Effects of paternal pre-conceptional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on telomere length in the offspring / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the effects of paternal pre-conceptional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on telomere length (TL) in the offspring. Methods Three to four-week old male C57 BL/6J mice (Father) were randomly divided into three groups and fed either an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3 D) (n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio = 47.2:1) diet, a diet with normal n-3 PUFA content (n-3 N) (n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio = 4.3:1), or a diet with high n-3 PUFA content (n-3 H) (n-6:n-3 ratio = 1.5:1), for 12 weeks. Then, the offspring were generated by mating the father mice with 12-week-old virgin female C57 BL/6J mice. The TL, mRNA expression of telomere transcriptase and binding proteins, as well as DNA methylation in the TERT promoter region were determined in adult offspring mice. Results Compared to n-3 N diet, paternal feeding with n-3 D diet during preconception decreased offspring TL in the peripheral blood cells, liver, adipose tissue and brain, accompanied by upregulated hepatic mRNA expression of TIN2 in the female, and downregulated hepatic expression of TERC, and binding proteins TRF2 and POT1a in the male. Meanwhile, paternal n-3 D diet shortened testis TL in offspring instead of themselves, with altered mRNA expression of TERT and binding proteins TRF1, TRF2 and POT1a. Paternal n-3 H diet showed no differences in effects on offspring TL and expressions of TERC and binding proteins with n-3 N diet, but normalized the alterations in associated parameters resulted from paternal n-3 D diet. In addition, although paternal n-3 D or n-3 H diet did not affect testis TL in themselves compared to n-3 N diet, fathers fed n-3 H diet had longer testis TL and higher expression of TRF1, TRF2, POT1a and RAP1 than those fed n-3 D diet. Finally, the DNA methylation fraction in the TERT promoter in offspring testes and male offspring liver was no difference between paternal n-3 D and n-3 N diet groups. CpG sites with altered methylation were less (1 site) between paternal n-3 H and n-3 N diet groups than those (5 sites) between paternal n-3 H and n-3 D diet groups in male offspring liver and testes. Conclusion Maintaining paternal optimal n-3 PUFA status in pre-conception increases offspring TL, probably mediated by inheritance from increased TL in father and regulation on expressions of telomere transcriptase and binding proteins in the offspring, which may be helpful for promoting offspring development and disease prevention in adulthood.

Chemical and sensory assessment of extra virgin olive oil blends with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant origin

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is known for its health benefits, although it provides a minimum amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which play an important role in the human organism. In this study, EVOO was blended with vegetable oils which are rich sources of n-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or stearidonic acid (SDA) (chia, walnut, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oils). Fatty acid profiles, induction time, and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting blends were assessed. The n-3 PUFA enrichment in the blends was proportional to the degree of blending. Sensory analysis carried out by a trained panel showed that it is possible to enrich EVOO with up to 20% chia, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oil without altering the original organoleptic characteristics of EVOO. However, the induction time of the blends was significantly reduced compared with EVOO even after adding n-3 PUFA in small proportions, meaning that shelf-life time of these blends is much lower than that of EVOO, which should be considered when preparing these products for commercial purposes.

El aceite de oliva extra virgen (AOEV) es ampliamente conocido por sus beneficios para la salud, aunque apenas aporta ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (AGPI n-3), los cuales juegan un papel importante en el organismo humano. En este estudio se elaboraron mezclas de AOEV con aceites vegetales ricos en ácido alfa-linolénico (ALA) y/o estearidónico (SDA) (chia, nuez, linaza y viborera). Se evaluaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos, tiempos de inducción y características organolépticas de las mezclas resultantes. El enriquecimiento en AGPI n-3 fue proporcional al grado de mezcla. El análisis sensorial llevado a cabo por un panel entrenado mostró que es posible enriquecer AOEV con hasta un 20% de aceite de chia, linaza o viborera sin alterar las características organolépticas originales del AOEV. Sin embargo, los tiempos de inducción de las mezclas fueron significativamente menores que el del AOEV, incluso tras añadir AGPI n-3 en pequeñas proporciones, lo que significa que el tiempo de vida media de las mezclas es mucho menor que el del AOEV. Este hecho debería tenerse en cuenta al preparar las mezclas con propósitos comerciales.

Advances of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in food allergy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Food allergy is a common allergic disease threatening the growth and development of infants and children.n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are common nutrients in the diet, which have important structural functions and immunomodulatory effects.Their protective effect in food allergy has gradually become a potential research hotspot.This review highlights the function and immune regulation of PUFAs, the regulation of n-3 PUFAs on immunological indexes, the mechanism of food allergy, and the relationship between food allergy, and the impact of n-3 PUFAs on other allergic diseases.

A robust luminescent assay for screening alkyladenine DNA glycosylase inhibitors to overcome DNA repair and temozolomide drug resistance / 药物分析学报

Temozolomide(TMZ)is an anticancer agent used to treat glioblastoma,typically following radiation therapy and/or surgical resection.However,despite its effectiveness,at least 50％of patients do not respond to TMZ,which is associated with repair and/or tolerance of TMZ-induced DNA lesions.Studies have demonstrated that alkyladenine DNA glycosylase(AAG),an enzyme that triggers the base excision repair(BER)pathway by excising TMZ-induced N3-methyladenine(3meA)and N7-methylguanine le-sions,is overexpressed in glioblastoma tissues compared to normal tissues.Therefore,it is essential to develop a rapid and efficient screening method for AAG inhibitors to overcome TMZ resistance in glio-blastomas.Herein,we report a robust time-resolved photoluminescence platform for identifying AAG inhibitors with improved sensitivity compared to conventional steady-state spectroscopic methods.As a proof-of-concept,this assay was used to screen 1440 food and drug administration-approved drugs against AAG,resulting in the repurposing of sunitinib as a potential AAG inhibitor.Sunitinib restored glioblastoma(GBM)cancer cell sensitivity to TMZ,inhibited GBM cell proliferation and stem cell char-acteristics,and induced GBM cell cycle arrest.Overall,this strategy offers a new method for the rapid identification of small-molecule inhibitors of BER enzyme activities that can prevent false negatives due to a fluorescent background.

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial markers in metabolic syndrome: A systematic review

ABSTRACT Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a global health problem. Dietary factors, especially fatty acids, may affect MS pathology. However, the associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and MS risk demonstrate inconsistent results. To clarify the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA and endothelial function on MS, we carried out a systematic review. An electronic literature search based on controlled clinical trials (CCTs) between 2004 and 2020 was conducted. A total of 28 articles were included in the systematic review. Studies were analyzed according intervention type: dietary interventions (12 CCTs), dietary supplementation interventions (9 CCTs) and mixed interventions (7 CCTs). Studies with dietary interventions characterized by n-3 PUFAs increased by food source, such as Mediterranean and Nordic-style diets, reported significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and also in inflammatory endothelial biomarkers. The same effect was also observed in mixed interventions and in CCTs with n-3 PUFAs supplementation. Dietary interventions with n-3 PUFAs contributes to improved endothelial and cardiovascular health in SM and associated risk factors.

RESUMEN El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un problema sanitario global. Los factores dietéticos, especialmente los ácidos grasos, pueden afectar la patología del SM. Sin embargo, las asociaciones entre los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (AGPI n-3) y el riesgo de SM pueden ser inconsistentes. Para aclarar esta relación entre AGPI n-3 dietarios y la función endotelial en el SM, realizamos una revisión sistemática. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en fuentes electrónicas de ensayos clínicos controlados (ECC) entre 2004 y 2020. Se incluyeron un total de 28 artículos en la revisión. Los estudios fueron analizados según intervención realizada: intervención dietaria (12 ECC), intervención con suplementación dietética (9 ECC) e intervenciones mixtas (7 ECC). Los estudios que utilizaron intervenciones dietéticas con aumento de AGPI n-3 a través de alimentos, como las dietas mediterráneas y nórdicas, reportaron una reducción significativa de la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) y de biomarcadores endoteliales inflamatorios. El mismo efecto se observó en intervenciones mixtas y ECC con suplementación de AGPI n-3. Las intervenciones dietéticas con AGPI n-3 contribuyen a mejorar la salud endotelial y cardiovascular y sus factores de riesgo asociados.

Fish Oil Improves Dysbiosis of Host-microbial Interaction and Maintains Remission in Colitis Mice / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an active role in controlling the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC), but its mechanism is not very clear. In this study, we compared the effects of fish oil (the main component is n-3 PUFAs) in the mouse model with acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups, and each group had ten mice. The alleviating effect of fish oil on chronic colitis was significantly better than acute colitis as indicated by the following analysis: the weight loss of mice (P < 0. 05), decreased disease activity index (DAI) score (P<0. 05), colonic edema, colon length index and histopathological score (P < 0. 05), and serum pro-inflammatory factor levels like IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 (P < 0. 01). Moreover, fish oil promoted the level of serum anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (P<0. 05). The treatment of fish oil increased the n-3 PUFA concentration in the intestinal epithelium of mice (P < 0. 01), especially EPA (P<0. 05). 16S rRNA sequencing of feces revealed that fish oil significantly increased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing flora (Clostridiales) and probiotics (Bifidobacteriales) in the feces of the maintained remission model group, reduce the proportion of aerobic, parthenogenic anaerobic and pathogenic, and improved the disorder of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation (P<0. 05). Compared with the induced remission fish oil group, fish oil treatment led to an elevated expression of mechanical barrier and energy metabolism pathway proteins in the maintained remission fish oil group. Our results showed that fish oil exerted a more potent inhibitory effect in the remission mice model, which may be related to effectively strengthening the mechanical barrier, improving the composition and function of intestinal microbiota and concentration of butyric acids and improving dysbiosis of host-microbial interaction.

A meta-analysis of the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle mass and muscle strength in randomised controlled / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation on muscle mass and strength improvement through systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:Electronic databases, namely Cochrane Library database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang were searched for publications in English and Chinese from database establishment to June 20, 2022. All randomized controlled trials involving any n-3 fatty acid (fish oil capsules, pure fish oil and oral nutritional supplements) interventions for more than 4 weeks among adults aged ≥ 18 years were included in the analysis. The effects of n-3 PUFA on muscle mass and strength were compared with controls using RevMan 5.4. The mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and pooled effects were assessed. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.Results:27 trials were included, with both healthy adults and patients with various types of cancer, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and on hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure. Most trials were judged as "low" to "high" risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly improved the lean body mass in the group without physical activity intervention compared to the control group, while showing no significant increase in muscle mass or handgrip strength in overall participants. There was no significant difference between intervention and control groups in subgroup analyses based on health/disease condition, intervention duration, route of administration and dosage and risk of bias. However, significant increases in mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and lower body strength (MD = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.34, P = 0.005; SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P = 0.0002) were observed in n-3 PUFA supplement group. Conclusions:This meta-analysis indicates that n-3 PUFA supplementation does not improve muscle mass or handgrip strength in healthy adults as well as patients, but do improve MAMC and lower body strength. The limited sample size and prominent heterogeneity of the included studies impede the extrapolation to clinical practice and warrants individual analysis based on population characteristics. Well-designed large-scale RCTs are required to verify these findings.

Fatty acid profile of lipid-rich food consumed in Paraguay

ABSTRACT The present study aims to establish the fatty acid profile of a variety of traditional foods consumed regularly in Paraguay. Thirty-two high-lipid content foods were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Meat and dairy products were found to present high levels of saturated fatty acids, and this led to an increase in the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of these products. Among the monounsaturated acids evaluated, oleic acid (18:1n-9c) was mainly found in olives (71.7%) and chipa (62.7%), which had been industrially prepared with the addition of oleic acid. Milk-based ice cream (5.1%) and chipa guazú (3.8%) presented the highest content of trans fatty acids. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio obtained for the traditional sopa Paraguaya and empanada (fried pasty) was higher than 37:1; this can be attributed to the addition of soybean and corn oils in the preparation of these foods. The data evaluated and presented in this study can contribute toward the improvement of eating habits among the Paraguayan population, as well as help combat the risk factors commonly associated with bad eating habits and chronic health issues.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer los perfiles de ácidos grasos de una variedad de alimentos tradicionales que se consumen regularmente en Paraguay. Se evaluaron treinta y dos alimentos con alto contenido de lípidos mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID). Los productos cárnicos y lácteos presentaron un elevado nivel de ácidos grasos saturados, aumentando los índices de aterogenicidad y trombogenicidad. Entre los monoinsaturados, el ácido oleico (18: 1n-9c) se encuentró principalmente en aceitunas (71,7%) y chipa (62,7%), este último preparado industrialmente por adición de ácido oleico. En cuanto al contenido de ácidos grasos trans, los valores más altos se encontraron en los helados a base de leche (5,1%) y chipa guazú (3,8%). Los valores de la relación n-6 / n-3 fueron superiores a 37:1 en sopa paraguaya y empanada (frita) debido a la adición de aceite de soja y maíz utilizado en la preparación de alimentos. Los datos evaluados y presentados en este estudio pueden contribuir a la mejora de los hábitos alimentarios de la población paraguaya, así como ayudar a combatir los factores de riesgo comúnmente asociados con los malos hábitos alimentarios y los problemas crónicos de salud.

Efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos n-3 sobre el perfil de lípidos séricos de ratas

RESUMEN La grasa alimentaria influye en la modulación de las funciones inmunitarias y los procesos inflamatorios; la mayor parte del impacto se atribuye a los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI). Los ácidos grasos esenciales (AGE), como el Ácido Linoleico (AL; 18:2n-6) y el Ácido α-Linolénico (AAL; 18:3n-3), que deben ser incorporados con la dieta, son precursores de otros ácidos grasos de gran importancia para el organismo. El AAL, perteneciente a la familia n-3, da origen a los ácidos Eicosapentaenoico (EPA; 20:5n-3) y Docosahexaenoico (DHA; 22:6n-3). Ellos confieren flexibilidad, fluidez y permeabilidad a las membranas, que favorece la salud cardiovascular, reduce el riesgo de deficiencias en la visión y el desarrollo neural de bebés y niños y de demencia en adultos mayores; algunos son precursores en la síntesis de prostaglandinas. También se han observado efectos en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades coronarias, hipertensión, diabetes, artritis, inflamaciones, desórdenes autoinmunes y cáncer. Estos efectos pueden explicarse a través de las acciones específicas de cada uno de ellos. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de una dieta a base de manteca, con y sin la suplementación de AGPI n-3 sobre los lípidos y perfil de AG séricos, de ratas en período de crecimiento activo. Ratas Wistar al destete, recibieron durante 10 días una dieta normocalórica a base de manteca (M). Los otros grupos recibieron la misma dieta suplementada con 24 mg/día de aceite de pescado (MP) -aportador de EPA y DHA- o aceite de chía (MCh)- que proporciona ácido α-linolénico (AAL). El control recibió dieta según AIN´93. Se determinó colesterol total y triglicéridos por métodos enzimáticos y el perfil de ácidos grasos sérico, por cromatografía gaseosa. Resultados: Los grupos M, MP y MCh mostraron niveles más bajos de linoleico y más altos de oleico serie n-9, comparados con C. Sólo M y MP presentan valores bajos de AAL. Los grupos MP y MCh presentaron altos niveles de EPA y DHA. La suplementación con aceite de chía, es más beneficiosa que con aceite de pescado, incrementando el EPA y DHA sérico junto con el AAL. Conclusión: No sólo es importante el porcentaje de lípidos dietarios que se consumen sino también el perfil de ácidos grasos que componen los alimentos.

ABSTRACT Dietary fat influences the modulation of immune functions and inflammatory processes; most of the impact is attributed to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids, such as Linoleic Acid (AL) and α-Linolenic Acid (ALA), which must be incorporated in the diet, are precursors of other fatty acids of great importance for the body. ALA, belonging to n-3 family, gives rise to Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. They confer flexibility, fluidity and selective permeability to the membranes, which favor cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of deficiencies in vision and neural development in infants and children, and dementia in older adults; some are precursors in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Effects have also been observed in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. These effects can be explained through the specific actions of each of them. The objective was to analyze the effect of a butter-based diet, with and without n-3 fatty acid supplementation, on the lipids and serum fatty acid profile of rats in a period of active growth. Wistar rats at weaning received a normo-caloric butter-based diet for 10 days (M). The other groups received the same diet supplemented with 24 mg / day of fish oil (MP) -providing EPA and DHA- or chia oil (MCh)- containing linolenic acid (ALA). The control (C) received a diet according to AIN'93. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic methods and the serum fatty acid profile, by gas chromatography. Results: M, MP and MCh groups showed lower levels of linoleic and higher levels of oleic-n-9, compared to C. Only M and MP have low values of ALA. The MP and MCh groups presented high levels of EPA and DHA. Chia oil supplementation is more beneficial than fish oil, increasing serum EPA and DHA along with ALA. Conclusion: Not only the dietary lipids percentage is important but also the fatty acid profile of the source too.

Evaluación oxidativa, microbiológica, sensorial y perfil de ácidos grasos de un yogur con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) extraído de aceite de microalgas / Oxidative, sensory and fatty acid profile evaluation of a yogurt with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) extracted from microalgae oil

RESUMEN Las necesidades de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), se incrementan en la mujer gestante para el desarrollo visual y neurológico del feto y el lactante. En este trabajo, se desarrolló y se evaluó un yogur adicionado con aceite de microalgas, que contribuyera a la recomendación dietaria de DHA en mujeres gestantes y lactantes. Se diseñaron tres formulaciones de yogur con 0,075; 0,125 y 0,175% de aceite de microalga y se compararon con una muestra control. Se evaluaron propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales, microbiológicas, perfil de ácidos grasos, potencial antioxidante (ABTS, fenoles totales) y peroxidación lipídica (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]). Los yogures adicionados con el aceite de microalga cubrieron en 30, 45 y 63% las recomendaciones de DHA para mujeres gestantes y lactantes por porción (200 mL). Se observó estabilidad del ácido graso, excepto en la muestra de mayor adición del aceite. La muestra con adición de 0,125% de aceite de microalga fue la de mejor calificación por el panel sensorial. Todas las muestras cumplieron con el estándar microbiológico y fisicoquímico para un yogur entero adicionado con dulce. Se observó potencial antioxidante promisorio en el yogur, capaz de proteger el DHA. Se concluye que las bebidas lácteas como el yogur son matrices adecuadas para la adición de aceite de microalga con la finalidad de aumentar el DHA en la dieta, especialmente en etapas en que las necesidades de este componente son más altas, como en periodo de gestación y lactancia.

ABSTRACT The needs for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are increased during pregnancy for the visual and neurological development of the fetus and the breastfed infant. In this study, a yogurt with microalgae oil added to contribute to the dietary recommendation of DHA in pregnant and breastfeeding women was developed and evaluated. Three yogurt formulations were designed with 0.075; 0.125 and 0.175 microalgae oil percentage and compared with a control sample. Fatty acid profile, antioxidant potential (ABTS, total phenols), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbitrical acid reactive substances [TBARS]), physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological properties were evaluated. Yogurts with microalgae oil added covered 30, 45 and 63% of DHA recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women per portion (200 mL). Fat acid stability was observed, except in the one with the greatest oil addition. The sample with 0.125% of microalgae oil added was rated the highest by the sensory panel. All samples met the microbiological and physicochemical standard for a whole yogurt added with sugar. Promising antioxidant potential capable of protecting DHA was observed in the yogurt. We conclude that dairy drinks such as yogurt are suitable matrices for adding microalgae oil in order to increase DHA in the diet, especially in stages where the needs of this component are higher as is the case during pregnancy and lactation periods.

Shark liver oil consumption decreases contractility in EDL muscle of trained rats / O consumo de óleo de fígado de tubarão reduz a contratilidade do músculo EDL em ratos treinados / El consumo de aceite de hígado de tiburón reduce la contractilidad del músculo EDL en ratones entrenados

Abstract Introduction: Professional and recreational athletes make daily use of nutritional supplements to improve physical performance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been used in this sense. N-3 PUFA, particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are involved in important physiological functions and the benefits of supplementation are demonstrated in several types of users. Shark liver oil (SLO) is a natural source of n-3 PUFA. Objective: To evaluate the effect of supplementation with SLO on contractility of skeletal muscles with different metabolic characteristics, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) from rats submitted to eight weeks of interval training of progressive intensity on a motorized treadmill. In the supplemented group, animals were supplemented with SLO (1 g/kg) five times a week for eight weeks. Method: Contractile parameters as maximum isometric twitch force (Tmax), maximum speed of force development (+dF/dt), maximum speed of force decrease (-dF/dt), maximum tetanic force (Fmax) and resistance to fatigue were analyzed in isolated muscle. Results: Compared to the control group, EDL muscles from the supplemented group reduced Tmax at the first (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) and second minutes of experimentation (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01). However, it increased resistance to fatigue (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 seconds. p = 0.005). Conclusion: No difference was observed in the soleus muscle.

Resumo Introdução: Atletas profissionais e recreativos utilizam suplementos nutricionais diariamente para melhorar a performance física. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) têm sido usados nesse sentido. Os n-3 PUFA, particularmente os ácidos eicosapentaenoicos (EPA) e docosaexaenoico (DHA), são relacionados com importantes funções fisiológicas e os benefícios da suplementação são demonstrados em diversas populações. O óleo de fígado de tubarão (OFT) é fonte natural de n-3 PUFA. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação com OFT na contratilidade de músculos esqueléticos com diferentes características metabólicas, sóleo e extensor longo de dedos (EDL) de ratos submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento intervalado de intensidade progressiva em esteira motorizada. No grupo suplementado, os animais foram suplementados com OFT (1 g/kg) cinco vezes por semana por oito semanas. Método: Parâmetros contráteis como produção de força isométrica máxima (Tmax), velocidade máxima de contração (+dF/dt), velocidade máxima de relaxamento (-dF/dt), força tetânica máxima (Fmax) e resistência à fadiga foram analisados em músculos isolados. Resultados: Comparados ao grupo controle, os músculos EDL dos animais do grupo suplementado reduziram Tmax no primeiro (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) e no segundo minutos de experimentação (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01), entretanto, aumentaram a resistência à fadiga (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 segundos. p = 0.005). Conclusão: Nenhuma diferença foi observada no músculo sóleo.

Resumen Introducción: Los atletas profesionales y recreativos utilizan suplementos nutricionales diariamente para mejorar el rendimiento físico. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) se han utilizado en este sentido. Los n-3 PUFA, particularmente los ácidos eicosapentaenoicos (EPA) y el docosaexáenoico (DHA), se relacionan con importantes funciones fisiológicas y los beneficios de la suplementación se demuestran en diversas poblaciones. El aceite de hígado de tiburón (AHT) es fuente natural de n-3 PUFA. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con AHT en la contractilidad de músculos esqueléticos con diferentes características metabólicas, sololeo y extensor largo de dedos (EDL) de ratas sometidas a ocho semanas de entrenamiento intervalado de intensidad progresiva en estera motorizada. En el grupo suplementario, los animales fueron suplementados con AHT (1 g/kg) cinco veces por semana durante ocho semanas. Método: Parámetros contráctiles como producción de fuerza isométrica máxima (Tmax), velocidad máxima de contracción (+dF/dt), velocidad máxima de relajación (-dF/dt), fuerza tetánica máxima (Fmax) y resistencia a la fatiga se analizaron en músculos aislados. Resultados: En comparación con el grupo control, los músculos EDL de los animales del grupo suplementado redujeron Tmax en el primer (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) y en el segundo minuto de experimentación (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01), sin embargo, aumentaron la resistencia a la fatiga (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 segundos. p = 0.005). Conclusión: No se observó ninguna diferencia en el músculo sóleo.

A high-carbohydrate diet induces greater inflammation than a high-fat diet in mouse skeletal muscle

We previously reported that both the high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) given for two months promote lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver and brain of mice. The results obtained indicate a tissue-specific response to both diets. Herein, we compared the effects of HCD and HFD on fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle. Male Swiss mice were fed with HCD or HFD for 1 or 2 months. Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 PUFA were quantified. The activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), Δ-6 desaturase (D6D), elongase 6, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. As for indicators of the inflammatory tissue state, we measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and gene expression of F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The HCD led to a lower deposition of SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA compared to HFD. However, the HCD increased arachidonic acid levels, SFA/n-3 PUFA ratio, DNL, SCD-1, D6D, and MPO activities, and expression of IL-6, contrasting with the general idea that increased lipid deposition is associated with more intense inflammation. The HCD was more potent to induce skeletal muscle inflammation than the HFD, regardless of the lower lipid accumulation.

Aislamiento y caracterización de una bacteria marina degradadora de testosterona: Vibrio sp. N3 / Isolation and characterization of a marine testosterone-degrading bacterium: Vibrio sp. N3

Steroids, including testosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol and 17β-ethinyl estradiol, are harmful not only to the population dynamics of aquatic life forms but also to public health. In this study, a marine testosterone-degrading bacterium (strain N3) was isolated from Nanao Island in the South China Sea. In addition, the strain could also use 17β-estradiol (E2), 17β-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) or cholesterol as a sole carbon source. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain N3 was identified as Vibrio sp. Further characterization showed that the strain is aerobic, gram-negative, and mobile and exhibits resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, penicillin and spectinomycin. For enhancing its capacity of testosterone degradation, the Plackett-Burman factorial design and the central composite design were used to optimize the culture condition. Under optimal conditions, 92% of testosterone was degraded by Vibrio sp. N3 in 48 h.

Los esferoides-que incluyen la testosterona, la estrona, el 17 β-estradiol, el estriol y el 17 p-etinilestradiol-son nocivos no solo para la población dinámica de las formas de vida acuática, sino también para la salud pública. En este estudio se aisló una bacteria marina degradadora de testosterona de la isla de Nanao, en el Mar del Sur de China, a la que se denominó cepa N3. Se determinó que esta cepa también podría usar 17 β-estradiol (E2), 17 p-etinilestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) o colesterol como únicas fuentes de carbono. De acuerdo con el análisis de la secuencia del gen 16S rRNA, la cepa N3 se identificó como Vibrio sp. La caracterización adicional mostró que dicha bacteria es un organismo aerobio, gram negativo y móvil, y que presenta resistencia a ampicilina, carbenicilina, penicilina y espectinomicina. Para optimizar la condición de cultivo en relación con su capacidad de degradar la testosterona, se utilizaron el diseño factorial Plackett-Burman y el diseno compuesto central. En condiciones óptimas, el 92% de la testosterona fue degradada por Vibrio sp. N3 en 48 h.

EFECTOS DE DIFERENTES FUENTES DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS N-3 (CHÍA, VEGETAL Y MARINA, ANIMAL) SOBRE COMPONENTES DEL SÍNDROME METABÓLICO EN MODELOS EXPERIMENTALES (RATAS/RATONES) / EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF N-3 FATTY ACIDS (CHIA, VEGETAL AND MARINE, ANIMAL) ON METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS (RATS/MOUSES)

El síndrome metabólico (SM) constituye una constelación de factores interrelacionados que elevan el riesgo de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La composición de la dieta es crucial en la modificación de estos factores. Numerosos trabajos focalizaron su atención en fuentes de ácidos grasos n-3 de origen marino (animal) en el manejo de estos trastornos, pero más escasos y contemporáneos son aquellos de fuentes n-3 de origen vegetal.

Relation of polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3 fatty acid and n-6 fatty acid intakes and atopic dermatitis in the 9 ~ 11 year old children: KNHANES 2013 ~ 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between atopic dermatitis and dietary fat and fatty acid (FA) intakes in 9 ~ 11 year old children. METHODS: We analyzed data from the combined 2013 ~ 2015 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Subjects were divided into two groups according to atopic dermatitis (AD); with AD and without AD. Data pertaining to macronutrients and FA intakes were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and FA consumption according to each food. The associations between each FA intake and atopic dermatitis were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and income levels were adjusted as covariates. RESULTS: Of the participants, 17.69% suffered from atopic dermatitis. Children with AD had significantly lower fat percentages of total energy and higher carbohydrate percentages of total energy than normal children. Percentages of energy and intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 FA and n-6 FA in children with AD were significantly lower than those in normal children. In the FA, linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid levels of children with AD were significantly lower than those of normal children. However, the P/S ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio did not differ significantly between children with AD and normal children. Soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA, n-3 FA and n-6 FA in both groups, while perilla seed oil and mackerel were the major food sources of n-3 FA in children with atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis was significantly correlated with low-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. The adjusted odds ratios were 0.966, 0.776 and 0.963 for PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA intakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study provides reliable evidence regarding the relationship between fat and FA intakes and AD in Korean children 9 ~ 11 years of age.

Risk Assessment of “Other Substances” –Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Docosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), assessed the risk of “other substances” in food supplements and energy drinks sold in Norway. VKM has assessed the risk of doses given by NFSA. These risk assessments will provide NFSA with the scientific basis while regulating the addition of “other substances” to food supplements and other foods. “Other substances” are described in the food supplement directive 2002/46/EC as substances other than vitamins or minerals that have a nutritional or physiological effect. The substance is added mainly to food supplements, but also to energy drinks and other foods. VKM has not in this series of risk assessments of “other substances” evaluated any potential beneficial effects from these substances, only possible adverse effects. The present report is a risk assessment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in food supplements, and is based on previous risk assessments and a literature search. It is emphasised that this risk assessment concerns the single fatty acids EPA, DPA or DHA separately and not mixtures of these as found in e.g. fish oil/cod liver oil. For risk assessment of combined mixtures of n-3 LCPUFAs in e.g. fish oil/cod liver oil, see the EFSA opinion from 2012 or the VKM assessment from 2011 (EFSA, 2012; VKM, 2011). In the reviewed literature of this risk assessment, no studies investigating ratios between EPA, DPA, DHA or other fatty acids in mixtures have been identified. EPA, DPA and DHA are long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and in food these fatty acids are incorporated in triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs). Dietary sources are fatty fish, cod liver-, seal-, whale-, fish- and krill oils and human milk, containing various ratios of these fatty acids in combination. EPA can be metabolised to eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotrienes, all groups are biologically active substances. The eicosanoids participate in the regulation of blood pressure, renal function, blood coagulation, inflammatory and immunological reactions. DHA is an essential structural component of the brain, skin, sperm, testicles and retina. DPA can be retro-converted to EPA or converted to DHA. Still little is known of the biological effects of DPA. Humans have a limited capacity to synthesise EPA, DPA and subsequently DHA from the precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and this endogenous production is negligible in comparison to the doses used in supplementation studies. According to information from the NFSA, EPA, DPA and DHA are food supplement ingredients in Norway, and NFSA has requested a risk assessment of these fatty acids in the following doses in food supplements: EPA: 1500, 1750 and 1825 mg/day DPA: 100, 125 and 150 mg/day DHA: 1050 and 1290 mg/day Children below 10 years were not included in the terms of reference. Information about intake of EPA, DPA and DHA from the diet is scarce, but calculations performed in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study indicate a mean total intake (SD) from food and supplements of EPA around 330 (340) mg/day, DPA 43 (30) mg/day and DHA 430 (380) mg/day among pregnant women (2002 to 2008). Mean combined intake of EPA, DPA and DHA from fish oil/ cod liver oil in adults participating in a nationally representative dietary survey was 735 mg/day (VKM, 2014). The major concerns with high intake of EPA and DHA have been increased bleeding time, adverse effects related to immune function, lipid peroxidation and glucose homeostasis. EFSA concluded in 2012 that long-term supplemental intakes of 5 g/day of the n-3 LCPUFA do not raise safety concerns for adults with regard to an increased risk of spontaneous bleeding episodes or bleeding complications, or affect glucose homeostasis, immune function or lipid peroxidation. In 2011, VKM concluded that an intake n-3 LCPUFA up to 6.9 g/day was not associated with increased risk of any serious adverse events. Some adverse health effects related to gastrointestinal function, including abdominal cramps, flatulence, eructation, vomiting and diarrhea have been reported, but seem to be associated with intake of an oily substance and not related specifically to EPA, DPA and/or DHA. EPA: In the report from 2012, EFSA concluded that 1.8 g/day of supplemental EPA does not raise safety concerns in adults. None of the included studies from our literature searches limited to 2012 and onwards have investigated bleeding complications. The dosages of EPA in the three included studies in this report range from 1.8 to 3.8 g/day for 12 weeks. The main endpoints in the studies included lipid peroxidation, inflammation biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases and no serious adverse events were found related to the main endpoints. In general, adverse events were described as gastrointestinal discomforts and not related to dosage. Studies of longer duration are necessary before an intake above 1.8 g of EPA can be considered safe. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) concludes that the specified doses of 1500, 1750, 1825 mg/day of EPA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in adults (≥18 years). In 2012, EFSA did not make conclusions for children or adolescents for EPA. No new studies with EPA supplementation have been identified in children or adolescents after 2012, and therefore no risk assessment can be made for children (≥10 years) or adolescents. DPA: No dosage of DPA in food supplements can be evaluated due to lack of data. DHA: EFSA concluded that 1 g/day of supplemental DHA does not raise safety concerns for the general population (including children and adolescents). The dosages of DHA in the included trials in this report range from 1.0 to 3.6 g/day and the duration from five weeks to four years. Six out of seven studies have used dosages from 1 to 2 g DHA/day. The last study included up to 3.6 g DHA/day for four years and the age spanned from 7 to 31 years. The main endpoints in all studies included lipid peroxidation, inflammation, cognitive performance, blood pressure and biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases and no serious adverse events were found related to the main endpoints. In general, adverse events were described as gastrointestinal discomforts and not related to dosage. VKM therefore considers that the specified daily doses of DHA that moderately exceed 1 g per day (1050 and 1290 mg/day) are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population including children ≥10 years and adolescents. VKM concludes that the specified doses of 1050 and 1290 mg/day of DHA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population including children (≥10 years), adolescents and adults (≥18 years).

Protective effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on acute skin photodamage in SKH-1 mice / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ultraviolet-induced acute skin photodamage in SKH-1 hairless mice,and to explore its mechanism.Methods Totally,50 SKH-1 hairless mice were equally divided into 5 groups to be fed with forages with the ratios of n-3 PUFA to fatty acid being 0,12.5％,25％,50％ and 100％ respectively (control group,12.5％,25％,50％ and 100％ n-3 PUFA groups).On day 8 after feeding,the back of mice in the 5 groups were irradiated by a solar ultraviolet simulator at 2 minimum erythema doses (MED) to establish an acute photodamage model.After 24 hours,cutaneous reactions on the back of mice were observed by naked eyes and dermoscopy,and skin biopsy specimens were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining for observing the epidermal structure,intercellular edema,inflammatory cell infiltration and photodamaged cells.Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the protein expression of the above 3 inflammatory cytokines in the tissue homogenate.Results Compared with the control group and 12.5％ n-3 PUFA group,the 25％,50％ and 100％ n-3 PUFA groups all showed a milder degree of acute skin photodamage,epidermis thickening,intercellular edema,and inflammatory cell infiltration.The number of photodamaged cells per high-power field (× 100) was significantly higher in the control group and 12.5％ n-3 PUFA group (17.50 ± 4.93,14.25 ± 1.71,respectively) than in the 25％,50％ and 100％ n-3 PUFA groups (6.50 ± 1.73,4.75 ± 2.06,4.50 ± 1.73,respectively;F =19.1,P ＜ 0.001).Immunohistochemical results showed that IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α were expressed to different extents in the epidermis and dermis among the 5 groups at 24 hours after ultraviolet radiation.Compared with the control group and 12.5％ n-3 PUFA group,the 25％,50％ and 100％ n-3 PUFA groups showed significantly lower expression of the above 3 inflammatory cytokines (P ＜ 0.001).ELISA revealed that the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in the skin tissues of the mice were significantly lower in the 25％,50％ and 100％ n-3 PUFA groups than in the control group and 12.5％ n-3 PUFA group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions When the ratio of n-3 PUFA to fatty acid reaches more than 25％,dietary n-3 PUFA has protective effects against ultraviolet-induced acute photodamage,.Moreover,the higher the content of n-3 PUFA is,the stronger the protective effect is.It is suggested that n-3 PUFA may inhibit the inflammatory reaction through the arachidonic acid pathway.

What are the proficient nurses view on and attitudes toward their position during nursing position management reform: a qualitative study in a public hospital of Beijing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore what are the proficient nurses view on and attitudes toward their position during nursing position management reform, in order to promote development of nursing stratified management and position management. Methods The semi-structure review was utilized for 50 proficient nurses work in different specialist area in a three-level general hospital. Data was analyzed based on Colaizzi analysis method. Results 4 themes were refined: (1) clearly view on position, stratified management is meaningful (2) feeling of acceptance and pressure (3) unclear of job content, unsatisfied between effort and reward (4) desire for communication and official support. Conclusions Proficient nurses have clear view on and positive attitudes towards their position. Nursing management should formulate more detailed job content and job responsibility, provide more opportunity of communication, which could promote these proficient nurses′career developments.

A new macamide from Lepidium meyenii cultivated in Lijiang / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the dried roots of Lepidium meyenii cultivated in Lijiang. Methods The samples were extracted by 90% alcohol, and then isolated by silica column, MCI, and HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by NMR techniques including 2D NMR such as HSQC, HMBC, and COSY. The cytotoxic activity of the new compound against five cell lines (NB4, A549, PC3, SHSY5Y, and MCF7) was evaluated by MTT methods. Results Three macamides were isolated and identified as N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) hexadec-9Z-enamide (1), N-benzyl-13-oxo-9E,11E-octadecadienamide (2) and N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-hexadecanamide (3) from this plant. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound named macalepidiumide A and shows no significant cytotoxic activity.

Efectos del consumo de aceite de pescado sobre indicadores de síndrome metabólico en ratas obesas IIMb/Beta / Effects of fish oil consumption on metabolic syndrome parameters in obese IIMb / Beta rats

Existe consenso científico acerca de la necesidad de cambiar hábitos de alimentación y aumentar la actividad física como estrategias para prevenir y paliar la epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de dietas isocalóricas e isolipídicas, con diferente calidad de lípidos, sobre algunos indicadores de síndrome metabólico en ratas de la línea IIMb/Beta de 70 días de edad. Este modelo murino manifiesta obesidad acompañada de hipertriacilglicerolemia y resistencia insulínica desde la pubertad y desarrolla diabetes tipo 2 en la adultez. Se suministraron durante 90 días tres dietas formuladas según AIN-93 (American Institute of Nutrition-93) ad libitum: Dieta AIN con aceite de girasol como fuente de lípidos; Dieta JB con grasa bovina (remplazando al aceite de girasol) y Dieta JBn-3 con grasa bovina más ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 provenientes de aceite de pescado. Los animales que consumieron la dieta JBn-3 manifestaron disminución (p<0,05) en algunos indicadores de sindrome metabólico como la hiperinsulinemia, la hipertriacilglicerolemia y el depósito de lípidos totales, colesterol y triacilgliceroles hepáticos. Si bien se requieren más estudios, se confirma la validez de las intervenciones dietarias para el abordaje de la obesidad y sus comorbilidades recomendadas por los organismos internacionales(AU)

There is scientific consensus about the importance of changing dietary habits and increasing physical activity for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its co-morbidities. The effects of isocaloric and isolipidic diets with different type of fat on symptoms of the metabolic syndrome in 70 days old IIMb/Beta rats were evaluated. This murine model develops obesity, hypetryacilglycerolemia and insulin resistance since puberty, progressing to type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Three diets formulated according to AIN-93 (American Institute of Nutrition-93) were offered ad libitum during 90 days: Diet AIN with sunflower oil; Diet JB with bovine fat (replacing sunflower oil) and Diet JBn-3 with bovine fat and PUFAn-3 from fish oil. The group fed JBn-3 diet showed diminution (p<0,05) on several of the clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome, such as: hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia and hepatic total lipids, cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Although more research is required, the study supports the beneficial effects of dietary approaches on obesity and its comorbidities(AU)