Muscle strength coordination training for athletes in mountaineering sports / Treinamento de coordenação da força muscular dos atletas em esportes de montanhismo / Entrenamiento de la coordinación de la fuerza muscular de los atletas de deportes de montaña

ABSTRACT Introduction Rock climbing is a physical activity that requires excellent physical conditioning. In addition to improving physical fitness and motor coordination, rock climbing requires constant improvements in muscle coordination skill training to enhance its modern tactics. Objective Explore the muscular coordination skill training of rock climbers. Methods A random sample of 8 athletes were assigned to the experiment involving the measurement of athletes' body composition, serum creatine kinase and blood urea levels, and other biomarkers collected before and after the trial. Results There was a significant negative correlation between dynamic balance and motor coordination ability after training in extreme rock climbing sports. On the second day after the rock climbing exercise, the volunteers' body weight and fat content significantly reduced, and the concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and blood urea (BU) increased significantly. Conclusion The exploration of extreme sports' effect on improving athletes' muscle coordination ability showed that strength and coordination should be enhanced in rock climbing. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução A escalada em rocha é uma atividade física que exige excelente condicionamento físico. Além de melhorar a aptidão física e a coordenação motora, a escalada requer aperfeiçoamentos constantes no treinamento de habilidade em coordenação muscular para aprimoramento de suas táticas modernas. Objetivo Explorar o treinamento da capacidade de coordenação muscular de escaladores em rocha. Métodos Uma amostragem aleatória composta de 8 atletas foi designada para o experimento envolvendo a mensuração da composição corporal dos atletas, níveis séricos de creatina quinase e ureia sanguínea além de outros biomarcadores coletados antes e após o ensaio. Resultados Houve uma correlação negativa significativa entre o equilíbrio dinâmico e a capacidade de coordenação motora após o treinamento em esportes radicais de escalada em rocha. No segundo dia após o exercício de escalada em rocha, o peso corporal e o conteúdo de gordura dos voluntários mostrou uma redução significativa, e a concentração de creatina quinase (CK) e ureia sanguínea (BU) aumentaram significativamente. Conclusão A exploração do efeito dos esportes radicais na melhoria da capacidade de coordenação muscular dos atletas evidenciou que a força e a coordenação devem ser reforçadas no processo de escalada em rocha. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La escalada en roca es una actividad física que exige una excelente condición física. Además de mejorar la forma física y la coordinación motriz, la escalada requiere una mejora constante en el entrenamiento de las habilidades de coordinación muscular para optimizar su táctica moderna. Objetivo Explorar el entrenamiento de las habilidades de coordinación muscular de los escaladores de roca. Métodos Se asignó una muestra aleatoria compuesta por 8 atletas al experimento que incluía la medición de la composición corporal de los atletas, los niveles de creatina quinasa sérica y de urea en sangre, además de otros biomarcadores recogidos antes y después de la prueba. Resultados Se observó una correlación negativa significativa entre el equilibrio dinámico y la capacidad de coordinación motriz tras el entrenamiento en deportes extremos de escalada. El segundo día después del ejercicio de escalada en roca, el peso corporal y el contenido de grasa de los voluntarios mostraron una reducción significativa, y la concentración de creatina quinasa (CK) y de urea en sangre (BU) aumentó significativamente. Conclusión La exploración del efecto de los deportes extremos en la mejora de la capacidad de coordinación muscular de los atletas puso de manifiesto que la fuerza y la coordinación deben mejorarse en el proceso de escalada en roca. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Muscular endurance in mountaineers under different load training observation / Observação da resistência muscular em montanhistas sob diferentes treinamentos de carga / Observación de la resistencia muscular en montañistas bajo diferentes entrenamientos de carga

ABSTRACT Introduction Mountaineering is a very healthy reasoning sport event that focuses on intelligence and physical strength, climbing rock walls with the hands. Objective Observe the specific indicators of upper limb strength in mountaineering. Methods Athletes from a rock-climbing training team were selected as the research subjects (N=12, M=6). Before the formal experimental test, the subjects performed 30-minute warm-up exercises, including stretching and jogging. Results The negative correlation between sports performance and maximum heart rate after a 15-meter speed climb indicates that the higher the heart rate mobilized in sport, the better the exercise performance. Similarly, was observed the positive correlation between athletic performance and blood lactate at 3 minutes after a 15-meter climb, i.e., the higher the blood lactate during exercise, the worse the athletic performance. Conclusions The higher the climbing speed and the lower the blood lactate, the better the athletic performance. Thus, athletes with high training levels and solid athletic ability can achieve a higher maximum heart rate level during exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução O montanhismo é um evento esportivo de raciocínio muito saudável que se concentra tanto na inteligência quanto na força física, consistindo em escalar paredes de rocha com as mãos. Objetivo Observar os indicadores específicos de força dos membros superiores do montanhismo. Métodos Os atletas de uma equipe de treinamento em escalada em rocha foram selecionados como os sujeitos de pesquisa (N=12, M=6). Antes do teste experimental formal, os sujeitos fizeram exercícios de aquecimento de 30 minutos, incluindo essencialmente exercícios de alongamento e manobras de montanhismo. Resultados A correlação negativa entre o desempenho esportivo e a frequência cardíaca máxima após uma escalada de 15 metros de velocidade indica que quanto maior a frequência cardíaca mobilizada no esporte, melhor o desempenho do exercício. Da mesma forma, houve a correlação positiva entre o desempenho atlético e o lactato de sangue aos 3 minutos após uma escalada de 15 metros, ou seja, quanto maior o lactato sanguíneo durante o exercício, pior o desempenho atlético. Conclusão Quanto mais alta a velocidade de escalada e mais baixo o lactato sanguíneo, melhor o desempenho atlético. Assim, atletas com alto nível de treinamento e forte capacidade atlética podem alcançar um nível máximo de frequência cardíaca maior durante o exercício. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción El alpinismo es una prueba deportiva de razonamiento muy saludable que se centra tanto en la inteligencia como en la fuerza física, consistiendo en escalar paredes de roca con las manos. Objetivo Observar los indicadores específicos de la fuerza de los miembros superiores en el alpinismo. Métodos Se seleccionaron atletas de un equipo de entrenamiento de escalada en roca como sujetos de la investigación (N=12, M=6). Antes de la prueba experimental formal, los sujetos realizaron ejercicios de calentamiento de 30 minutos, que incluían esencialmente ejercicios de estiramiento y maniobras de montañismo. Resultados La correlación negativa entre el rendimiento deportivo y la frecuencia cardíaca máxima tras una subida de velocidad de 15 metros indica que cuanto mayor sea la frecuencia cardíaca movilizada en el deporte, mejor será el rendimiento del ejercicio. Asimismo, se observa la correlación positiva entre el rendimiento atlético y el lactato en sangre a los 3 minutos después de una subida de 15 metros, es decir, cuanto más alto sea el lactato en sangre durante el ejercicio, peor será el rendimiento atlético. Conclusión Cuanto mayor sea la velocidad de ascenso y menor el lactato en sangre, mejor será el rendimiento deportivo. Así, los atletas con un alto nivel de entrenamiento y una fuerte capacidad atlética pueden alcanzar un nivel de frecuencia cardíaca más alto durante el ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Motivos da adesão em atividades de aventura na natureza e as influências na qualidade de vida de seus praticantes / Reasons for membership in adventure activities in nature and the influences on the quality of life of their practitioners

Atividades Físicas de Aventura na Natureza (AFAN) constituem alternativas muito buscadas em contraponto ao estilo de vida urbanizado, o que estabelece o objetivo deste estudo, o qual visa analisar os motivos pelos quais as pessoas aderem ao montanhismo como atividade de lazer e qual a influência do mesmo na qualidade de vida dos praticantes. Este estudo foi realizado por intermédio de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionários semiabertos para 35 montanhistas experientes. Em termos de resultados, pode-se considerar que as pessoas aderem ao montanhismo por ser uma atividade com muitas características atrativas, que propiciam um conjunto de emoções, desafios, socialização e um rico acervo de paisagens. Ainda, proporcionam variados benefícios, tanto físicos, quanto psicológicos, com direta relação ao estilo e qualidade de vida adotados.

Physical Adventure Activities in Nature (AFAN), are alternatives that are much sought after in contrast to the urbanized lifestyle, which establishes the objective of this study, which aims to analyze the reasons why people adhere to mountaineering as a leisure activity and which influence on the quality of life of practitioners. This study was carried out through a quali-quantitative research, with semi-structured interviews and semi-open questionnaires for 35 experienced climbers. In terms of results, it can be considered that people adhere to mountaineering because it is an activity with many attractive characteristics, which provide a set of emotions, challenges, socialization and a rich collection of landscapes. Still, they provide varied benefits, both physical and psychological, with direct relation to the adopted style and quality of life.

Use of sports tourism to motivate older adults to maintain increased aerobic exercise capacity and reduced arterial stiffness after supervised training: a non-randomized controlled trial / 体力科学

Habitual aerobic exercise decreases arterial stiffness, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and increases aerobic exercise capacity. Exercise habits can be difficult to maintain over time. We sought to determine if the prospect of participating in a sports tourism event (mountain climbing) helped older adults maintain increased aerobic exercise capacity and decreased arterial stiffness after a supervised training program. Forty community-dwelling middle-aged and older individuals were divided into training (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The training group participated in six weeks of face-to-face exercise intervention (walking, 60%–75% of age-predicted maximal heart rate, 35–50 min/day, 1 day/week) and was additionally offered home-based walking (45 min/day, 2–4 days/week). During the same period, the control group was asked not to change their lifestyle. In the last session of the exercise program, we announced a mountain climbing event planned for six months in the future. The participants were encouraged to maintain their exercise habits leading up to the event. Arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity) and maximal oxygen uptake were measured before and after the six-week intervention and two weeks before the mountain climbing event. In the training group, arterial stiffness decreased, and maximal oxygen uptake increased after the intervention; these improvements were successfully maintained until the mountain climbing event. These parameters did not change significantly in the control group. Sports tourism may motivate older adults to maintain their exercise habits after a supervised training program.

Analysis of the prevalence of injuries and associated factors in brazilian climbers / Análise da prevalência de lesões e fatores associados em escaladores brasileiros / Análisis de la prevalencia de lesiones y factores asociados en escaladores brasileños

ABSTRACT Introduction Many Brazilians became climbing enthusiasts in the 20th century, and the activity was recently included as an Olympic sport at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. With the increase in the number of climbers seeking to beat personal and/or competitive records, the number of injuries has also increased. Objectives To verify the prevalence of injuries in Brazilian climbers, as well as their association with sociodemographic characteristics and sport performance. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic observational study was conducted from March 2018 to May 2018 with the application of a virtual questionnaire for 266 Brazilian climbers. The statistical analysis was performed subsequently. Results The prevalence of injuries in Brazilian climbers was 71.8%. The main characteristics of the injuries that merited special attention were musculotendinous site (50.8%), sport climbing (22.0%), upper limb (50.3%) and mechanism of abrupt movement (20.4%). The most popular treatment was medical in combination with physiotherapy (34.5%), and time off was generally more than 30 days (50.3%). There was a significant association (p <0.05) of the injuries with age, gender, region of the country, BMI, level of education and involvement in other sports, as well as athletic and recreational category, climbing time, basic course certificate, warming up, monthly rock climbing and weekly indoor climbing frequency, and the climbing grade. Conclusion Due to the increase in the popularity of the sport and the high prevalence of climbers with a history of injuries, multiprofessional follow-up is needed to procure risk reduction programs and to enhance climbers' awareness of the factors associated with these injuries. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients, without consistently applied ''gold'' reference standard.

RESUMO Introdução No século 20, a escalada passou a ganhar muitos adeptos brasileiros e, recentemente, foi incluída como esporte olímpico nos Jogos Olímpicos Tóquio 2020. Com o aumento no número de praticantes que buscam superações pessoais e/ou competitivas, tem-se aumentado também o número de lesões. Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de lesões em escaladores brasileiros, bem como sua associação com as características sociodemográficas e desempenho esportivo. Métodos Estudo observacional descritivo-analítico do tipo transversal, com aplicação de questionário virtual para 266 escaladores brasileiros, realizado de março de 2018 a maio de 2018. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise estatística. Resultados A prevalência de lesões nos escaladores brasileiros foi de 71,8%. Dentre as principais características das lesões, destacaram-se as musculotendinosas (50,8%), a modalidade escalada esportiva (22,0%), o membro superior (50,3%) e o mecanismo de movimento brusco (20,4%). O tratamento mais procurado foi o médico associado ao fisioterapêutico (34,5%), e o tempo de afastamento em geral foi de mais de 30 dias (50,3%). Verificou-se associação significativa (p < 0,05) das lesões com idade, sexo, região do país, índice de massa corporal, nível de escolaridade e prática de outros esportes, bem como categoria atleta e recreativo, tempo de escalada, certificado de curso básico, realização de aquecimento, frequência mensal da escalada em rocha e semanal da escalada indoor, e dos graus de dificuldade escalados. Conclusão Com o aumento da popularidade do esporte e a alta prevalência de escaladores com histórico de lesões, faz-se necessário o acompanhamento multiprofissional, em busca de programas de redução de riscos e maior conscientização dos escaladores quanto aos fatores associados a essas lesões. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción En el siglo XX la escalada comenzó a ganar muchos adeptos brasileños y recientemente fue incluida como deporte olímpico en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020. Con el aumento en el número de practicantes, que buscan superaciones personales y/o competitivas, ha aumentado también el número de lesiones. Objetivo Verificar la prevalencia de lesiones en escaladores brasileños, así como su asociación con las características sociodemográficas y el desempeño deportivo. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo-analítico del tipo transversal, con aplicación de cuestionario virtual para 266 escaladores brasileños, de marzo de 2018 a mayo de 2018. Posteriormente se realizó el análisis estadístico. Resultados La prevalencia de lesiones en los escaladores brasileños fue del 71,8%. Entre las principales características de las lesiones se destacaron las músculo-tendinosas (50,8%), la modalidad escalada deportiva (22,0%), el miembro superior (50,3%) y el mecanismo de movimiento brusco (20,4%). El tratamiento más buscado fue el médico asociado al fisioterapéutico (34,5%) y el tiempo de alejamiento de la práctica fue de más de 30 días (50,3%). Se verificó una asociación significativa (p <0,05) de las lesiones con la edad, sexo, región del país, índice de masa corporal (IMC), nivel de escolaridad y práctica de otros deportes, así como categoría atleta y recreativa, tiempo de escalada, certificado de curso básico, realización de calentamiento, frecuencia mensual de la escalada en roca y semanal de la escalada indoor, y de los grados de dificultad escalados. Conclusión Con el aumento de la popularidad del deporte y la alta prevalencia de escaladores con historial de lesiones, se hace necesario un acompañamiento multiprofesional en busca de programas de reducción de riesgos y mayor concientización de los escaladores en cuanto a los factores asociados a estas lesiones. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado uniformemente.

Slap iv in overhead sports practice / Slap iv em atletas de suspensão

ABSTRACT Superior labral tear from anterior to posterior (SLAP) is the most common disease in overhead sports practice. Objective: to evaluate the functional outcome after tenodesis of long head biceps tendon (LHBT) in high-performance patients with isolated SLAP lesion refractory to conservative treatment. Methods: Patients underwent the same open repair procedure, using an interference screw. Results: Both patients presented good clinical results and returned to the sport with performance similar to that prior to the injury. Conclusion: The results favor the surgical treatment of these athletes with SLAP IV. Level of Evidence IV, Série de Casos.

RESUMO A lesão labral superior anteroposterior (SLAP) é a doença mais comum em atletas em suspensão do solo. Objetivo: avaliar o resultado funcional após tenodese do TCLB (tendão do cabo longo do bíceps) nos pacientes atletas em suspensão de alta performance com lesão SLAP isolada refratária ao tratamento conservador. Métodos: Os pacientes foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento de reparo por via aberta, com uso de parafuso de interferência. Resultados: Ambos os pacientes apresentaram bons resultados clínicos e retornaram ao esporte com performance semelhante ao prévio à lesão. Conclusão: Os resultados favorecem o tratamento cirúrgico desses atletas com SLAP IV. Nível de evidencia IV, Series of Cases.

Montanhismo: dos significados, conflitos e tensões / Mountaineering: meanings, conflicts and tensions

O presente artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa realizada nos anos de 2011, 2012 e 2013, que objetivou analisar discursos de dirigentes, alunos e/ou ex-alunos de um curso de montanhismo de um clube da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (Centro Excursionista Rio de Janeiro - CERJ), a fim de verificar como estes praticantes significam essa atividade e sua relação com o meio ambiente por meio dela. Esta análise permitiu identificar conflitos dentro deste campo esportivo e tensionamentos entre os elementos que buscam legitimar um monopólio de definição da atividade em questão. Dessa forma, a investigação dos significados imputados ao montanhismo, ainda que por um grupo específico, permite repensar como a busca por uma imposição de sua maneira de praticar influencia sua própria realização, a relação entre homem e meio ambiente e o sentido do esporte.

This article is the product of a research conducted in 2011, 2012 and 2013 which aimed to analyze the speech of principals, students and/or ex-students of a mountaineering course's club in Rio de Janeiro, in order to verify how these practitioners give meaning to this activity and their relationship with the environment through it. This analysis allowed the identification of conflicts inside this sports field and tensioning between the elements that seek to legitimate a monopoly of mountaineering's definition. Likewise, the investigation of the meanings assigned to mountaineering, even if by a specific group, allow rethinking how the search for an imposition of the legitimate practice reframes the practice itself, the relation between man and environment and the meaning of the sport.

Profiling and predicting performance of indoor rock climbers / Perfil e predição do desempenho de escaladores indoor

Abstract The aim of this study is to establish somatotype and profile the anthropometric and biomotor characteristics of indoor rock climbers. Fourteen elite level male and ten recreational female Iranian indoor rock climbers completed a battery of tests. All anthropometric measurements were performed according to the recommendations of international standards for anthropometric assessment. Upper body strength and endurance were assessed by isometric tests. Explosive power and balance were also evaluated by Sargent jump and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. Samples' somatotypes were calculated by the method of Heath and Carter. Pearson's correlation coefficient and partial correlations were calculated and stepwise multiple regression analyses were implemented to determine a set of best predictors of elite male climbers' ability. Shoulder width, body fat content, upper-body strength and endurance for females, showed the most correlation with the climbing ability (range: r = 0.46-0.7, p ≤ 0.05), while among the male samples, these correlations with the climbing ability were mostly between WHR, absolute and relative to body mass handgrip strength, SEBT performance and the left-hand digit ratio. The results of stepwise multiple regression revealed that the SEBT performance in the posterior direction of right foot stance and Upper Extremity Girth Index are able to explain 62% of the variance of climbing ability. It is likely that decreasing the fat mass has no direct impact on the climbers' performance. Also, SEBT performance is able to predict 35% of climbing performance. Hence, it seems balance exercises could be effective in improvement of climbing performance.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer o somatotipo, o perfil antropométrico e neuromotor de escaladores indoor. Quatorze atletas do sexo masculino de elite e 10 atletas recreacionais do sexo feminino do Irã da modalidade escalada indoor participaram da pesquisa. Todas as medidas antropométricas foram coletas conforme padronizações internacionais. Força e resistência dos membros superiores foram avaliadas por teste isométrico. Força explosiva e equilíbrio foram avaliados pelos testes Sargent jump e Star Excursion Balance (SEBT), respectivamente. O somatotipo foi calculado pelo método Heath e Carter. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, correlações parciais e a análise de regressão múltipla foram utilizados. Largura do ombro, percentual de gordura corporal, força e resistência dos membros superiores para as mulheres apresentaram correlação positiva com a capacidade de escalar (ranque: r = 0,46-0,70, p ? 0,05). Para os homens, a habilidade de escalar foi associada com a razão cintura estatura, força de preensão manual absoluta e relativa à massa corporal, ao equilíbrio e a proporção digital da mão esquerda. O desempenho no SEBT e o índice de circunferência dos membros superiores tiveram o poder de explicar 62% na variação da capacidade de escalar. É provável que diminuir a massa de gordura não tenha impacto direto no desempenho dos escaladores. Além disso, o desempenho do SEBT é capaz de prever 35% do desempenho de escalada. Portanto, parece que os exercícios de equilíbrio podem ser eficazes na melhoria do desempenho de escalada.

Acute phase protein increase in high altitude mountaineers / Aumento da proteína de fase aguda em montanhistas de grandes altitudes / Aumento de la proteína de fase aguda en montañeros de gran altitud

ABSTRACT Introduction: Many middle-aged Turks go hiking in mountains to breathe some fresh air or to maintain fitness. Objective: This study investigated the effects of regular high altitude mountain climbing on the metabolic and hematological responses of mountaineers. Methods: Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied, as well as some hormonal values of 21 mountaineers and 16 healthy age-matched sedentary volunteers. Results: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly lower (p<0.04) in mountaineers compared with the sedentary group. Total protein (p<0.001) and albumin (p<0.001) were lower, while the levels of ferritin (p<0.04), creatine (p<0.03) and creatine phosphokinase (p<0.01) were higher in mountaineers. Other hematological and biochemical parameters, i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, did not change significantly. Conclusion: Our results show that regular exposure to high altitude increased the serum levels of some acute phase proteins with anti-inflammatory properties.

RESUMO Introdução: Muitos turcos de meia-idade fazem caminhadas em montanhas para respirar ar puro ou manter a boa forma física. Objetivo: Este estudo pesquisou os efeitos da escalada regular em grandes altitudes sobre as respostas metabólicas e hematológicas dos montanhistas. Métodos: Foram estudados parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, assim como alguns valores hormonais de 21 montanhistas e 16 voluntários sedentários de mesma idade. Resultados: A razão entre neutrófilos e linfócitos (RNL) foi significantemente menor (p<0,04) nos montanhistas, em comparação com o grupo sedentário. A proteína total (p<0,001) e a albumina (p<0,001) foram mais baixas, enquanto os níveis de ferritina (p<0,04), creatina (p<0,03) e creatina fosfoquinase (p<0,01) foram mais altos nos montanhistas. Outros parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, isto é, eritrócitos, leucócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito não tiveram mudanças significantes. Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que a exposição regular a grandes altitudes aumentou os níveis séricos de algumas proteínas de fase aguda com propriedades anti-inflamatórias.

RESUMEN Introducción: Muchos turcos de mediana edad hacen caminatas en montaña para respirar aire puro o mantener la buena forma física. Objetivo: Este estudio ha investigado los efectos de la escalada regular en gran altitud sobre las respuestas metabólicas y hematológicas de los montañeros. Métodos: Se estudiaron parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos, así como algunos valores hormonales de 21 montañistas y 16 voluntarios sedentarios de la misma edad. Resultados: El índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) fue significativamente menor (p<0,04) en los montañeros, en comparación con el grupo sedentario. La proteína total (p<0,001) y la albúmina (p<0,001) fueron más bajas, mientras que los niveles de ferritina (p<0,04), creatina (p<0,03) y creatina fosfoquinasa (p<0,01) fueron más altos en los montañistas. Otros parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos, es decir, eritrocitos, leucocitos, hemoglobina y hematocrito no cambiaron significativamente. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados muestran que la exposición regular a grandes altitudes aumentó los niveles séricos de algunas proteínas de fase aguda con propiedades anti-inflamatorias.

Montanhismo e impacto ambiental: investigando os praticantes ocasionais do Rio de Janeiro / Mountaineering and environmental impact: researching the occasional practitioners of Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre o montanhismo e a conservação ambiental na cidade do RJ, mais especificamente, no complexo do Pão-de-Açúcar. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a observação participante e a análise de conteúdo, por meio de entrevistas com os interlocutores. O que se pode perceber, por meio dos discursos dos montanhistas ocasionais, foi uma busca pelo mínimo impacto e uma acusação da massificação dos usos dos espaços como responsável pelos impactos ambientais. Estes discursos foram relacionados, como modos de legitimização da prática, através da categoria "estilo de vida" que é extensão das preocupações ambientais para outras esferas da vida dos montanhistas.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between mountaineering and environmental impact in the city of Rio de Janeiro, more specifically, in the Sugar Loaf complex. The methodology applied in the research was the participant observation and the content analysis, through interviews with the interlocutors. What can be perceived in the speeches of the occasional mountaineers was the search for minimum impact and the accusation that the mass use is responsible for the environmental impacts. These speeches are related as kinds of practice legitimation, through the category "lifestyle", a extension of environmental concern to other spheres of life of the climbers.

El trekking en el trayecto formativo de profesores de educación física: integrando el enseñar, aprender y enseñar a enseñar en la formación profesional / The trekking during physical education in the way the training of teachers: integrating the teaching, learning and teaching to teach professional formation

El presente artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “El andinismo en la Educación Física: seguridad, enseñanza y formación docente” (B169) desarrollado en el Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche dependiente de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Dicho proyecto toma como principal foco de estudio las asignaturas del Profesorado de Educación Física vinculadas con la Orientación Actividades de montañismo y escalada a fin de indagar sobre los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje que en ellas se llevan a cabo. En esta oportunidad se comparten avances relacionados con el trekking y su enseñanza en la formación de Profesores de Educación Física. Se analizan programas de cátedra y entrevistas realizadas a profesores, asistentes y ayudantes con el objetivo de identificar propósitos, estrategias de enseñanza, secuencia de contenidos y selección de itinerarios que promuevan en el estudiante la apropiación de la actividad, el conocimiento del medio en el cual se realiza y la transferencia de contenidos a otros contextos educativos.A partir de la revisión de marcos teóricos se define conceptualmente al trekking e identifican variables que otorgan rasgos particulares al desarrollo de la actividad. Se establecen categorías que denotan grados de complejidad a fin de visualizar y establecer criterios para la elección de opciones posibles de ser implementadas de manera segura y responsable en distintos ámbitos de la educación formal y no formal.

This article is part of the research project "The andinism in Physical Education: safety, education and teacher training" (B169) developed at the Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche dependant of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue. The project has its main focus of study on the subjects in the Faculty of Physical Education related to climbing and mountaineering orientation, to investigate the processes of teaching and learning that take place. On this opportunity, advances related to trekking and its teaching in the training of physical education teachers are shared. Academic programs and interviews with teachers, assistants and aides are analyzed with the objective of identifying purposes, teaching strategies, contents sequences and choice of itineraries that promote in the student the appropriation of the activity, the knowledge of the environment in which is performed and the transference of contents to other educational contexts. From the review of theoretical frameworks “the trekking” is conceptually defined and variables that give particular features to the development of the activity are identified. Categories indicating degrees of complexity to visualize and establish criteria for the choice of possible options to be implemented safely and responsibly in different areas of formal and non-formal education are established.

Muscular Injury of Iliacus and Gluteus Maximus after Mountain Climbing / 대한스포츠의학회지

Iliacus muscle is the strongest hip flexor of gluteal region that acts with psoas muscle, whereas gluteus maximus muscle is the largest muscle engaged in extension and external rotation of the hip. Mountaineering requires strong contractile force of both flexor and extensor around the hip. A 57-year-old man presented to our hospital with severe pain in left groin after mountaineering for 5 hours without a break. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed incomplete rupture of iliacus muscle and strain of gluteus maximus muscle. Conservative treatment was done. At 3 months of follow-up, he returned to normal life. If we are going to climb mountain, it is important to start warming up with some stretches, take a break while climbing, and use climbing sticks. There have been no report about athletic injury of both iliacus and gluteus maximus after mountaineering. So we report this case with a review of the literature.

A ética na escalada: uma análise a partir da complexidade de Edgar Morin / Ethics in climbing: an analysis from the complexity of Edgar Morin

O pensamento complexo entende a ética não apenas pelo respeito moral ao outro e ao meio. Ele a enxerga como uma construção entre os antagonismos da natureza humana. O objetivo dessa pesquisa concentrou-se na verificação de como ocorre na prática da escalada escolar a relação com o outro. O método baseado na Epistemologia Qualitativa permitiu confrontar estudantes do Ensino Fundamental com a ética da escalada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para o desenvolvimento de um senso de responsabilidade com a vida, pouco comum nas práticas educativas tradicionais. Os valores da dignidade humana, solidariedade e assunção dos riscos na aventura foram assimilados pelos alunos pela ligação ao outro por uma corda, sentindo a fragilidade da vida em suas mãos. Essa experiência aponta para novos caminhos para uma educação cidadã, pautada na ética humana.

The complex thought understands the ethics not only as the moral respect to the other and to the environment. It sees it as a construction between the antagonisms of human nature. The objective of this research has focused on verification on how occurs the relationship with the other in the practice of climbing in school. The method based on Qualitative Epistemology allowed confronting elementary school students with the ethics of climbing. The results point to the development of a sense of responsibility to life, not common in traditional education. The values of human dignity, solidarity and risk taking in the adventure were assimilated by the students, by binding to the other by a rope, feeling the fragility of life in their hands. This experience points to new ways for citizenship education, based on human ethics.

Representações sociais e instituição da realidade no subcampo esportivo do montanhismo: uma possibilidade de leitura sociológica a partir da obra "Sobre homens e montanhas" de Jon Krakauer / Social representations and reality's institucion on sporting subfield of mountaineering: a possibility of sociologic reading from the composition

Os objetivos nos quais se pautou a construção do presente artigo conduzem, de um lado, a identificar algumas representações sociais presentes no universo do montanhismo e, de outro, entender a forma como essas mesmas representações, em meio à luta e à concorrência, contribuem para a construção da realidade social nesse universo empírico delimitado. Para o desenvolvimento dessa proposta buscou-se suporte teórico-metodológico na sociologia reflexiva de Pierre Bourdieu, sobretudo em sua forma adquirida e explicitada na construção da teoria das representações sociais, da economia dos bens simbólicos e dos lucros de distinção no campo esportivo. Por fim, substanciou-se ainda nas considerações empíricas tecidas pelo alpinista e escritor Jon Krakauer em seu best-seller "Sobre homens e montanhas".

The objectives in which the construction of the present article were based lead, from a side, to identify some social representations present in the mountaineering universe and, on the other, to understand the form like the same representations, in the struggle and the competition contribute to the construction of social reality in this delimited empirical universe. For the development of this proposal it was sough metodological support in the reflexive sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, especially in his acquired and explicated form in the construction of the social representations theory, of the economy of the symbolic goods and of the profits of distinction in the sporting field. Finally, it was still nourished in the empirical considerations woven by the mountaineer and writer Jon Krakauer in his best seller "On men and mountains".

SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LOAD OF MOUNTAIN CLIMBING FROM THE RELATION BETWEEN INCLINATION OF WALKING PATH, WALKING SPEED, AND BACKPACK WEIGHT; SIMULATION USING WALKING ON A TREADMILL / 体力科学

We simulated mountain climbing using walking on a treadmill in order to systematically evaluate the physical load during mountain climbing. The conditions of three types of load-(1) inclination of the walking path (walking uphill and downhill), (2) walking speed, and (3) backpack weight-were varied within the range assumed for normal mountain climbing (40 sets of conditions in total). When the three types of load were expressed as vertical work rate, energy expenditure (VO₂) during walking uphill and downhill was distributed along roughly the same curve. The following characteristics of walking uphill and downhill were observed.A. Walking uphillFor all three types of load, increase in load gave a linear increase in VO₂ and heart rate (HR). A lactate threshold (LT) appeared at an intensity of 62%VO_2max, when HR was 78% HR_max. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated for the “Breathlessness” and “Leg Fatigue”, and both of these increased roughly in proportion to %VO_2max.B. Walking downhillWhen walking downhill, VO₂ was 35-50% the intensity of VO₂ when walking uphill on the same slope and at the same speed. Energy expenditure did not exceed 60%VO_2max in any of the load conditions, and no LT was seen. RPE values were higher for walking downhill than walking uphill, even when %VO_2max values were the same. RPE values for the “Leg Fatigue” tended to be higher than for the “Breathlessness” at the same speed in downhill walking.Using these data, we created a table giving the intensity of exercise of mountain climbing expressed as VO₂ per unit body mass and metabolic equivalents (Mets) with vertical migration velocity and total weight (Body weight + Backpack weight) as variables. This table gives mountain climbers a systematic understanding of the physical load under various mountain climbing conditions. It is likely to be of use as a reference for mountain climbers of different levels of physical fitness when practicing mountain climbing appropriate to their individual level. The present results suggest that in downhill walking, it is insufficient to express the physical load in energy expenditure (VO₂ and Mets) alone, and the load on the leg muscles must also be judged using the RPE in the “Leg Fatigue”.

Analysis of Patients were Transported by 119 Helicopter from Mountain Accident Scenes in Seoul

PURPOSE: Geographic problems can make it difficult for rescue teams to access emergency patients in the mountains. We developed the aeromedical relief program in conjunction with fire department helicopter EMS teams. This study describes the clinical experience of patients transported from the mountains in this program. METHODS: We reviewed the employed protocols and the medical records of patients transported to our hospital from the mountains by the aeromedical transport system from June 2006 to June 2007. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were transported by helicopter during the study period, most of them (84%) from Mt. Bukhan. The time interval from call for help to hospital arrival was 80+/-56 min, and rescue time alone was 30+/-24 min. Eleven patients (36%) were pronounced dead on arrival, and 11 patients were admitted for management. The number of trauma patients were 24 (77%), who had an average RTS score (excluding the 11 patients who expired before arrival) of 11.7+/-0.6. When the ground team and the aeromedical team were dispatched at the same time, the total transport time was 54.0+/-22.8 min, compared to 133.0 +/-75.7 min when the aeromedical team was dispatched only upon the request of the ground team, a large and statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the helicopter transport system can be successfully employed to achieve early access to patients in the mountains. To optimize the current program, cooperation between hospital and the regional helicopter EMS is required.

The Amount of Physical Activity of Korean Adults Measured from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey

BACKGROUND: The assessment of how much people exercise needs to be analyzed in order to promote their health status. METHODS: Accordingly, 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey was performed during a two-month period beginning November 1st, 2001. Questionnaires on physical activities have been completed by 9,170 persons (88.45%) among 10,368 persons over 12 years old. We analyzed 7,838 subjects who were over 20 years old. RESULTS: Among the total, 71.8% persons of the respondents did not work out at all. Among them, 14.9% respondents were classified as lower exercise group, 6.9% middle exercise group and 6.4% as higher exercise group. The number of middle and higher exercise groups were increased on 2001 survey compared to those in 1998. Daily walking hours were 65.8 +/- 73.6 minutes. A proper amount of exercise were performed by older age groups than those in their twenties, by town residents than villagers, by unmarried people than married or divorced or bereaved ones, by higher educated people, by people with more weight, by those who were felt less stress, and by non drinkers. Favorite exercises were walking, mountaineering, jogging and working out at a fitness club which were chosen by 62.6% of the respondents. CONCLUSION: Many respondents did not work out at all and overall exercise rate was low. The rate of proper exercise was different by demographic features.

A Clinical Review of Acute Mountain Sickness

PURPOSE: Rapid ascent from low to high altitude (above 2500 m) often causes acute mountain sickness (AMS), a symptom-complex characterized by headache and other systemic symptoms (gastrointestinal upset, weakness, dizziness, and difficulty sleeping). In this study, we observed the vital signs and AMS symptoms. 13 participants in a mountain climb in order to determine correlation between AMS and risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and a previous history of AMS. METHODS: We studied 13 participants who climbed Mt.Cholatse (6440 m), and measured their vital signs and symptoms during the trekking. Standard Lake Louise questionnaires were filled out at five times during the trek: at the sea level, 2700 m, 3440 m, 4040 m, and 4700 m. With AMS scores and severity grades, we evaluate the severity of symptoms and the physical status. RESULTS: The overall AMS score was 3.7+/-.5, and headache was the most frequent symptom. As the altitude increased, oxygen saturation decreased whereas other vital signs (blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pulse rate) increased. The average AMS scores and severity grades increased more rapidly for obese men than for non-obese men (p<0.001). Smoking and previous history of AMS were also associated with the development of AMS (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Persons who are obese or have a history of a smoking or AMS, are more likely to develop AMS symptoms. Further understanding of the natural and evolution of AMS and of the risk factors associated with AMS will educate the general population and physicians and help in its prevention and treatment.

A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF MIDDLE-AGED MOUNTAINEERS OF JAPAN / 体力科学

The purpose of this study is to help preventing mountaineering accidents. We conducted a questionnaire survey of middle-aged and senior mountaineers (over forty) on a nationwide scale and obtained 3781 significant responses. Both male and female respondents were in their mid-fifties on average. In terms of frequency of mountaineering, the twice-a-month group was the largest one. Approximately 70 percent did physical exercise regularly. Most of the respondents answered that they did not get so tired while mountaineering. However, troubles and/or disabilities while mountaineering occurred in 70% of them. Among them, “ache in the knee”and “wobbly legs”were the most frequent. They seems to be the causes for tumble accidents during descent which is the most common accident in middle-aged mountaineers. According to the results of cross tabulation and chi square testing, 4 items including regular physical training, regular mountaineering, optimum range of BMI (between 21 and 23) and abundant mountaineering experience were the key factors for preventing fatigue and troubles while mountaineering. On the contrary, age and sex were less important factors. However, in the case of some respondents who exercised regularly, they felt fatigue or had troubles while mountaineering. Additionally, some respondents who were confident in their physical fitness did not seem to have enough physical fitness to prevent fatigue and troubles. As stated above, inconsistent relationships were often observed among daily physical training, fatigue and troubles while mountaineering, and confidence in physical fitness, which will be one of the cause of mountaineering accidents.