Neurotización del nervio circunflejo por vía axilar, estudio cadavérico / Neurotization of the circumflex nerve through an axillary approach, cadaveric study

Objetivo Confirmar factibilidad técnica de la neurotización del nervio axilar por la rama motora de la porción larga del tríceps con el fin de definir la anatomía quirúrgica de los nervios radial y axilar. Materiales y métodos Veinte hombros de cadáver fueron intervenidos para transferencia de la rama del Nervio Radial para la porción larga del tríceps a la rama anterior del Nervio Axilar por abordaje axilar. Se confirmó la escogencia correcta del nervio receptor por abordaje posterior. Resultados Se logró una disección adecuada de la primera rama motora del nervio radial del nervio axilar y de la rama anterior del Nervio Axilar. El origen de la rama motora se encontró en promedio a 3,8mm (+/- 7,3mm) distal al borde superior del tendón del dorsal ancho. El nervio axilar se encontró cefálico al borde superior del dorsal ancho a una distancia promedio de 11,3mm (+/-2,13mm) y distal al redondo menor 3.05mm (+/- 1,3mm), sutura con la primera rama del radial en el 100% de los casos sin tensión y se confirmó la adecuada transferencia en todos los casos. Conclusión La neurotización del nervio axilar con la primera rama del nervio radial se logró con éxito en el 100% por vía axilar. Este abordaje es adecuado, evitando tener que realizar cambios de posición a prono y doble abordaje, y si se requiere procedimientos adicionales de reconstrucción en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico tipo Oberlin y exploraciones supraclaviculares del plexo braquial se pueden realizar sin cambio de posición.

Objective To confirm the technical feasibility of neurotization of the axillary nerve by the motor branch of the long head of the triceps in order to define the surgical anatomy of the radial and axillary nerves. Materials and method Twenty cadaver shoulders were operated on for transfer of the radial nerve branch for the long head of the triceps to the anterior branch of the axillary nerve by axillary approach. The correct choice of the receiving nerve was confirmed by posterior approach. Results An adequate dissection of the first motor branch of the radial nerve of the axillary nerve and of the anterior branch of the Axillary Nerve was achieved, The origin of the motor branch was found on average at 3.8mm (+/−7.3mm) distal to the superior border of the latissimus dorsi tendon. The axillary nerve was found 11.3mm (+/−2.13mm) cephalad to the upper border of the latissimus dorsi and 3.05mm (+/−1.3mm) distal to the teres minor. A tensionless coaptation was obtained in all cases. Conclusion Neurotization of the axillary nerve with the first branch of the radial nerve was successfully achieved through the axillary approach. This approach is adequate, avoiding position change to prone and double approach, and if additional reconstruction procedures are required at the same surgical time, Oberlin type and supraclavicular explorations of the brachial plexus can be performed without changing position.

Axillary nerve neurotization by a triceps motor branch: comparison between axillary and posterior arm approaches / Neurotização do nervo axilar por um ramo do tríceps: comparação entre acesso axilar e posterior

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study is aimed at comparing the functional outcome of axillary nerve neurotization by a triceps motor branch through the axillary approach and posterior arm approach. Methods: The study included 27 patients with post-traumatic brachial plexus injury treated with axillary nerve neurotization by a triceps motor branch for functional recovery of shoulder abduction and external rotation. The patients were retrospectively evaluated and two groups were identified, one with 13 patients undergoing axillary nerve neurotization by an axillary approach and the second with 14 patients using the posterior arm approach. Patients underwent assessment of muscle strength using the scale recommended by the British Medical Research Council, preoperatively and 18 months postoperatively, with useful function recovery considered as grade M3 or greater. Results: In the axillary approach group, 76.9% of patients achieved useful abduction function recovery and 69.2% achieved useful external rotation function recovery. In the group with posterior arm approach, 71.4% of patients achieved useful abduction function recovery and 50% achieved useful external rotation function recovery. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 1.000 for the British Medical Research Council abduction scale and p = 0.440 for external rotation). Conclusion: According to the British Medical Research Council grading, axillary nerve neurotization with a triceps motor branch using axillary approach or posterior arm approach shows no statistical differences.

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar o resultado funcional da neurotização do nervo axilar por um ramo motor do tríceps através do acesso axilar e do acesso posterior. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 27 pacientes com lesão pós-traumática de plexo braquial submetidos à neurotização do nervo axilar por um ramo motor do tríceps para recuperação funcional do ombro de 2010 a 2014. Os pacientes foram avaliados e dois grupos foram identificados, um com 13 pacientes submetidos a neurotização do nervo axilar por um acesso axilar e o segundo com 14 pacientes nos quais foi usada a via de acesso posterior. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação da força muscular com a escala preconizada pelo British Medical Research Council (BMRC) no pré-operatório e com 18 meses de pós-operatório, foi considerada força motora efetiva graduação M3 ou maior. Resultados: No grupo que fez o acesso axilar, 76,9% dos pacientes obtiveram força motora efetiva de abdução e 69,2% de rotação externa. Já no grupo com acesso posterior, 71,4% dos pacientes conseguiram força motora efetiva de abdução e 50% de rotação externa. A diferença entre os dois grupos não foi estatisticamente significante (p = 1,000 para escala BMRC de abdução e p = 0,440 para rotação externa). Conclusão: Na avaliação da graduação de força na escala BRMC, o uso do acesso axilar para neurotização de um ramo motor do tríceps para o nervo axilar não apresenta diferenças estatísticas em relação ao uso do acesso posterior.

Nerve Transfer to Restore Upper Extremity Function

The term ‘Nerve Transfer’ means the transfer of a normal or nearly normal fascicle or nerve branch to an important sensory or motor nerve that has sustained irreparable proximal damage. It is a kind of salvage procedure performed when the proximal part of a peripheral nerve is totally damaged and impossible to be repaired. In case of irreparable preganglionic injury, it is difficult to recovery the nerve function by only nerve graft. In this case, the uninjured nerve around the brachial plexus could be transferred to restore the function of the upper extremities. Previous studies have reported a high recovery rate for the function of the upper limb above the elbow and recent efforts have been made to restore the function of the upper limb below the elbow including hand functions. The purpose of this article is to review the type of nerve transfer to restore upper extremity function, operative technique, outcomes and complication.

Parálisis obstétrica del plexo braquial: resultados preliminares de la transferencia del nervio espinal accesorio al nervio supraescapular en 10 casos / Accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: prelininary results in 10 cases

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados preliminares en 10 casos de transferencias del nervio espinal accesorio al nervio supraescapular en parálisis obstétricas del plexo braquial. Materiales y Métodos: Entre 2010 y 2012, se realizaron 16 transferencias del nervio espinal accesorio al nervio supraescapular en parálisis obstétricas del plexo braquial. Se incluyeron 10 casos con un seguimiento mínimo de 18 meses. Se evaluó la fuerza muscular del hombro según la escala de Gilbert y se usaron escalas funcionales de Mallet y de Gilbert. Se compararon valores preoperatorios y posoperatorios, así como las diferencias entre parálisis de tipo parcial y total. Se usó la prueba de Student para valorar la significancia estadística de los datos. Resultados: El seguimiento promedio fue de 20.9 meses. Se hallaron valores medios preoperatorios de fuerza de abducción de 0,48 M, y posoperatorios de 2,70 M; los valores de rotación externa preoperatorios fueron de 0 M y, al final del seguimiento, de 2,4 M. Todos los pacientes mostraban patrones preoperatorios de tipo 1 tanto de la escala de Mallet como la de Gilbert, con valores posoperatorios promedio de 3,2 y 3,5, respectivamente. Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos valores. Conclusiones: Esta serie presenta valores preliminares con un seguimiento corto y su principal crítica es el bajo número de casos. Los resultados funcionales obtenidos coinciden con los de otros reportes, y avalan su uso en las reconstrucciones del plexo braquial que requieran aporte extraplexual.

Background: To evaluate the preliminary results of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Methods: Between 2010 and 2012, 16 transfers of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve were performed in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Ten patients with a minimum follow-up of 18 months were included. Values of muscle power were assessed according to the Gilbert scale, and functional scales of the shoulder (Mallet and Gilbert) were used. Preoperative and postoperative values, and the differences between partial and total paralysis results were compared. Student test was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The average follow-up was 20.9 months. Preoperative shoulder abduction power was 0.48 M, preoperative external rotation power was 0 M, and those values at the end of the follow-up were 2.70 M and 2.4 M, respectively. All patients had type 1 patterns of the Gilbert and Mallet scales, with mean postoperative values of 3.2 and 3.5, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between these values. Conclusions: Limitations of this preliminary report are the short follow-up and the low number of cases. However, the functional results obtained are consistent with those from other reports, and they support the use of the spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in brachial plexus reconstructions requiring an extra-plexual contribution.

Combinación de transferencias nerviosas en el tratamiento de lesiones altas del plexo braquial / Combinaison des transferts nerveux dans le traitement des lésions du plexus brachial / Combined nerve transfers in the treatment of upper brachial plexus injuries

Introducción: en las lesiones altas del plexo braquial se dirige la recuperación de la abducción y flexión del hombro con transferencia del nervio espinal accesorio al nervio supraescapular. El nervio axilar se reconstruye con injertos nerviosos si hubiera disponibilidad de C5 o C6, o con transferencias nerviosas de ramas del tríceps o de intercostales. La flexión del codo se logra con fascículos nerviosos del cubital al nervio del bíceps. Objetivo: mostrar los resultados en una serie de pacientes con lesión alta del plexo braquial tratados con transferencias nerviosas. Métodos: se estudiaron 34 pacientes con lesión de C5-C6 operados entre 2003 y 2010. Se realizó neurotización del espinal al nervio supraescapular, transferencia de fascículos del cubital al nervio del bíceps y en algunos casos de rama del tríceps al nervio axilar. Las cirugías se hicieron entre los 4 y 12 meses de la lesión. Resultados: en los pacientes con neurotización del axilar con rama del tríceps se obtuvo 110 grados de abducción. La transferencia con fascículos del cubital al bíceps resultó buena, con 118 grados de flexión y fuerza M4; también fueron mejores y más rápidos que los reconstruidos con injertos de nervios. Con la transferencia del espinal accesorio se logró 35 grados de abducción del hombro a los 14 meses. Con el tiempo se recupera un poco más la abducción y aparece la rotación externa, esta última fue de 47 grados en 10 pacientes después de los 18 meses. Usar un nervio del tríceps al nervio axilar mejora la abducción del hombro, en 3 pacientes se logró 110 grados de abducción. Conclusión: hoy día se logran mejores resultados con técnicas de transferencias nerviosas en las lesiones altas del plexo braquial y es el estándar de tratamiento de las avulsiones de C5 y C6(AU)

Introduction: in upper brachial plexus injuries, recovery of shoulder abduction and flexion is based on spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer. The axillary nerve is reconstructed with nerve grafts if there is availability of C5 or C6, or with nerve transfers of triceps or intercostal branches. Elbow flexion is achieved with nerve fascicles from the cubital to the biceps nerve. Objective: present the results obtained in a series of patients with upper brachial plexus injuries treated with nerve transfers. Methods: a study was conducted of 34 patients with C5-C6 injuries operated on between 2003 and 2010. Spinal to suprascapular nerve neurotization was performed, as well as transfer of fascicles from the cubital to the biceps nerve, and in some cases of triceps branch to the axillary nerve. Surgery was performed within 4 to 12 months from the injury. Results: 110 degrees abduction was obtained in patients with axillary neurotization with triceps branch. Transfer with cubital to biceps fascicles was good, with 118 degrees flexion and M4 strength. They were also better and faster than those reconstructed with nerve grafts. 35 degrees shoulder abduction was achieved with spinal accessory transfer at 14 months. Over time, abduction is further restored, and external rotation appears. In 10 patients external rotation was 47 degrees after 18 months. Triceps to axillary nerve transfer improves shoulder abduction. 110 degrees abduction was achieved in 3 patients. Conclusion: better results are currently obtained with nerve transfer techniques in upper brachial plexus injuries. This is the standard treatment for C5 and C6 avulsions(AU)

Introduction: dans les lésions du plexus brachial, la correction de l'abduction et de la flexion de l'épaule est caractérisée par un transfert du nerf spinal accessoire sur le nerf supra-scapulaire. Le nerf axillaire est reconstruit par des greffes nerveuses si la racine C5 ou C6 est disponible, ou par des transferts nerveux des branches du muscle triceps ou des muscles intercostaux. La flexion du coude est rétablie grâce aux fascicules nerveux du cubital sur le nerf du muscle biceps. Objectifs: montrer les résultats d'une série de patients atteints de lésion du plexus brachial et traités par transferts nerveux. Méthodes: trente-et-quatre patients atteints de lésions des racines C5 et C6, opérés entre 2003 et 2010, ont été étudiés. Une neurotisation du nerf spinal sur le nerf supra-scapulaire, et un transfert des fascicules du cubital sur le nerf du biceps, et dans certains cas, de la branche du triceps sur le nerf axillaire, ont été réalisés. Résultats: une abduction de 110 degrés a été obtenue chez les patients traités par neurotisation du nerf axillaire avec une branche du triceps. Le transfert des fascicules du cubital sur le muscle biceps a été bon, avec une flexion de 118 degrés et force M4 ; ils ont été mieux et plus rapidement reconstruits que ceux des greffes nerveuses. Le transfert du nerf spinal accessoire a réussi une abduction de l'épaule de 35 degrés à 14 mois. L'abduction s'est récupérée avec le temps, et la rotation externe étant de 47 degrés chez 10 patients s'est rétablie après 18 mois. L'abduction de l'épaule s'est rétablie à l'aide d'un nerf du triceps sur le nerf axillaire (110 degrés chez 3 patients). Conclusion: aujourd'hui, de meilleurs résultats sont obtenus grâce aux techniques des transferts nerveux dans les lésions du plexus brachial, et c'est le traitement standard des avulsions de C5 et de C6(AU)

Neurotization from Two Medial Pectoral Nerves to Musculocutaneous Nerve in a Pediatric Brachial Plexus Injury

Traumatic brachial plexus injuries can be devastating, causing partial to total denervation of the muscles of the upper extremities. Surgical reconstruction can restore motor and/or sensory function following nerve injuries. Direct nerve-to-nerve transfers can provide a closer nerve source to the target muscle, thereby enhancing the quality and rate of recovery. Restoration of elbow flexion is the primary goal for patients with brachial plexus injuries. A 4-year-old right-hand-dominant male sustained a fracture of the left scapula in a car accident. He was treated conservatively. After the accident, he presented with motor weakness of the left upper extremity. Shoulder abduction was grade 3 and elbow flexor was grade 0. Hand function was intact. Nerve conduction studies and an electromyogram were performed, which revealed left lateral and posterior cord brachial plexopathy with axonotmesis. He was admitted to Rehabilitation Medicine and treated. However, marked neurological dysfunction in the left upper extremity was still observed. Six months after trauma, under general anesthesia with the patient in the supine position, the brachial plexus was explored through infraclavicular and supraclavicular incisions. Each terminal branch was confirmed by electrophysiology. Avulsion of the C5 roots and absence of usable stump proximally were confirmed intraoperatively. Under a microscope, neurotization from the musculocutaneous nerve to two medial pectoral nerves was performed with nylon 8-0. Physical treatment and electrostimulation started 2 weeks postoperatively. At a 3-month postoperative visit, evidence of reinnervation of the elbow flexors was observed. At his last follow-up, 2 years following trauma, the patient had recovered Medical Research Council (MRC) grade 4+ elbow flexors. We propose that neurotization from medial pectoral nerves to musculocutaneous nerve can be used successfully to restore elbow flexion in patients with brachial plexus injuries.

Neurotization of Brachial Plexus Injury / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the result of neurotization on brachial plexus injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 51 patients (87 procedures) who were observed for more than 18 months after neurotization were chosen as subjects. The average follow-up period was 62.8 months, the mean age of patients was 27.8 years, and the average time between the injury and operation was 6.1 months. We performed 60 procedures of the whole arm type, 26 procedures of the upper arm type and 1 procedure of the lower arm type. The intercostal nerve, spinal accessory nerve, the contralateral 7th cervical (C7) nerve, and the phrenic nerve were used as donor nerves. The British Research Council System was used to evaluate the extent of recovery of upper limb function, and the time to first recovery of the muscle was noted. We also analysed results according to the type of injury, time between injury and surgery, and age. RESULTS: 30 procedures showed excellent results, 34 procedures good, 9 procedures fair and 14 procedures poor. In 64 procedures (73.6%) recovery of muscle strength was good or better, and in 73 procedures (83.9%) a recovery of muscle contraction was observed. The earliest evidence of recovery of muscle contraction was observed 6.4 months after using the intercostal nerve. When the contralateral C7 nerve was used, muscle contraction was most delayed. Surgery performed soon after injury and in younger patients produced the best clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: We report that more than 2/3rds of the patients who received neurotization achieved at least a good result, which allowed a certain level of daily activity.

Multiple neurotization in Preganglionic Whole Arm Type of Brachial plexus injury / 대한정형외과학회잡지

In the whole arm type of brachial plexus injury, the nerve grafting method give the best result. As it is impossible, however to operate the preganglionic whole arm type by interfascicular nerve graft, the treatment of this type of injury is difficult. In this lesion, neurotization may be the only useful method. To evaluate it's efficacy, 38 cases of multiple neurotization have been reviewed. The follow up period was on average 45 months(24 months to 76 months). The results are as follows: 1. Motor or sensory improvement of good or better results was observed in 27 nerves(29%) and that of better-than-fair results in 54 nerves(57%). 2. The best results were obtained in patients less than thirty year old and in the patients where the operation was performed within the first six months after injury(19 cases, 42%). 3. The use of spinal accessory, phrenic, intercostal and supraclavicular nerves, as a source of neurotization produced similar results. Phrenic nerve neurotization was performed without any significant respiratory difficulty. 4. The results of neurotization were analysed by Kim's method. Functional recovery of the upper extremity showed relatively poor results. 5. Out of the 25 patients who had developed a painful syndrome before neurotization, 19 cases(60%) showed improvement of the symptom. Multiple neurotization in preganglionic whole arm type of brachial plexus injury is of a little value in improving upper extremity function. Nerve neurotization can not always make a paralysed upper limb useful, because it is impossible to control the digits and intrinsic muscles in the hand and to restorate fine sensation by it. Nevertheless, functional recovery of the paralyzed upper limb, compared with no previous muscle contraction, encourages patients who have suffered serious brachial plexus injuries to start an active their life again.

Study on Nerve Growth Factor in Promoting Muscular Neurotization of Denervated Vascularized Skeletal Muscle / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of nerve growth factor(NGF)in the process of muscular neurotization of denerva- ted vascularized skeletal muscle.Method By using NGF(0.5 ?g/d) to transplanted skeletal muscle,muscular neurotization was exa- mined with histological,histochemical,electron microscope and immunohistochemical methods at various time.Result NGF was effective in promoting muscular neurotization and diminishing denervated muscle atrophy in grafted denervated skeletal muscle.Conclusion NGF can promote the muscular neurotization and diminish denervated muscle atrophy.

Surgical Treatment of Brachial Plexus Injury / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The author has reviewed 62 patients with brachial plexus injuries who treated at Department of orthopaedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital during the period from Dec. 1978 to June 1985. Among these, conservative treatment was performed in 8 patients, 64 cases of 54 patients were treated by 4 types of operation, that is, exploration with neurolysis, neurorraphy, nerve graft and neurotization for restoration of elbow flexion, wrist, finger flexion and shoulder abduction. The patients were followed up more than one year to five years and eight months, average being two yesrs and six months. The whole arm type injury was the most common. The trunk level was the most common. The prognosis of whole arm type was the most severe. And the prognosis of supraclavicular lesion was worse than that of infraclavicular. There were two types of treatment, conservative treatment in 8 patients, operative treatment in 54 patients. By comparing results according to methods of treatment, neurotization with intercostal nerve were useful in avulsion cases of unsatisfactory results following neurolysis, neurorraphy and nerve graft. The operation time of the first three months to six months after injury gave the best chance of success. The result of conservative treatment in all 8 patients was poor.