Effect of Whenshen Prescription on Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with HBV-related Hepatic Cirrhosis and Content of HMGB1/TLR4 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of Whenshen prescription on hepatic encephalopathy in patients with HBV-related hepatic cirrhosis and kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and the content of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Method:The 66 patients treated in the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2013 to January 2015 were included. A prospective, parallel controlled design was used. The 66 cases were randomly divided into treatment group and control group according to 1:1 ratio, with 33 cases in each group.The control group was treated with comprehensive therapy, colon dialysis and placebo enema, while treatment group was treated with comprehensive therapy, colon dialysis and Whenshen prescription enema for 10 days. Finally, liver function, number connect test (NCT), digit-symbol test (SDT), awake time, the total effective rate and content of HMGB1 and TLR4 were analyzed. Result:There was no significant difference between two groups at baseline. The total effective rate in treatment group was 93.9%, which was higher than 72.7% in control group (PP1 and TLR4 in treatment group were lower than those in the control group. Conclusion:Whenshen prescription can significantly improve the clinical efficacy by inhibiting the contents of HMGB1 and TLR4.

Ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions by stabilized conventional nitrogen fertilizers and controlled release in corn crop / Emissões de amônia e de dióxido de carbono de fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados e liberação controlada na cultura do milho

ABSTRACT The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha-1 N. N-NH3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg-1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values ​​of cumulative CO2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.

RESUMO O consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados estabilizados, de liberação lenta e controlada representa 1% do total de fertilizantes utilizados no mundo. Por outro lado, um aumento na disponibilidade, inovação e utilização dessas tecnologias pode levar a maior eficiência no uso do nitrogênio (N) na agricultura com menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as perdas de amônia (N-NH3) por volatilização e as emissões de CO2 de fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados e de liberação controlada na cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo no município de Lavras (MG) no ano agrícola 2013/2014, sem irrigação. Os tratamentos foram compostos por fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicadas em cobertura na dose de 150 kg ha-1 de N. A perda acumulada de N-NH3 dos fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados de liberação controlada em ordem decrescente foi: Ureia granulada (39% do N aplicado) = ureia perolada (38%) > ureia + 16% de S0 (32%) = mistura física de grânulos (blend) de ureia revestida com S0 e polímeros e ureia convencional (32%) > ureia perolada incorporada (24%) > ureia + 530 mg kg-1 de NBPT (8%) = hidrolisado de couro bovino (9%) > ureia + resina termoplástica (3%) = sulfato de amônio (1%) = nitrato de amônio (0,7%). O sulfato e nitrato de amônio e a ureia + resina termoplástica promovem a menor emissão de dióxido de carbono (C-CO2) em área de cultivo de milho. Enquanto que, o hidrolisado de couro promoveu a maior emissão total de C-CO2 para à atmosfera.

Diagnostic value of 13 N-ammonia PET/CT imaging targeting glutamine synthetase expression in pa-tients with prostate cancer / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of glutamine synthetase ( GS ) in prostate cancer and the utility of 13 N?NH3 PET/CT in detecting prostate cancer. Methods The uptake ratio of 13 N?NH3 and the expression of GS in PC3 and DU145 cells were measured by Western blot and PCR methods. A total of 34 patients with suspected prostate cancer underwent 13 N?NH3 PET/CT imaging and prostate biopsy. Immunohistochemistry staining of GS was performed and Gleason scores of tumors were evaluated. One?way analysis of variance, the least significant difference?t test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to an?alyze data. Results The uptake of 13 N?ammonia in PC3 and DU145 cells elevated along with the decrease of glutamine in medium. The expression of GS mRNA and protein also increased when glutamine was de?creased. In biopsy samples, the mean GS expression scores of prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis were 7.76±2.57, 3.98±2.60, 3.34±0.36, respectively (F=36.85, t1=7.97, t2=4?45, all P<0.05), which had a weak correlation with Gleason scores (rs=0.52, P<0.05). In 34 patients, the mean SUVmax of prostate cancer segments (1.56±0.58 and 1.14±0.22;F=5.966, t1=2.63, t2=2.65, all P<0.05). There was a weak correlation between GS expression scores and the uptake of 13 N?ammonia in prostate cancer (rs=0.47, P<0.05). Conclusions Up?regulated expression of GS is common in prostate cancer cells. GS is the main reason for the uptake of 13 N?ammonia, which is a useful tracer for prostate cancer imaging.

A simple methodology to measure ammonia flux generated in naturally ventilated poultry houses / Una metodología simple para medir el flujo de amoniaco generado en instalaciones avícolas sometidas a ventilación natural / Uma metodologia simples para quantificação do fluxo de amônia gerada em aviários submetidos à ventilação natural

Background: quantifying the rate of pollutant emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), from naturally ventilated animal production buildings in structures, such as those used in South America, is challenging mainly due to the challenge of determining building ventilation rate. Some methods have been developed to reduce this difficulty, but most are costly and complex, preventing their implementation.. Objective: the present work aimed to adapt and validate the Saraz method for the determination of ammonia emissions (SMDAE) from naturally ventilated poultry houses. Methods: to validate the proposed method, the ammonia emission rate (ER; NH3 mass emitted per unit time) was computed using the adjusted equation proposed by Wheeler et al.(2006; ER2). For evaluation purposes, the data obtained from the two measuring methods (SMDAE and ER2)were statistically analyzed. Results: the proposed method was considered adequate for use under conditions of natural ventilation with wind speeds greater than 0.1 m/s-1 and NH3 concentrations greater than 1 ppm. Conclusion: the method demonstrated a good correlation between its values and those obtained by the standard equation for calculating emissions based on NH3 concentration, air speed and temperature, which makes the Saraz method a reliable approach to develop ammonia inventories for naturally-ventilated poultry facilities.

Antecedentes: la cuantificación de la tasa de emision de contaminantes tales como el amoniaco (NH3) en instalaciones de producción animal con ventilación natural como las utilizadas en América del Sur es un reto, en parte debido a la dificultad para determinar la tasa de ventilación. Algunos métodos han sido desarrollados para reducir esta dificultad, pero la mayoría de ellos son costosos y complejos, lo que impide su aplicación. Objetivo: el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el método Saraz para calcular el flujo de amoniaco (SMDAE) generado en galpones avícolas con ventilación natural. Métodos: para validar el método propuesto, el flujo de amoniaco (ER; masa de NH3 emitida por unidad de tiempo) fue comparado con los resultados obtenidos por medio de la ecuación ajustada propuesta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para su evaluación, los valores obtenidos con los dos métodos (SMDAE y ER2) fueron comparados mediante análisis estadístico. Resultados: el método propuesto se considera adecuado para ser utilizado en las condiciones de ventilación natural con vientos superiores a 0,1 m/s-1 y concentraciones de NH3 superiores a 1 ppm. Conclusión: el método presentó una buena correlación entre los valores determinados y los obtenidos mediante la ecuación estandar para el cálculo de emisiones basada en la concentración de NH3, velocidad del aire y temperatura, lo que lo convierte en una alternativa confiable para hacer inventarios de amoníaco en instalaciones avícolas con ventilación natural.

Antecedentes: a quantificação da taxa de emissão de poluentes, tais como a amônia (NH3) em instalações animais abertas e com ventilação natural, como são usadas na América do Sul, é um desafio, em parte devido a dificuldade de determinação da taxa de ventilação. Assim, alguns métodos têm sido desenvolvidos para reduzir esta dificuldade, mas a maioria deles são onerosos e complexos, inviabilizando a sua aplicação. Objetivo: o presente trabalho objetivou-se adaptar e validar o método Saraz para determinar o fluxo de NH3 (SMDAE) emitida dos galpões avícolas submetidos à ventilação natural. Métodos: para fazer a validação do método proposto, o fluxo de amônia (ER; massa de NH3 gerada por unidade de tempo) foi comparada com os resultados obtidos por meio de equação ajustada proposta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para a avaliação proposta, os valores obtidos com os dois métodos usados (SMDAE e ER2) foram comparados mediante analise estadística. Resultados: o método proposto mostrou poder ser usado com confiabilidade em condições de ventilação natural com ventos maiores que 0,1 m/s-1 e concentrações de NH3 maiores que 1 ppm. Conclusão:o método apresentou uma boa correlação entre os valores encontrados pelo método proposto e aqueles obtidos na equação característica para o cálculo de emissões a qual é baseada no conhecimento da concentração de NH3, velocidade e temperatura do ar, o que torna o método como uma alternativa viável para fazer inventários de amônia em instalações aviárias com ventilação natural.

Comparison of 13N-NH3 and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of gliomas / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of 13N-NH3 and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of untreated gliomas.Methods A total of 45 consecutive patients (29 males,16 females;age range 14-75 years,average age (47.47± 15.64) years) with final diagnosis of glioma from August 2009 to May 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.PET/CT imaging was performed with both 18F-FDG and 13N-NH3.Imaging results were analyzed by tumor-to-gray matter (T/G) ratios.ROC curve analysis was conducted to determine the optimal T/G cutoff values between low-grade and high-grade gliomas.One-way analysis of variance was applied to assess the differential efficacy of the two tracers in different grade of glioma.Results Forty-eight separate lesions were identified (WHO grade Ⅱ,n=16;grade Ⅲ,n=12;and grade Ⅳ,n=20).The sensitivities of 13N-NH3 PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT on predicting high-grade gliomas were 91％(29/32) and 66％ (21/32),respectively.The optimal T/G cutoff values for 18F-FDG and 13N-NH3 were 0.64 and 0.86 with the AUC of 0.910 and 0.943,respectively.The sensitivity and positive predictive value of predicting high-grade gliomas with optimal cutoff values were 84％ (27/32) and 93％ (27/29)for 18F-FDG PET/CT,those for 13N-NH3 PET/CT were 94％ (30/32) and 94％ (30/32),respectively.Conclusion 13N-NH3 PET/CT is superior to 18F-FDG PET/CT not only in separating low-grade gliomas from high-grade ones,but also in the detection of high-grade gliomas for better tumor to normal gray matter contrast.

In Vitro Regeneration from Shoot Tip and Nodal Explants of Simarouba Glauca DC, a Promising Biodiesel Tree.

An efficient regeneration protocol was developed from shoot tip and nodal explants of Simarouba glauca DC, a promising biodiesel plant. Nodal explants appeared to have better regeneration capacity than shoot tip explants (40%) in the tested media. The highest regeneration frequency (90%) and shoot number (7.00 ± 1.00 shoots per explants) were obtained in nodal explants in Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 4.43 μM and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 5.36 μM.Induced shoot buds were multiplied and elongated on the MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.44 μM), NAA (5.36 μM) and TDZ (Thidiazuron) 2.27 μM with 9.66±0.33 (mean length 5.35±0.32 cm) and 9.00±0.57 (mean length 4.51±0.15cm) shoots using nodal segments and shoot tip explants, respectively. Halfstrength woody plant medium (WPM) containing 2.46μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced the maximum number of roots (6.00±1.15). The rooted plantlets were hardened on MS basal liquid medium and subsequently in polycups containing sterile soil and vermiculite (1:1) and successfully established in pots.

Application of 13N-NH3 PET in the evaluation of hypometabolic brain lesions on 18F-FDG PET / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the usefulness of 13N-NH3 PET in detecting brain lesions which show hypometabolism on 18F-FDG PET.Methods 13N-NH3 PET imaging was performed for a prospective study in 18 patients with brain lesions that showed hypometabolism compared with normal brain tissue on 18F-FDG PET scans.Fourteen patients underwent 18 F-FDG PET imaging for initial diagnosis and 4 patients for detection of astrocytoma recurrence (13 males,5 females,age 20-68 (42.4 ± 12.6) years).Ten gliomas,1 metastatic tumor,1 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) and 6 non-neoplastic lesions (including 3 cases of radiation necrosis,2 cases of encephalitic foci,and 1 case of ischemic lesion)were verified by histopathological examination (n =13) or clinical follow-up (n =5).The tumor-to-contralateral brain tissue ratios (T/C) were calculated by the ROI method.The diagnostic efficacy of 13N-NH3 PET was evaluated.Paired t test and two-sample t test were performed to analyze the differences of T/C between different groups.Results Seven (5 astrocytomas and 2 glioblastomas) of 12 brain tumors (sensitivity:58％,7/12) showed increased 13N-NH3 uptake (higher uptake than the contralateral brain tissue),while 3 low-grade gliomas,1 metastatic tumor,and 1 DNT showed decreased 13N-NH3 uptake (no uptake or lower uptake than the contralateral brain tissue).The uptake ratio of 13N-NH3 was significantly higher than that of 18 F-FDG (1.24 ± 0.66 vs 0.67 ± 0.24,t =-3.740,P ＜ 0.05) in the tumors.All six non-neoplastic lesions showed decreased 13N-NH3 uptake (specificity:6/6).The T/C ratios of 18F-FDG and 13N-NH3 in the non-neoplastic lesions were 0.68 ±0.15 and 0.70 ±0.19,respectively,and there was no significant difference between them (t =-0.246,P ＞ 0.05).The T/C ratio of 13N-NH3 in the tumors was significantly higher than that in the non-neoplastic lesions (1.24 ± 0.53 vs 0.70 ± 0.19,t =2.624,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion 13N-NH3 PET imaging may be helpful to detect and differentiate brain tumors with hypometabolism as detected by 18 F-FDG PET imaging from non-neoplastic lesions with high specificity,especially for cerebral astrocytomas,but the sensitivity is relatively limited.

Modelo de evaluación de metabolismo y perfusión en el miocardio de rata mediante 18F-FDG, 1-11C-acetato, 13N-amoniaco y micro-tomografía por emisión de positrones (micro PET) / Cardiac metabolism and perfusion evaluation in a rat model using 18F-FDG,1- 11C-acetate, 13NH3 and micro-positron emission tomography (microPET)

Objetivos: Estandarizar un protocolo de adquisición para el estudio del metabolismo glucolítico, oxidativo y de perfusión miocárdicos en un modelo de rata. Métodos: Se realizaron estudios con los tres principales radiotrazadores usados para evaluar la función cardiaca: 18F-FDG para evaluar el metabolismo glucolítico en tres protocolos distintos; 1-11C-acetato para el metabolismo oxidativo y 13NH3 para la perfusión cardiaca. (18F-FDG)- cinco ratas Wistar macho en tres diferentes protocolos: con acceso a libre demanda de comida y agua; con ayuno de ocho horas y con ayuno de ocho horas más carga oral de glucosa al 50%. Se adquirieron imágenes del área torácica durante 30 minutos mediante microPET; 30 y 60 minutos post-administración de 370 - 555 MBq de 18F-FDG vía IP. (1-11C-acetato)- Se estudiaron ocho ratas. Cuatro estudios estáticos de 30 minutos y cuatro adquisiciones dinámicas de 30 minutos tras administración de 370 - 555 MBq de1-11C-acetato por vena caudal.(13NH3)- 10 estudios estáticos de 15 minutos después de una dosis IV de 370 - 555 MBq de 13NH3, bajo anestesia inhalada con isofluorano a 1.5% a 2%. Se realizó análisis comparativo y cualitativo de todas las imágenes obtenidas por dos médicos especialistas en el área y un análisis semi-cuantitativo mediante reconstrucciones 3D y selección de ROIs con el programa AMIDE en el caso de 18F-FDG. Resultados: Se determinó que las mejores imágenes para fines de evaluación metabólica del miocardio fueron las correspondientes a los 60 minutos post-administración de la 18F-FDG del protocolo sin ayuno. Se visualizó sin problemas el miocardio de rata de las imágenes estáticas con 1-11C-acetato, y mediante adquisición dinámica, se pudo apreciar la perfusión miocárdica. Las imágenes con 13NH3 permitieron observar una distribución homogénea del radiotrazador en los diferentes segmentos del ventrículo izquierdo en el eje corto, eje largo vertical y eje largo horizontal. Conclusiones: Se logró la estandarización de protocolos de adquisición de imágenes de los tres principales radiotrazadores utilizados para el estudio del metabolismo y perfusión cardiacos, en un modelo animal. Es factible establecer un protocolo válido para la valoración de perfusión, metabolismo glucolítico y oxidativo miocárdicos, con el fin de utilizarlo como punto de referencia para la evaluación de terapias génica, farmacológica o quirúrgica a nivel experimental.

Objective: To standardize an acquisition protocol for the study of myocardial glucolitic and oxidative metabolism and perfusion in a rat model. Methods: Studies were carried out with the three main radiopharmaceuticals used to assess heart function:[18F]-FDG for glucolitic metabolism; [1-11C]-acetate for oxidative metabolism and [13N]-NH3for myocardial perfusion.[18F]-FDG -Five Wistar adult male rats were studied in three different protocols: non-fasting group, fasting group,8 h before the study with water provided ad libitum, and a fasting group by the same time receiving an oral 50%-glucose solution. Thirty-minute scans were performed with a microPET Focus 120, 30 and 60 min after the administration of 370-555 MBq 18F-FDG. [1-11C]-Acetate -Eight rats were studied. Four static and four dynamic 30 min acquisitions after a 370-555 MBq of [1-11C]-acetate caudal vein administration.[13N]-NH3-Ten static studies were acquired 15 min post-administration of 370555 MBqof13NH3, under 1.5-2% isofluorane anesthesia. Comparative and visual analyses were performed by two experts in the field. A semi-quantitative analysis was performed using 3D reconstructions and ROI selections with AMIDE software. Results: The best images were those obtained from the non-fasting group, especially those taken at 60 min after the [18F]-FDG administration. High quality myocardial, static images were obtained with [1-11C]-acetate, and the dynamic acquisitions allowed the identification of myocardial perfusion. The 13NH3images showed a homogeneous distribution of the radiotracer in different segments of the short, long and horizontal axes in the left ventricle. Conclusions: It is possible to standardize the microPET acquisition protocols for the three main radiopharmaceuticals to evaluate the heart function in a rat model. It is feasible to establish a valid protocol for measuring glucolitic and oxidative myocardial metabolism and perfusion for gene, drug or surgical therapy assessment.

Decomposição, liberação e volatilização de nitrogênio em resíduos culturais de mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinerea) / Decomposition, release and volatilization of nitrogen from velvet bean (Mucuna cinerea) residues

As leguminosas possibilitam a incorporação biológica de nitrogênio aos sistemas de produção. Contudo, existe pouco conhecimento sobre a decomposição, liberação e volatilização de nitrogênioassociados à diferentes doses de seus resíduos. Objetivouse, neste trabalho avaliar a decomposição, a liberação e a volatilização de nitrogênio de diferentes doses de mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinerea Piper & Tracy). O experimento constou de tratamentos com 12 (C12) ou 25 (C25) Mg ha-1 de composto orgânico: C12AV0 (sem leguminosa); C12AV4 (4 Mg ha-1 de resíduo); C12AV8 (8 Mg ha-1); C12AV12 (12 Mg ha-1); C25; AV12 (12 Mg ha-1) e testemunha absoluta. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados e cinco repetições. Foram determinadas as taxas de decomposição do adubo verde e liberação de N, o teor de N-mineral no solo e a volatilização de N-NH3. A liberação de N (t½=28 dias) foi mais rápida que a decomposição do resíduo (t½=38 dias). Essa liberação de N eleva rapidamente os teores de N-mineral do solo e resulta também em maior elevação da volatilização de N-NH3. O incremento das doses de 8 para 12 Mg ha-1 de mucuna resultou em aumento mais que proporcional da volatilização acumulada de N-NH3, atingindo 30 kg ha-1 após 30 dias.

The use of leguminous species allows the biological incorporation of nitrogen into cropping systems. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge about the decomposition, release and volatilization of nitrogen associated with the decomposition of different quantities of residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the decomposition of the biomass, the release and volatilization of nitrogen from different doses of velvet bean (Mucuna cinerea Piper & Tracy) residues. The treatments were established either with 12 (C12) or 25 (C25) Mg ha-1 of organic compost: C12AV0 (without residue); C12AV4 (4 Mg ha-1 of residue); C12AV8 (8 Mg ha-1); C12AV12 (12 Mg ha-1); C25; AV12 (12 Mg ha-1) and a control. The randomized block design was adopted with five repetitions. Mass dry matter decomposition and N release rate, the soil N-mineral content and N-NH3 volatilization were determined. N mineralization (t ½= 28 days) was faster than the decomposition of dry matter (t ½=38 days). This mineralization rapidly increased the soil mineral-N content and resulted in higher N-NH3 volatilization. However, the increase from 8 to 12 Mg ha-1 of velvet bean mass resulted in an overproportional increase of N-NH3 volatilization, which reached 30 kg ha-1 after 30 days.

Frações nitrogenadas de silagens de milho "safrinha" sob diferentes tempos de exposição ao ar antes da ensilagem / Nitrogenous fractions of silages from a maize crop planted late in season, under different periods of air exposure previous to ensiling

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da maturidade dos grãos de milho e do tempo de exposição ao ar antes da ensilagem sobre o pH e os componentes nitrogenados de silagens de milho "safrinha". O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento completamente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, no qual foram testados dois estádios de maturidade (MA) ao corte (grão completamente leitoso (GL) ou grão ½ leitoso ½ farináceo (GF)) e quatro tempos de exposição ao ar (EX), sem compactação (0, 12, 24 e 36 horas) antes da ensilagem em minissilos. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) em relação aos MA e EX, para os teores de PB e NIDN, além de interação entre esses fatores para as variáveis pH, N-NH3 e NIDA. Devido à interação, a silagem feita no estádio GL produziu mais N-NH3 do que aquelas feitas no estádio GF. A interação entre os fatores MA e EX aumentam o valor médio de pH das silagens produzidas, porém com diferentes magnitudes. O manejo inadequado na ensilagem decorrente da demora no enchimento do silo aumenta a fração nitrogenada insolúvel, ou seja, diminui a degradabilidade protéica, porém afeta negativamente a digestibilidade e o valor nutritivo da silagem. Silagens de milho colhidas com grão leitoso comprometem a palatabilidade pelo maior teor de nitrogênio amoniacal.

This experiment was aimed at evaluating the effect of corn grain maturity and air exposure time prior to ensiling on the pH and nitrogenous fractions of corn silage from corn crop planted late in the season. A completely randomized 2 x 4 factorial arrangement was used to test the effect of two maturity stages at harvest (GL, milky kernel and GF, ½ milky ½ dough kernel) of maize crops and the effects of four periods of air exposure of chopped materials (zero, 12, 24 and 36 hours) previous to packing in mini-silos, on pH and N fractions of silages. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) related to stage of maturity and period of air exposure concerning the contents of crude protein and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, as well as an interaction between the main effects for ammonia nitrogen and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen. Due to the interaction, the maize silage harvested at the milky kernel stage resulted in higher pH value and ammonia nitrogen contents. A delayed packing procedure increases the insoluble nitrogen fractions and may affect negatively protein digestibility.

99mTc-YIGSR as a Receptor Tracer in Imaging the Ehrlich Ascites Tumor-bearing Mice as Compared with 99mTc-MIBI / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The validity of 99mTc-YIGSR, a novel receptor radio-tracer, in imaging the Ehrlich ascites tumor was evaluated. YIGSR, a pentapeptide of laminin, was labeled with 99mTc by using a bifunctional chelator S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3. The MIBI was labeled with 99mTc by following the kit instruction. The mice of tumor group were intravenously injected 1-2 mCi of 99mTc-YIGSR or 99mTc-MIBI via caudal vein, immobilized and imaged under a Gamma camera. The same procedure was performed in mice of blockade group, in which the unlabeled YIGSR was previously injected to block the receptor-recognition sites, and inflammation group serving as control. The reverse-phase Sep-Pak C18 chromatogram was found to have an essentially complete conjugation between YIGSR and S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3. The conjugated YIGSR could be radio-labeled successfully with 99mTc at room temperature and neutral pH, with a radio-labeling yield of 62%. Without the chelator S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3, the YIGSR was labeled with 99mTc at an efficiency of 4%. The imagological study revealed obvious tumor accumulation of 99mTc-YIGSR 15 min after the injection, and the uptake peaked after 3 h with a tumor-to-muscle ratio (T/M) of 11.36. The radio-tracer was slowly cleared up and resulted in a T/M of 3.01 at the 8th h after the injection. As for blocked group, the tumor uptake of radiotracer was significantly lower, with the highest T/M being 4.61 after 3 h and 0.89 after 8 h. The T/M was 3.72 at the 3rd h and 1.29 at the 8th h after the 99mTc-YIGSR injection in the inflammatory group. The T/M was significantly higher in tumor group than in inflammatory group or control group (P＜0.001). In the 99mTc-MIBI group, the T/M was 1.40 at the 3rd h and 0.55 at the 8th h after the injection, which showed a significant difference as compared with 99mTc-YIGSR (P＜0.001).It is concluded that YIGSR can be successfully radiolabelled by using S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3.99mTc-YIGSR has many advantages in tumor imaging, such as quick and clear visualization, high sensitivity and specificity, and satisfactory target/non-target ratio (N/NT). It promises to be tumor radio-tracer.

99mTc-YIGSR as a Receptor Tracer in Imaging the Ehrlich Ascites Tumor-bearing Mice as Compared with 99mTc-MIBI / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The validity of 99mTc-YIGSR, a novel receptor radio-tracer, in imaging the Ehrlich ascites tumor was evaluated. YIGSR, a pentapeptide of laminin, was labeled with 99mTc by using a bifunctional chelator S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3. The MIBI was labeled with 99mTc by following the kit instruction. The mice of tumor group were intravenously injected 1-2 mCi of 99mTc-YIGSR or 99mTc-MIBI via caudal vein, immobilized and imaged under a Gamma camera. The same procedure was performed in mice of blockade group, in which the unlabeled YIGSR was previously injected to block the receptor-recognition sites, and inflammation group serving as control. The reverse-phase Sep-Pak C18 chromatogram was found to have an essentially complete conjugation between YIGSR and S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3. The conjugated YIGSR could be radio-labeled successfully with 99mTc at room temperature and neutral pH, with a radio-labeling yield of 62%. Without the chelator S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3, the YIGSR was labeled with 99mTc at an efficiency of 4%. The imagological study revealed obvious tumor accumulation of 99mTc-YIGSR 15 min after the injection, and the uptake peaked after 3 h with a tumor-to-muscle ratio (T/M) of 11.36. The radio-tracer was slowly cleared up and resulted in a T/M of 3.01 at the 8th h after the injection. As for blocked group, the tumor uptake of radiotracer was significantly lower, with the highest T/M being 4.61 after 3 h and 0.89 after 8 h. The T/M was 3.72 at the 3rd h and 1.29 at the 8th h after the 99mTc-YIGSR injection in the inflammatory group. The T/M was significantly higher in tumor group than in inflammatory group or control group (P＜0.001). In the 99mTc-MIBI group, the T/M was 1.40 at the 3rd h and 0.55 at the 8th h after the injection, which showed a significant difference as compared with 99mTc-YIGSR (P＜0.001).It is concluded that YIGSR can be successfully radiolabelled by using S-Acetly-NH3-MAG3.99mTc-YIGSR has many advantages in tumor imaging, such as quick and clear visualization, high sensitivity and specificity, and satisfactory target/non-target ratio (N/NT). It promises to be tumor radio-tracer.

Treatment of NH_3~-burned patients complicated with inhalation injury / 医学研究生学报

Objective: To investigate the management of NH~-_3 burned cases with inhalation injury. Methods:The clinic treatments of 15 NH~-_3 burned cases complicated with inhalation injury in his hospital between January 1998 and April 2004 were analyzed retrospectively.His management included reasonable fluid therapy,prompt and efficient usage of antibiotics ,tracheotomy after diagnosis,mechanical ventilation,bronchoalveolar lavage using fibrobrochoscope after the shock period and short-time usage of glucocorticoid. Results: Of the 15 cases,14 patients were cured and 1 patient was improved without any death.The cure rate was 93.3%. Conclusion: All of the managements should be performed as quickly as possible.Paying much attention to prevent the complications could improve the cure rate.Tracheotomy and bronchoalveolar lavage in the early stage are vital to patients.

Gastric pH and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Data from previous studies on gastric acid secretion and the prevalence of H. pylori in liver cirrhosis patients remain poorly defined. H. pylori is a potential source of NH3, but the possible role of H. pylori in hepatic encephalopathy is not clear. The purpose of this study was to compare gastric acid secretion, the impact of H. pylori infection, and the production of NH3 between cirrhotic patients and healthy, matched controls. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with liver cirrhosis (HBV, n=12; Alcohol, n=12; HCV, n=5) were matched with 33 healthy persons for age and sex. None of the patients or controls were being treated with antacids, H2-receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors. The pH and NH3 concentration was measured in gastric juice obtained by endoscopy. H. pylori infection was diagnosed using the rapid urease test. The level of NH3 in venous blood was also measured. RESULTS: The average gastric pH was significantly higher in cirrhosis patients compared to controls (3.91 vs. 2.99, P4) was significantly greater in cirrhosis patients (45 vs. 21%, P<0.05). In contrast, the prevalence of H. pylori infection (62% vs. 58%) and gastric NH3 concentrations (3.4 vs. 3.3 mM/L) were similar between both groups. However, venous NH3 levels were significantly higher in cirrhotics than in controls (63.1 vs. 25.2 micro M/L, P<0.05). The patients with H. pylori infection had significantly higher gastric NH3 concentration (3.8 vs. 1.6 mM/L) and gastric pH (3.87 vs. 2.76, P<0.05) than those without infection, but no significant difference in venous NH3 levels were detected (39.6 vs. 48.1 micro M/L). In patients with cirrhosis, the presence of H. pylori infection was not correlated with either gastric or blood NH3 levels. CONCLUSIONS: The gastric pH of liver cirrhosis patients is higher than that of controls and a larger proportion of cirrhotic patients have hypochlorhydria. The prevalence of H. pylori in liver cirrhosis patients was similar to that in controls and no correlation was found between gastric and blood NH3 levels. Thus, H. pylori infection does not seem to play a major role in generation of elevated NH3 associated with hepatic encephalopathy.

The Pre-assessment of Effectiveness on Constructive Project for Deep Treatment of Drinking Water / 环境与健康杂志

Objective In order to control the organic pollution in surface water sources in Jiaxing area, deep water treatment method was applied to treat drinking water. The effectiveness and correlative hygiene issues of the constructive project were pre,assessed. Methods On the basis of selecting and comparing some water factories in domestic and abroad which were similar with this constructive project, the assessment was synthetically carried out by surveying on the spot, checking blueprint, examining technological process and equipments layout, worked technique and materials, after experimental deep water,treatment was pup in to pilot scale test. Results The drinking water deep treatment method could eliminate organic substances effectively from original water. The results of the pilot test showed that the removed rates of CODMn, TOC, color degree and NH3,N through this measure were respectively 95.57%, 25.35%, 32.80% and 37.40% higher than those through route drinking water treatment measures. The measure could translate Ames test result into negative. The dosage of alum and chlorine could be reduced 33% and 50% respectively. Water purity and taste could be improved. The arrangement and layout of the facilities of this constructive project was advanced and reasonable, which was conformed to the hygienic requirements. Conclusion This constructive project could effectively solve the serious pollution problem of organic substances in water source in Jiaxing area and improve the purification effectiveness of drinking water and water quality. The occupational hazards that possibly present in the productive process of this project could be prevented. From the view of hygiene, this constructive project was feasible.

Removal of NH_3-N by Microbe Without Organic Carbon Source under Oxygen Limited Condition / 微生物学通报

It was investigated by ~(15)N tracer that four strains capable of ammonia oxidation under the condition of limited dissolved oxygen(DO)and without organic carbon source in a sealed bio-membrane reactor.Each strain was cultured at room temperature,a sealed vessel filled with argon and an appropriate quantity of oxygen.When the condition kept DO