes en la decisión de entregar el hijo. Se identificó que la entrega fue acompañada de un inmenso sufrimiento y por el sentimiento de imposibilidad de cuidar del niño. Además de eso, se observó que las medidas adoptadas por los profesionales de la salud y los consejeros tutelares delante de la decisión de la madre de entregar al niño en adopción no siempre estaban acorde con lo recomendado por la Ley N° 12.010, resultando en la violación de sus derechos. Se destaca la necesaria aplicabilidad de las políticas públicas orientadas a la asistencia jurídica y psicológica a las madres que entregan su hijo en adopción. (AU)

Maternidade e formas de maternagem desde a idade média à atualidade / Motherhood and mothering forms since the middle ages to the present

Tradicionalmente a maternidade e a maternagem são vistas como decorrentes de relações biológicas e afetivas estabelecidas entre mãe e filho. Atualmente, com o avanço das tecnologias reprodutivas e as novas configurações familiares, observa-se o desenvolvimento de novas possibilidades de maternidade e maternagem que questionam os vínculos biológicos e os papéis de gênero nos cuidados ao filho. A reflexão sobre a construção social da maternidade e da maternagem ao longo do tempo pode favorecer a discussão sobre as demandas das novas configurações familiares. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma reflexão sobre os diferentes valores da maternidade e as diversas formas de maternagem desde a Idade Média até a atualidade, nas sociedades ocidentais...

Traditionally motherhood and mothering are seen as resulting from biological and affective relations between mother and son. Today, with the advancement of reproductive technologies and new family configurations observed the development of new sources of motherhood and maternal bonds questioning the biological and gender roles in the care of child. The reflection on the social construction of motherhood and mothering over time can encourage discussion about the demands of new family configurations. The purpose of this article is a reflection on the different values of motherhood and the various forms of mothering since the Middle Ages to the present, in western societies...

Factores relacionados con las prácticas maternas de control alimentario en preescolares / Related Factors to Maternal Intake Control Practices in Preschoolers

Las prácticas de crianza durante los primeros años de vida son cruciales para el desarrollo de las preferencias alimentarias, la autorregulación de la ingesta y el establecimiento de hábitos de consumo. El papel de las madres es fundamental en el monitoreo de la alimentación de sus hijos, y sus prácticas pueden estar influenciadas por diversos factores. En este estudio se evaluó la relación entre las actitudes de las madres hacia la alimentación, la importancia otorgada al peso propio y al de sus hijos y el control alimentario que ejercen sobre ellos. Participaron 82 madres de preescolares. Se les aplicó el Child Feeding Questionnaire, el Cuestionario de control alimentario ejercido sobre los hijos, y el Cuestionario de Emociones y Creencias hacia la Alimentación y el Peso. Los resultados señalan que la preocupación por el peso propio y de los hijos, las actitudes hacia la alimentación y la importancia otorgada al control del peso, se relaciona con el control alimentario sobre los hijos. Esto podría generar contenidos de pensamiento y comportamientos que pudieran constituirse como factores de riesgo o protección en el desarrollo de hábitos de alimentación.

Parenting practices during the first years of life are crucial for the development of food preferences, self-regulation of intake and for establishing habits. The role of mothers is essential in the monitoring of their children's feeding, and their practices may be influenced by several factors. In this study the relationship between mothers' attitudes towards eating, the importance given to their own weight and that of their children, and intake control exerted over them was evaluated. 82 mothers of preschoolers participated. They were administered the Child Feeding Questionnaire, the Intake Control Exercised on the Children Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire of Emotions and Beliefs to Eating and Weight. Results indicate that concerns about the own weight and the children's, the attitudes towards eating and the importance given to weight control, are related to the control exerted on children's intake. This could generate thoughts and behaviors that could be constituted as risk or protective factors in the development of eating habits.

Quando a Shoah é um trauma: e o pai desaparece da teoria analítica / When Shoah is a trauma: and the father disappears from the psychoanalytical theory

Interrogando as teorias psicanalíticas que se desenvolveram no pós-guerra em torno do traumatismo “extremo” sofrido pelos deportados para os campos de concentração nazistas, a autora estuda e critica o primado atribuído ao aniquilamento de toda vida psíquica no sobrevivente – com desqualificação dos mecanismos que permitem a representação psíquica, recusa de qualquer funcionamento do recalque, perda das referências simbólicas articuladas com a função paterna e prevalência dos processos empáticos – ao mesmo tempo em que, além disso, a pulsão de morte não é tida em conta. De que maneira a psicanálise respondeu com sua própria teoria do assassinato e da destrutividade, quando se constata que a barbárie teve como consequência uma modificação do marco teórico da metapsicologia? Até que ponto esse efeito não faria parte da tentativa totalitária de matar a própria psicanálise?

Questioning the psychoanalytical theories that developed in post-war around the “extreme” trauma suffered by people deported to the Nazis concentration camps, the author studies and criticizes the pre-eminence given to the annihilation of all psychic life in the survivor – with disqualifications of the mechanisms that allow the psychic representation, refusal of any functioning of repression, loss of the symbolic references articulated with the father function and prevalence of the empathic processes – at the same time that, besides that, the death drive is not taken into account. How did psychoanalysis with its own theory of murder and of destructiveness responded, when its found that the barbarie had as consequence a modification of the theoretical mark of metapsychology? Up to what point that effect would not make part on the sole attempt to destroy psychoanalysis?

Interrogando las teorías psicoanalíticas que se desarrollaron en el post guerra acerca del traumatismo “extremado” sufrido por los deportados hacia los campos de concentración nazistas, la autora estudia y critica el primado atribuido a la aniquilación de toda vida psíquica en el sobreviviente – con descalificación de los mecanismos que permiten la representación psíquica, rechazo de cualquier funcionamiento del recalque, pérdida de las referencias simbólicas articuladas con la función paterna y prevalencia de los procesos empáticos – al mismo tiempo que no se tiene en cuenta, además, la pulsión de muerte. ¿De qué manera el psicoanálisis ha respondido con su propia teoría del asesinato y de la destructividad, cuando se constata que la barbarie tuvo como consecuencia una modificación del marco teórico de la metapsicología? ¿Hasta qué punto ese efecto no formaría parte del intento totalitario de matar al mismo psicoanálisis?

Habilidades maternas de mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica: uma revisão da literatura / Maternal skills of women victims of domestic violence: literature review / Habilidades maternas de mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica: una revisión de la literatura

O presente estudo objetivou revisar a literatura nacional e internacional de 2007 a 2010 sobre violência doméstica e habilidades maternas nas seguintes bases de dados: Bireme, Web of Science, Lilacs e Medline. A busca resultou em 85 artigos, sendo analisados 28 que se relacionavam com a proposta deste estudo, todos internacionais, divididos em quatro categorias: (1) prevalência, (2) intervenção, (3) relação entre violência conjugal e habilidades maternas e (4) impacto da violência conjugal nos filhos. A análise dos artigos permitiu verificar que uma parcela expressiva de crianças presencia desentendimentos violentos entre os pais e são afetadas direta ou indiretamente por eles. Nos artigos em que se buscou avaliar a relação entre a violência conjugal e as habilidades maternas, os resultados demonstraram os impactos negativos da exposição à violência conjugal e a importância de um relacionamento mãe-filho positivo para a diminuição dos problemas de comportamento dos filhos, sendo esse um fator importante quando se pensa em intervir nessa população. Destaca-se que todos os dados foram obtidos por meio de autorrelato das mulheres, sendo sugeridas pesquisas futuras que utilizem outras formas de coleta de dados, como fontes de informação diversas ou estudos observacionais sistematizados....(AU)

This study reviewed the national and the international literature of domestic violence regarding maternal skills from 2007 to 2010.The following data base were used: Bireme, Web of Science, Lilacs and Medline. Out of the 85 abstracts, 28 were related to the topic of this paper (all international) and they were divided into four categories: (1) prevalence, (2) intervention, (3) the relationship between domestic violence and maternal skills and (4) the impact of marital violence on children. Analysis of the studies showed that an expressive number of children witnessed violent conflicts between their parents, and that they were directly or indirectly affected by these conflicts. In studies which sought to evaluate the relationship between domestic violence and maternal skills the results showed the negative impact of exposure to marital violence and the importance of a positive mother-child relationship for the reduction of behavior problems in children, an important variable when considering the intervention with this population. It is noteworthy that all data were collected by self-report measures, therefore it is suggested that future research uses other types of data collection as different sources of information or systematic observational studies....(AU)

El presente estudio objetivó revisar la literatura nacional e internacional de 2007 a 2010 sobre violencia doméstica y habilidades maternas en las siguientes bases de datos: Bireme, Web of Science, Lilacs y Medline. La búsqueda resultó en 85 artículos, siendo analizados 28 que se relacionaban con la propuesta de este estudio, todos internacionales, divididos en cuatro categorías: (1) prevalencia, (2) intervención, (3) relación entre violencia conyugal y habilidades maternas e (4) impacto de la violencia conyugal en los hijos. El análisis de los artículos permitió verificar que una parte expresiva de niños está presente durante desentendimientos violentos entre los padres y son afectados directa o indirectamente por ellos. En los artículos en los que se buscó evaluar la relación entre la violencia conyugal y las habilidades maternas, los resultados demostraron los impactos negativos de la exposición a la violencia conyugal y la importancia de una relación madre e hijo positiva para la disminución de los problemas de comportamiento de los hijos, siendo ése un factor importante cuando se piensa en intervenir en esa población. Es importante mencionar que todos los datos fueron obtenidos a través de auto relato de las mujeres, siendo presentadas como sugerencias investigaciones futuras que utilicen otras formas de colecta de datos, como fuentes de información variadas o estudios de observación sistematizados....(AU)

Construcción de la maternidad en el encuentro de la institución médico ginecológica con mujeres de clase media de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Construção da maternidade no encontro da instituição médico-ginecológica com mulheres de classe média da cidade de Buenos Aires / Maternity construction in the meeting of the medical and gynecological institution with middle-class women of Buenos Aires

En este artículo se analiza cómo operan el discurso y la práctica de ginecólogos en la conformación de percepciones y prácticas de la maternidad en mujeres jóvenes de clase media porteña. A partir de un diseño descriptivo y exploratorio, se realizaron 50 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres de clase media, de 25 a 35 años de edad, que se socializaron y viven actualmente en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, y 15 entrevistas a médicos ginecólogos que se desempeñan como tales en la misma ciudad. Se observa que tanto las mujeres como los médicos se ajustan a estereotipos tradicionales de género, no obstante lo cual existen intersticios normativos en sus prácticas y percepciones cuyo análisis se desarrollará aquí, con un abordaje metodológico cualitativo...

Neste artigo analisa-se como operam o discurso e a prática de ginecologistas na conformação de percepções e práticas da maternidade em mulheres jovens de classe média portenha. A partir de um desenho descritivo e exploratório, realizaram-se 50 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres de classe média, de 25 a 35 anos de idade, que se socializaram e vivem atualmente na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, e 15 entrevistas com médicos ginecologistas que atuam como tais na mesma cidade. Observa-se que tanto as mulheres como os médicos enquadram-se em estereótipos tradicionais de gênero, não obstante o que existem interstícios normativos em suas práticas e percepções cuja análise se desenvolverá aqui, com uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa...

This article analyzes how gynecologists' discourse and practice organize perceptions and the experience of mothering among young middle class women in Buenos Aires. Using a descriptive, exploratory design, In-depth interviews were conducted with 50 middle class women, ages 25 to 35, raised and currently living in the City of Buenos Aires, and with 15 gynecologists who practice in town. Results indicate that both women and physicians adhere to traditional gender stereotypes, yet normative interstices are found in their practices and perceptions. The latter are analyzed using a qualitative approach...

Perception of the mothering role of women who live in a context of drugs and violence / Percepción del papel materno de mujeres que viven en un contexto de drogas y violencia / Percepção do papel materno de mulheres que vivem em um contexto de drogas e violência

The number of women involved with drugs is increasing, and the same is true for violence against them. Many of these women are mothers. This study aimed to investigate how mothers of children between one month and six years old who are living in a context of drugs and violence and are receiving treatment for drug addiction interpret their experience as mothers. This article is part of a multicenter study in Colombia and Brazil and discusses the results of interviews with 6 Colombian mothers. Focused ethnography was used and the interviews were submitted to latent content analysis. Violence was present in the participants' socio-cultural context and drugs consumption in their family of origin. These aspects possibly induced them to become addicted to drugs and influenced their mothering role. Overall, the mothers expressed ambivalence about their role in that they idealized being mothers but were aware that they were addicted mothers.

El número de mujeres implicadas con las drogas está aumentando y e la violencia contra ellas también. Muchas de estas mujeres son madres. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la manera como las mujeres que tienen hijos entre un mes y cinco años, viven en un contexto de drogas y violencia, y están recibiendo tratamiento para su drogadicción, interpretan su experiencia como madres; este trabajo individual y multicéntrico entre países, Colombia y Brasil, expone los resultados individuales de Colombia; se entrevistaron seis mujeres. Se usó el método de foco etnográfico y las entrevistas fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido latente. Se encontró presente la violencia desde el contexto sociocultural de las participantes y el consumo de drogas en el entorno de la familia de origen, aspectos que posiblemente indujeron drogadicción en ellas e influyeron en el papel maternal de este grupo de mujeres, quienes lo expresan como ambivalente, entre la idealización del ser madre y el ser madre en la adicción.

O número de mulheres envolvidas com drogas está aumentando e a violência contra elas também. Muitas destas mulheres são mães. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a percepção de mulheres que recebem tratamento para dependência de droga, vivem em um contexto de drogas e violência, têm crianças com idade entre um mês e cinco anos e sua interpretação acerca. Este trabalho individual e multicêntrico, envolvendo Colômbia e Brasil, apresenta os resultados individuais de Colômbia. Foram entrevistadas 6 mulheres. Foi adotado o foco etnográfico e as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo latente. Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam a violência do contexto social-cultural dos participantes e o consumo de drogas no ambiente da família de origem. Esses aspectos possivelmente induziram ao uso de drogas e influenciaram no papel materno deste grupo de mulheres, que expressam isto como ambivalente, entre a idealização de ser mãe e ser mãe viciada.

Effect of Yakson Therapy on Weight Gain in Premature Infants and Role Confidence and Satisfaction for Mothers / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on weight of premature infants when Yakson therapy was conducted by mothers and also to measure role confidence and role satisfaction of the mothers. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. The data were collected from January to July, 2005. Thirty preterm infants and mothers were assigned to either an experimental (15) or a control group (15). Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying on of hands, caressing by hands, and laying on of hands again, each phase taking 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Infant weight, mothers' role confidence and satisfaction with role were measured for both groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, weight gain of infants in the experimental group (t=2.05, p=.049) was significantly increased after 15 days. The experimental group also had significantly higher scores in mothers' role confidence (t=1.98, p=.038). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to increase weight gain in preterm infants and improve the role confidence of mothers.

Tic Disorders in Children with Frequent Eye-blinking

PURPOSE: We evaluated tic symptoms in children with frequent eye-blinking and examined the differences in mothering behavior and childhood behavioral problems between the tic and normal children, and the clinical factors correlated with tics. METHODS: Fifty children with frequent eye-blinking were evaluated by an experienced psychiatrist and the severity of tic symptoms was assessed with the Korean version of Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. The Korean version of Mothering Behavior Rating Instrument and Child Behavior Checklist were accomplished by the mothers of the tic and normal children. RESULTS: Forty three (86%) children were diagnosed as tic disorders. The diagnostic subtypes were as follows : 39 transient tic disorders, two chronic tic disorders, and two Tourette's disorders. Twenty-nine had a simple motor tic, 10 had complex motor tics, and 4 had motor tics with vocal tics. Medication was needed for two children with Tourette's disorders and the other two who revisited with aggravated symptoms after six months. There was no difference in mothering behavior and childhood behavior problems between tic and normal children. The severity of tic was significantly correlated with the somatic symptoms and attentional problems in child behavior problems, and duration of symptoms CONCLUSIONS: Transient tic disorder was the most common diagnosis. Four children with chronic tic and Tourette's disorder needed psychiatric medications. Compared with normal children, there was no difference in mothering and childhood behavior problem in tic children. It is suggested that tics may become more severe with the longer duration of symptom and may influence the somatic symptoms and attention.

The Effects of Kangaroo Care on Anxiety and Confidence and Gratification of Mothering Role in Mothers of Low Birth Weight Infants / 아동간호학회지

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants. The subjects were 30 mothers of low birth weight infants, sixteen for the kangaroo care group and fourteen for the control group, whose infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care unit at two university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 9 times during the twenty six days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a low birth weight infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. The questionnaire, state anxiety was completed before beginning the first intervention. The questionnaire, state anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role were completed at 2 weeks after discharge. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program. The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in the state anxiety between the kangaroo care and the control group before beginning the first intervention. The state anxiety was significantly lower in kangaroo care group than in control group. 2.The confidence of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 3.The gratification of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 4. In mothers of low birth weight infants, the state anxiety was negatively correlated to the confidence of mothering role and the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. And the confidence of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants was positively correlated to the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for mothers of low birth weight infants in reducing the state anxiety, improving the confidence and gratification of mothering role.

The Effects of Kangaroo Care on Anxiety and Confidence and Gratification of Mothering Role in Mothers of Low Birth Weight Infants / 아동간호학회지

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants. The subjects were 30 mothers of low birth weight infants, sixteen for the kangaroo care group and fourteen for the control group, whose infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care unit at two university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 9 times during the twenty six days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a low birth weight infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. The questionnaire, state anxiety was completed before beginning the first intervention. The questionnaire, state anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role were completed at 2 weeks after discharge. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program. The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in the state anxiety between the kangaroo care and the control group before beginning the first intervention. The state anxiety was significantly lower in kangaroo care group than in control group. 2.The confidence of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 3.The gratification of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 4. In mothers of low birth weight infants, the state anxiety was negatively correlated to the confidence of mothering role and the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. And the confidence of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants was positively correlated to the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for mothers of low birth weight infants in reducing the state anxiety, improving the confidence and gratification of mothering role.

Maternal Perception of the Newborn and Confidence and Gratification of Mothering Role / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate maternal perception of the newborn, confidence and gratification of mothering role, and contribute to maternal nursing and neonatal nursing. The questionnaire, maternal perception of the newborn(I) was completed by 47 mothers at three hospitals in the Kyoung-In area during the first to third day after birth. the questionnaire, maternal perception of the newborn(II), confidence and gratification of mothering role were completed at fourth to sixth week after birth. the data were analyzed by a SPSS program. The results were as follows; 1) The means of perception of the newborn(I) and (II) were 2.28+/-4.81 and 3.83+/-4.84. The means of confidence and gratification of mothering role were 40.38+/-5.51 and 39.30+/-6.70. 2) Half of the mothers(48.9%) rated their newborn as better than average newborn at first to third day after birth, and 74.5% of mothers did at fourth to sixth week after birth. 3) The score of maternal perception of the newborn(I) was significantly correlated with the score of confidence and gratification of mothering role. The score of maternal perception of the newborn(II) was correlated with the score of confidence and gratification of mothering role. The score of confidence and gratification of mothering role was related. 4) Maternal gratification of mothering role was significantly different by maternal perception of the newborn(I), and maternal confidence was different by maternal perception of the newborn(II). 5) Mothers who had religions and who wanted the pregnancy had higher perception of the new-born(I) than those who did not. Mothers whose newborn(II) than those whose newborns were girls. Mothers who wanted the pregnancy had higher confidence of mothering role than those who did not. Mothers who planed cow's milk had lower gratification of mothering role than those who did not. The above findings indicate that mothers who have a different level of perception of the newborn, confidence and gratification of mothering role. Therefore, it is important maternal perception of the newborn, confidence and gratification of mothering role were precisely evaluated, and nursing intervention for improving perception of the newborn should be provided of for mothers.