ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yoga training on muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and agility of female kho-kho players. For this purpose, a sample of forty (N=40) female kho-kho players of age ranging from 14 to 17 years were selected from Laxmi Narayan Inter College, Meja, Prayagraj. Further, the subjects were purposively divided in two groups. First group, designated as experimental group (N1=20) and the second one as control group (N2=20). All the participants were informed about the objectives and methodology of this study and they volunteered to participate in this experimental study. The study was restricted to the variables: muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and agility. The same were measured by using Flexed Arms Hang Test, Sit-Ups Test, Sit and Reach Test and Shuttle Run Test respectively. Experimental group have undergone yoga training for 6 week by following a sequence of selected yogic asanas. Paired sample t-test was applied to study the effects of yoga training on female kho-kho players. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results revealed significant differences between pre and post-tests of experimental group in respect to Muscular strength (t-6.946*), Muscular endurance (t-9.863*), Flexibility (t-11.052*) and Agility (t-14.068*). However, insignificant differences were observed between pre and post-tests of control group.
ABSTRACT
The main movements of artistic swimming demand various physical capacities such as flexibility, strength, power, and muscular endurance. The use of ergogenic resources to potentialize performance in this sport, however, is underexplored and deserves investigation. In the present study, we tested whether caffeine ingestion would improve the execution of movements that are essential in a typical figure competition or routines in artistic swimming (i.e., amplitude in the Ariana, height in the Boost and Barracuda, and time maintained in the Stationary Scull techniques). Sixteen experienced female athlete artistic swimmers (17.4±3.2 years of age, 5.6±2.8 years of artistic swimming practice) performed several movements of artistic swimming after having ingested a capsule containing caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) or cellulose (placebo). Compared to the placebo, caffeine improved latero-lateral amplitude during the Ariana (P=0.035), the height of the Boost and Barracuda (P=0.028 and 0.009), and maintained duration in Stationary Sculling (P=0.012). Bayes factor analysis, however, indicated substantial evidence of a positive effect of caffeine only on the Barracuda and Stationary Scull techniques. These findings indicated that caffeine improved performance during specific artistic swimming movements. Coaches and athletes should consider caffeine ingestion in their supplementation plans.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Caffeine/pharmacology , Athletic Performance , Swimming , Bayes Theorem , EatingABSTRACT
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 12 semanas de um programa de exercícios de ginástica sobre os níveis de condicionamento aeróbico, força de preensão manual e força e resistência musculares de membros inferiores de idosas praticantes de ginástica. Foram avaliadas 25 idosas, sendo 9 sedentárias (70 ± 7 anos) e 16 já praticantes de ginástica (70 ± 5 anos). As praticantes de ginástica foram submetidas a um programa de exercícios aeróbicos e de resistência muscular por um período de 12 semanas (2x/semana, 50 min/sessão). Antes do início do programa de exercícios, foram aplicados testes de caminhada de 6 minutos (avaliação da capacidade aeróbica), de dinamometria manual (avaliação da força de preensão manual) e levantar e sentar na cadeira em 30 segundos (avaliação da força e resistência musculares de membros inferiores). Ao final de 12 semanas, os testes foram reaplicados e os resultados demonstraram aumento significativo nos valores de metros caminhados em 6 minutos (514 ± 26 m vs. 457 ± 40 m), nos valores de quilograma-força (24,4 ± 4,3 kgf vs. 20,8 ± 4 kgf) e no número de repetições em 30 segundos (13 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 2 repetições) para o grupo praticante de ginástica. Em contrapartida, o grupo controle não mostrou alteração em nenhuma variável após 12 semanas. Conclui-se que um programa regular de exercícios de ginástica aeróbicos e de resistência muscular, com duração de 12 semanas, é capaz de proporcionar benefícios aos componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde de idosas. (AU)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of a gymnastic exercise program on the levels of aerobic conditioning, hand-grip strength and muscular strength and endurance in the lower limbs of elderly women practitioners of gymnastics. Twenty-five elderly women were evaluated, 9 sedentary (70 ± 7 years) and 16 practitioners of gymnastics (70 ± 5 years). The practitioners of gymnastics were submitted to aerobic and muscular endurance exercises for 12 weeks (2 times/week, 50 minutes/session). Before the beginning of the gymnastics exercise program, the 6-minute walk test (aerobic capacity assessment), the dynamometry manual (hand- -grip strength assessment) and the sit-up chair test in 30 seconds (muscular strength and endurance in the lower limbs assessment) were applied. At the end of the program, the tests were reapplied, and the results showed a significant increase in the values of meters walked in 6 minutes (514 ± 26 m vs. 457 ± 40 m), in the values of kilogram-force (24.4 ± 4.3 kgf vs. 20.8 ± 4 kgf) and in the number of repetitions in 30 seconds (13 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 2 repetitions) for the practitioners of gymnastics group. In contrast, the control group showed no change in any variable after 12 weeks. It can be concluded that a 12-week regular aerobic and muscular endurance exercise is able to provide benefits to the physical fitness components related to the health of the elderly. (AU)
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Physical Endurance/physiology , Muscle Strength/physiology , Gymnastics/statistics & numerical data , Physical FitnessABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o comportamento do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) em resposta a uma sessão de treinamento de força (TF) com objetivo em hipertrofia muscular (HP) com uma sessão com objetivo em resistência muscular localizada (RML). Nove indivíduos do sexo masculino (23,1 ± 2,1 anos) foram recrutados para este estudo. A força muscular dinâmica foi mensurada através do teste de 1RM. O VO2 foi coletado durante o repouso e 10 minutos de recuperação com um analisador de gases (CPX/D). As sessões foram compostas por um exercício de membros superiores (supino) e um de membros inferiores (agachamento), e compreenderam a execução de três séries de 6-8 repetições máximas (RM) a 80 por cento de 1RM para HP e 15-20 RM a 55 por cento de 1RM para RML. Foram analisados os dados de VO2 pós-exercício (EPOC), gasto energético (GE) de recuperação e constante de tempo de VO2 (CT). Foi observado que ambas sessões provocaram comportamento significativamente elevado de VO2 durante os 10min de recuperação em relação aos valores de repouso. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os valores de EPOC (litros) para HP (2,21 ± 0,54) e RML (2,60 ± 0,44), GE (kcal) para HP (10,36 ± 2,53) e RML (12,18 ± 2,04) e CT (segundos) para HP (56 ± 7) e RML (57 ± 6) (p > 0,05). Esses resultados demonstraram que uma sessão de TF com objetivo em RML é capaz de causar distúrbios metabólicos semelhantes àqueles provocados por uma sessão de HP, mesmo que seja em menor intensidade relativa a carga máxima.
The purpose of the present study was to compare the oxygen uptake ( VO2) behavior in response to a resistance exercise (RE) session with aim of hypertrophy (HP) with another session with aim of local muscular endurance (LME). Nine young men (23.1± 2.1 years) voluntarily participated in the present study. Dynamic muscle strength was measured with one repetition maximum test (1RM). O VO2 was collected at rest and ten minutes after exercise with a gas analyzer (CPX/D). The RE protocols were composed of one upper body exercise (bench press) and one lower body exercise (squat) with the execution of 3 sets of 6-8 maximum repetitions (RM) with 80 percent of 1RM in HP session and 3 sets of 15-20 RM with 55 percent of 1 RM in LME session. Exercise post oxygen consumption (EPOC), energy cost (EC) and time constant (TC) of VO2 were analyzed. The results showed that both RE sessions provoked significant elevated VO2 after RE in comparison to rest values. There were no differences between groups in the EPOC (l) (HP: 2.21 ± 0.54 vs. LME: 2.60 ± 0.44), EC (Kcal) (HP: 10.36 ± 2.53 vs LME: 12.18 ± 2.04) and TC of VO2 (s) (HP: 56 ± 7 vs. LME: 57 ± 6) (p>0.05). These results demonstrated that a RE session with the aim of LME gain is capable of causing similar metabolic impact to the RE session with HP aim, even if it is performed at lower intensity concerning maximal load.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Energy Metabolism , Oxygen Consumption , Physical Fitness , Recovery of Function , Resistance TrainingABSTRACT
This review describes age-related changes in muscle work capacity and muscle blood flow as an indicator of oxygen transport capacity. Maximal endurance time, measured using a given relative load, did not differ between younger and older people ; and the strength decline ratio, as a percent of maximal voluntary contraction, remained constant across the middle- and old age groups, or slightly increased with age. A likely explanation would be the agerelated modification of muscle fiber composition. In contrast, the recently proposed submaximal test indicated that the breaking point of blood pressure regulation (BP<SUB>critical</SUB>), during progressively increasing exercise, significantly decreased in the elderly in their 70 s. Concerning muscle blood flow in the elderly, the results are inconsistent. Some studies indicated the muscle blood flow during leg or handgrip exercise can be preserved in the elderly ; other studies reported it decreases in older people both at baseline and during exercise. Longitudinal studies on elderly people show that training can reverse age-related peripheral circulatory changes in healthy older people. In addition, daily physical activity is related to muscle work capacity and gradually decreases with age. Thus, further studies are needed concerning whether the decline of muscle work capacity or the reduction of muscle blood flow with age is due to aging or inactivity in older people.
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to investigate the relationships among changes of joint torque of the lower limbs, sprint ability such as sprint speed, stride length and stride frequency in 400 m running, and muscular endurance of the lower limbs. Subjects were 11 male track and field athletes who had a 400m running time of 48.75±1.32s. The experiment was composed of videotaping sprint form at 160 m and 360 m points during 400 m running, and measuring muscular endurance of hip and knee flexion and extension using Cybex NormTM.<BR>The main results were as follows:<BR>1) There was a significant relationship between 400 m running time and ability to maintain a higher running speed at the 360 m point.<BR>2) Running speed, stride length and stride frequency decreased significantly at the 360 m point.<BR>3) Subjects who showed a smaller decrease in stride frequency at the 360 m could maintain higher running speed.<BR>4) Subjects who showed smaller decrease in maximal joint torque of the lower limbs at the 360 m could maintain a higher running speed.<BR>5) There was a significant relationship between an increase in support time and decrease in maximal joint torque of hip extension for the recovery leg.<BR>6) Ability to maintain joint torque during 400 m running was influenced by muscular endurance of the lower limbs.<BR>These results suggest that the ability to maintain torque needed for higher performance in 400 m running is influenced by muscular endurance of the lower limbs.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the individual differences in relative grip-strengthendurance (RGE) variables and relations between force, endurance time and level of subjective musclefatigue sensation (SMS) of RGE. Endurance time and SMS during grip-strength exertion using various relative demand values to the maximal grip-strength-value (MAX) were analyzed. Subjects were 23 healthy adults (male 10 and female 13) . Four demand values of 25, 35, 50 and 75% were selected as relative demand values to MAX. The grip-strength-exertion value was input into a personal computer using the system of grip-strength with a strain-gauge (Yagami : ED-D 100 R) . The results are summarized as follows:<BR>1) Muscle group related to grip-strength exertion recovered up to about 60% of initial within 10-15 sec after grip-strength exertion stopped regardless of the degree of relative demand values.<BR>2) The SMS in any relative demand values reached a peak after continuing relative demand values became impossible, and the tendency is stronger with a higher demand value.<BR>3) With about 25% relative demand values, physiological muscle fatigue and SMS advanced at almost the same time, and the grip-strength exertion was possible for a little while after the SMS reached a peak.<BR>4) With the lower relative demand values under 50%, the influence of SMS appeared stronger by extending the endurance time and the decline-delay of grip-strength-exertion.<BR>5) With relative demand values over 50%, continuing relative demand values became impossible within a short time, and the peak SMS appeared earlier than that of relative demand values. On the other hand, the continuing the lower relative demand values was possible to some extent, and individual differences in the continuance and peak arrival-times of SMS were large.
ABSTRACT
The influence of aerobic and anaerobic components of muscular endurance on the lower limbs, on sprint ability while under conditions of muscular fatigue, was investigated. Fifteen track and field athletes (400 m sprinters, decathletes and middle distance runners) participated in the study in which running and sprinting movements at respective points (360 m and 50 m) along two distance conditions (400 m and 80 m, respectively), were filmed by high-speed video camera. Running speeds at each point were computed from the film analysis. The running speed at 360 m point was defined as the speed under fatigue, while the running speed at the 50m point was defined as the maximal speed. Further, the rate between speed under fatigue and maximal speed was defined as %Max. Speed. Maximal O<SUB>2</SUB> intake, O<SUB>2</SUB> debt and isokinetic muscular endurance were measured.<BR>The results were summarized as follows :<BR>1) Oxygen debt showed significant correlation with the average speed during 400m running (r=0.546 ; p<0.05), but not with the speed under fatigue (r=0.388 ; p>0.05) .<BR>2) Speed under fatigue was positively correlated with muscular endurance of hip flexion and extension (r=0.683 ; p<0.01, r=0.572 ; p<0.05) .<BR>3) Percent Max. Speed was negatively correlated with the maximal speed (r = -0.643 ; p <0.01) and positively correlated with the muscular endurance of hip flexion and extension, and knee flexion (r=0.640 ; p <0.05, r=0.517 ; p<0.05, r=0.646 ; p<0.01) .<BR>These results suggest that; raising %Max. Speed to improve the muscular endurance of lower limbs and, to improve aerobic ability by developing the number of capillaries in the muscle, is important.