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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 81(2): 343-350, 2021. tab, graf, mapas, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1153352

ABSTRACT

The composition of the diet of two species of characids (Knodus heteresthes and Moenkhausia lepidura) was evaluated in the Teles Pires and Juruena Rivers, sampled in September and October 2016. We analyzed 226 stomachs of K. heteresthes and 425 of M. lepidura. The analysis of the stomach contents was based on volumetric and frequency of occurrence methods, applying the food importance index. For the similarity of the diets between the species we calculated the niche overlap with Pianka's index. Both species in the Juruena River have a dietary preference for arthropods (IAi > 0.95). In the Teles Pires River the diet is concentrated in three sources for both species: arthropods (IAi > 0.52), vegetables (IAi > 0.33) and fish (IAi > 0.12). The diet was dissimilar when compared to environments (ANOSIM, R ≥ 0.57, p < 0.001) with high trophic niche overlap (α > 0.97), regardless of the sampled environment. In the Teles Pires River, both species were classified as omnivorous with an insectivorous tendency and in the Juruena River the insectivorous behaviour occurs.


Foram avaliadas a composição da dieta de duas espécies de Characideos (Knodus heteresthes e Moenkhausia lepidura) nos rios Teles Pires e Juruena, amostrados em setembro e outubro de 2016. Analisamos 226 estômagos de K. heteresthes e 425 de M. lepidura, sendo utilizados os métodos volumétrico e frequência de ocorrência, aplicando-se o índice de importância alimentar. Para a similaridade das dietas entre as espécies calculamos a sobreposição de nicho com índice de Pianka. Ambas as espécies no rio Juruena têm preferência alimentar por artrópodes (IAi > 0,95), no rio Teles Pires a dieta concentra-se em três fontes para ambas espécies: artrópodes (IAi > 0,52), vegetais (IAi > 0,33) e peixes (IAi > 0,12). A dieta é dissimilar quando comparados os ambientes (ANOSIM, R ≥ 0,57; p < 0,001), com alta sobreposição de nicho trófico (α > 0,97), independente do ambiente amostrado. No rio Teles Pires, ambas as espécies foram classificadas como onívoras com tendência insetívora e no rio Juruena ocorre o comportamento insetívoro.


Subject(s)
Animals , Arthropods , Characiformes , Characidae , Insecta , Vegetables , Brazil , Rivers , Eating
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 67(3)jun. 2019.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507521

ABSTRACT

Speciation is a multifactorial process with factors acting at different scales of space and time. Trophic niche segregation has promoted the diversification of cichlids fishes in lentic (lacustrine) environments, whether this is also the case in lotic (riverine) systems remains unknown. Herichthys is the genus of cichlids with the most boreal distribution in the Americas comprising 12 currently recognized species, most micro-endemic and only two with a wide distribution. In the present work, we analyzed the stomach content and lower pharyngeal jaw morphologies of the species of the genus to evaluate the possible role of feeding ecology in the diversification of the group. Trophic strategies varied widely, including omnivores, piscivores, invertivores, molluskivores, detritivores, herbivores and algivores. Low values of Pianka's index of niche overlap were found in the sympatric micro-endemic species, while in the widely distributed species the indices ranged from low to very high. The analysis of lower pharyngeal jaw morphologies allowed discriminating a shape associated with piscivorous species from other foraging groups. The results of this study suggest that trophic niche segregation is a factor that could promotes diversification within the genus Herichthys although additional studies need to be performed to fully understand the speciation process in this group of Neotropical cichlid fishes.


La especiación es un proceso con múltiples factores que actúan a diferentes escalas de espacio y tiempo. La segregación de nichos tróficos es un proceso que ha promovido la diversificación en cíclidos en entornos lacustres, pero en el caso de los ríos no está claro. Herichthys es un género de cíclidos cuya distribución es la más boreal en América, el cual comprende 12 especies actualmente reconocidas, la mayoría microendémicas y solo dos con una amplia distribución. En el presente trabajo, se analizó el contenido estomacal y las morfologías de la mandíbula faríngea inferior de las especies del género para compararlas y evaluar su posible papel en la diversificación del grupo. La dieta en dichas especies es muy variada e incluyó tanto especies que pueden ser consideradas omnívoras como especialistas. Se encontraron valores bajos del índice de solapamiento alimentario (índice de Pianka) en las especies simpátricas microendémicas, mientras que en las especies ampliamente distribuidas el índice fue muy variable. El análisis de morfometría geométrica de la mandíbula faríngea inferior permite discriminar dos formas principales, una que incluye la especie piscívora y otra que incluye a los otros grupos alimentarios. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio sugieren que la segregación de nicho trófico es un factor que promueve claramente la diversificación dentro del género Herichthys, aunque se deben realizar estudios adicionales para comprender completamente el proceso de especiación en este grupo de peces neotropicales.

3.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 25(2): 111-116, Apr.-Jun. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094307

ABSTRACT

Se analizó el solapamiento de las dietas de dos especies de gorriones en un agroecosistema de la costa central del Perú, una de las especies es invasora (Passer domesticus), mientras que la otra es nativa (Zonotrichia capensis). El presente trabajo muestra que a pesar de que Z. capensis tiene una dieta más diversa (H’= 2.07) que P. domesticus (H’=1.63), presentan alta similitud entre ellas (Dmax=0.15, p>0.05). El índice de Schoener fue ɸ=0.73 y junto con en el análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico muestran un amplio solapamiento en la dieta de ambos gorriones en los diferentes meses de evaluación. Estos resultados permiten concluir que existe un potencial impacto de la invasión de Passer domesticus sobre la especie nativa Zonotrichia capensis por presentar un marcado solapamiento del alimento.


We analyse the diet overlap of two species of sparrows in an agroecosystem of the Central Coast of Peru, one of the species is invasive House Sparrow, while the other is native Rufous-collared Sparrow. We show that although native species has a more diverse diet (H'= 2.07), than invasive species (H' = 1.63), they present high similarity between them (Dmax = 0.15, p> 0.05). The Schoener index was ɸ = 0.73 and together with the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis they show a broad diet overlap of both sparrows in the different months of evaluation. These results allow to conclude that there is a potential impact of the invasion of House Sparrow on the native species Rufous-collared Sparrow by food overlap.

4.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 18(3): e20180527, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951178

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The isotopic niche of Bagre bagre and Genidens barbus target of commercial fisheries in a marine coastal area from northern Rio de Janeiro State (~21ºS), south-eastern Brazil was compared to evaluate the feeding assimilation and the trophic relationship. The mean isotopic values of the catfishes and their food items in the δ13C-δ15N space were coherent with their respective trophic positions. The relative contributions of the food items highlighted the shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri as the most assimilated item in the diet of B. bagre, while for G. barbus the model highlighted the fish Porichthys porosissimus. The absence of niche overlap together with the trophic evenness point to a reduced feeding overlap between B. bagre and G. barbus in northern Rio de Janeiro State.


Resumo: O nicho isotópico de Bagre bagre e Genidens barbus alvos de pescarias comerciais em uma área costeira marinha do norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro (~21ºS), sudeste do Brasil, foi comparado para avaliar a assimilação alimentar e a relação trófica. Os valores isotópicos médios dos bagres e de seus itens alimentares em δ13C-δ15N foram coerentes com suas respectivas posições tróficas. As contribuições relativas dos itens alimentares destacaram o camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri como o item mais assimilado na dieta de B. bagre, enquanto para G. barbus o modelo destacou o peixe Porichthys porosissimus. A ausência de sobreposição de nicho juntamente com a uniformidade trófica aponta para uma sobreposição alimentar reduzida entre B. bagre e G. barbus no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

5.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 15(2): e160125, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-955181

ABSTRACT

Food webs are not static entities; consumer resource interactions vary in both time and space, which complicates depiction and comparisons of food web structures. We estimated fish assemblage structure and diets in two clear-water streams in the Venezuelan Llanos region (Charcote and Charcotico) and constructed trophic networks (sub-webs defined by fishes as the principal consumers) during four periods of the annual flood pulse. As stream conditions changed from high-water to low-water, we hypothesized that: 1) the piscivore-non-piscivore ratio would increase; 2) dietary diversity would decrease; 3) interspecific dietary overlap would decline; 4) fewer allochthonous food items would be consumed; and 5) food-web connectance would increase. The piscivore-non-piscivore abundance ratio was higher in both streams during the low-water period. Dietary diversity declined as water levels dropped and availability of aquatic habitats and resources declined, but interspecific dietary overlap was not lower. Contrary to our hypothesis, average interspecific dietary overlap increased at Charcote as the dry season progressed, even though dietary overlap among species was significantly lower than expected by chance. We did not find strong support for our hypotheses regarding seasonal patterns of consumption of allochthonous resources and food web connectance, both of which revealed little seasonal variation.(AU)


Redes alimentares não são entidades estáticas; interações entre consumidores e recursos variam no tempo e no espaço, o que complica as representações das estruturas de redes alimentares. Nós estimamos a estrutura da assembléia de peixes e dieta em dois riachos de água clara na região venezuelana dos Llanos (Charcote e Charcotico) e construímos redes tróficas (sub-redes definidas por peixes como os principais consumidores) para quatro períodos do pulso anual de inundação. À medida que as condições dos riachos mudam de águas altas para águas baixas, nós hipotetizamos que: 1) a razão piscívoros e não piscívoros irá aumentar; 2) a diversidade da dieta irá diminuir; 3) a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica irá diminuir; 4) menos itens alimentares alóctones serão consumidos; e 5) a conectância da teia alimentar irá aumentar. A razão da abundância de piscívoros e não piscívoros foi maior em ambos riachos durante a estação de águas baixas. A diversidade da dieta declinou à medida que as águas baixavam e a disponibilidade de habitats aquáticos e recursos declinavam, mas a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica não foi menor. Contrária à nossa hipótese, a média de sobreposição alimentar interespecífica aumentou no Charcote à medida que a estação cheia progrediu, mesmo com a sobreposição alimentar significativamente menor do que o esperado ao acaso. Não encontramos forte suporte para nossas hipóteses relacionadas aos padrões sazonais de consumo de recursos alóctones e conectância da cadeia trófica, os quais revelaram pouca variação sazonal.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Seasons , Trophic Levels/analysis , Freshwater Biology/trends , Fishes/metabolism
6.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1467425

ABSTRACT

Abstract The composition of the diet of two species of characids (Knodus heteresthes and Moenkhausia lepidura) was evaluated in the Teles Pires and Juruena Rivers, sampled in September and October 2016. We analyzed 226 stomachs of K. heteresthes and 425 of M. lepidura. The analysis of the stomach contents was based on volumetric and frequency of occurrence methods, applying the food importance index. For the similarity of the diets between the species we calculated the niche overlap with Piankas index. Both species in the Juruena River have a dietary preference for arthropods (IAi > 0.95). In the Teles Pires River the diet is concentrated in three sources for both species: arthropods (IAi > 0.52), vegetables (IAi > 0.33) and fish (IAi > 0.12). The diet was dissimilar when compared to environments (ANOSIM, R 0.57, p 0.001) with high trophic niche overlap ( > 0.97), regardless of the sampled environment. In the Teles Pires River, both species were classified as omnivorous with an insectivorous tendency and in the Juruena River the insectivorous behaviour occurs.


Resumo Foram avaliadas a composição da dieta de duas espécies de Characideos (Knodus heteresthes e Moenkhausia lepidura) nos rios Teles Pires e Juruena, amostrados em setembro e outubro de 2016. Analisamos 226 estômagos de K. heteresthes e 425 de M. lepidura, sendo utilizados os métodos volumétrico e frequência de ocorrência, aplicando-se o índice de importância alimentar. Para a similaridade das dietas entre as espécies calculamos a sobreposição de nicho com índice de Pianka. Ambas as espécies no rio Juruena têm preferência alimentar por artrópodes (IAi > 0,95), no rio Teles Pires a dieta concentra-se em três fontes para ambas espécies: artrópodes (IAi > 0,52), vegetais (IAi > 0,33) e peixes (IAi > 0,12). A dieta é dissimilar quando comparados os ambientes (ANOSIM, R 0,57; p 0,001), com alta sobreposição de nicho trófico ( > 0,97), independente do ambiente amostrado. No rio Teles Pires, ambas as espécies foram classificadas como onívoras com tendência insetívora e no rio Juruena ocorre o comportamento insetívoro.

7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(2): 603-615, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-843301

ABSTRACT

ResumenLos peces exhiben diversas estrategias de alimentación que pueden sufrir modificaciones a través de la ontogenia o estacionalmente con implicaciones ecológicas en las cadenas tróficas. Aún cuando se reconoce la importancia de los peces como depredadores tope, la dieta de muchos de ellos es todavía escasamente conocida, especialmente de aquellos que habitan las lagunas someras densamente cubiertas de vegetación. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la dieta de Characidium rachovii y Pyrrhulina australis de diferentes clases de tamaños (I, II y III) durante el invierno y el verano y estimar la amplitud de su nicho trófico. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en dos lagos someros alimentados por lluvias (Lagunas Soto y Pampin, provincia de Corrientes) entre julio 2011 y agosto 2012. Se examinaron los contenidos estomacales de 104 individuos de C. rachovii y de 91 especímenes de P. australis. La curva de acumulación indicó que el número de estómagos analizados fue representativo para ambas especies. En el contenido estomacal se reconocieron 23 ítems alimenticios en C. rachovii y 28 en P. australis. Ambas especies consumieron preferentemente cladóceros y larvas de quironómidos según el índice de importancia relativa (IRI) y mostraron un elevado solapamiento en sus dietas (85 %) de acuerdo al índice de Morisita. Sin embargo, la diversidad de ítems y la amplitud del nicho trófico fue mayor en P. australis (1D = 8.86; B = 4.76) respecto de C. rachovii (1D = 3.37; B = 2.25). Se registraron diferencias significativas en la dieta de las tres tallas consideradas para P. australis (χ2, p < 0.01) y entre las tallas I y III de C. rachovii (χ2, p = 0.03). En ambas especies la diversidad de ítems alimenticios aumentó con el incremento de sus tallas. Las diferencias en la dieta entre estaciones fueron significativas para las dos especies (χ2, p < 0.0001). La alta superposición en las dietas, indica que ambas especies utilizan predominantemente los mismos recursos. A pesar de esto, tanto el número de ítems presa como la diversidad y la amplitud del nicho trófico, indican que estas especies utilizan estrategias distintas, ya que C. rachovii mostró una tendencia a la especialización en el consumo de microcrustáceos; mientras que P. australis exhibió un espectro trófico más amplio, incorporando insectos de áreas litorales y de la comunidad terrestre. Las lagunas estudiadas están sujetas a una creciente urbanización en sus márgenes, motivo por el cual si el recurso trófico predominante en el ambiente disminuye por aumento de la acción antrópica, las especies en estudio podrían competir por el alimento dado el elevado solapamiento de su nicho trófico.


AbstractFishes display diverse feeding strategies that may undergo modifications through ontogeny or seasonally with ecological implications in the food webs. Even though the significance of fishes as top predators is recognized, the diet of many of them is still scarcely known; especially in fish that inhabit shallow lakes densely vegetated. The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of Characidium rachovii and Pyrrhulina australis of different size classes (I, II and III); during winter and summer, and estimate their trophic niche breadth. The field work was carried out in two shallow lakes fed by rain (Soto and Pampin lake, Corrientes province), from July 2011 to August 2012. The stomach contents of 104 individuals of C. rachovii and 91 specimens of P. australis were examined. Accumulation curve showed that the number of analyzed stomachs was representative for both species. Twenty three food items for C. rachovii and twenty eight for P. australis were recognized in the gut contents. According to the index of relative importance (IRI), both species feed preferably on cladocerans and midges (Chironomidae), and both species showed a large overlap in their diets (85 %), according to Morisita index. However the diversity of food items and the trophic niche breadth of P. australis (1D = 8.86; B = 4.76) were higher than C. rachovii (1D = 3.37; B = 2.25). Significant differences were observed in the diet of three sizes of P. australis (χ2, p < 0.01) and between the sizes I and III of C. rachovii (χ2, p = 0.03). In both species the diversity of food items increased with increasing their size. Between seasons, the diet differences were significant for both species (χ2, p < 0.0001). The high feeding overlap indicates that both species mostly use the same resources. Notwithstanding this, both the number of food items as the diversity and breadth of the trophic niche, suggest that these species use different feeding strategies, C. rachovii showed a trend towards specialization in microcrustacean consumption; while P. australis exhibited a broader trophic spectrum, incorporating insects from littoral areas and from the terrestrial community. The loss of the trophic dominant resource, by increasing urbanization on the margin of the studied shallow lakes, could lead to increased competition, due to the wide diet overlap in both species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Characiformes/physiology , Gastrointestinal Contents , Argentina , Seasons , Lakes , Characiformes/classification
8.
Acta biol. colomb ; 21(2): 365-377, mai.-ago. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-781904

ABSTRACT

Con el fin de caracterizar la distribución horizontal (repartición de los hábitats) y la utilización del recurso alimentario (tipo y tamaño de las presas) del ensamblaje de reptiles del bosque seco estacional al norte de la región Caribe de Colombia, en el departamento del Cesar, se realizaron cinco salidas de campo con una duración de doce días cada una. Los muestreos se realizaron en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas, en un diseño de transectos replicados a lo largo de diferentes hábitats que incluyeron: pastizales, bordes e interiores de bosque. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de uso de hábitat en un perfil de vegetación por cada época climática y análisis de amplitud y sobreposición de nicho. Se registraron 38 especies de 14 familias del orden Squamata. Las especies se distribuyeron de manera homogénea entre zonas abiertas y boscosas. Se encontraron registros de 31 categorías de presa en 109 estómagos de seis especies de serpientes (61 estómagos) y siete de lagartos (48 estómagos) con un porcentaje de estómagos vacíos de 38 %. Las presas de mayor importancia para los lagartos fueron Coleoptera y Araneae, y para las serpientes fueron los anfibios. La mayoría de las especies presentaron un amplio espectro de dieta y entre especies similares, como entre Anolis auratus y A. gaigei, se presentó uso de recursos similares. En síntesis, el ensamblaje de reptiles presentó una distribución homogénea en los hábitats evaluados (áreas abiertas y boscosas) y el recurso alimentario fue variado entre las diferentes especies; la estacionalidad de la zona presenta un papel fundamental en la estructura del ensamblaje de reptiles, presentándose menos abundancia durante la época seca, tanto en las áreas abiertas como en las boscosas.


We assessed the horizontal distribution and use of the food resource of the reptile's assemblage of the seasonal tropical dry forest in the North of the Caribbean region of Colombia, department of Cesar. Five fieldtrips of 12 days each were performed, sampling was diurnal and nocturnal, following a transect design replicated along different habitats including grasslands, edge and interior of forest. We performed descriptive analyzes of habitat use, using a profile of vegetation by each climatic period; we also did an analysis of amplitude and niche overlap. We recorded 38 species of 14 families of the Squamata order. Species distributed evenly between open and forested areas. Record of 31 categories of prey in 109 stomachs of six species snakes (61 stomachs) and seven of lizards (48 stomachs) with a percentage of empty stomachs of 38 % was found. The preys of greater importance for the lizards were Coleoptera and Araneae and for snakes, amphibians. Most of the species presented a wide range of diet and between similar species, such as Anolis auratus and A.gaigei, found a similar use of resources. In summary, the assembly of reptiles presented a homogeneous distribution in the habitats evaluated (forested and open areas) and the food resource varied among the different species; the seasonality of the area plays a fundamental role on the structure of this reptile assembly with less abundance during the dry season in both, open and forested habitats.

9.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 37(4): 483-489, Oct.-Dec. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-875972

ABSTRACT

Regional-level studies of floral resources used by social bees for honey production can contribute to the improvement of management strategies for bee pastures and colonies, by identifying the most visited flowers and thus characterizing the various geographical origins of honey. The objective of this study was to investigate, through pollen analysis, the types of pollen and nectar sources used by the uruçu bee (Melipona scutellaris L.) in the North Coast of Bahia. Honey samples were taken monthly from five colonies in an apiary from August 2010 to July 2011. Pollen analysis of honey was performed by using the acetolysis method, followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen grains. Fifty pollen types belonging to 40 genera and 17 families were identified. The results indicate predominance of pollen types belonging to the families Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, which suggests that the bees preferred foraging from trees and shrubs. These plants should be included in regional reforestation projects in order to improve management of this bee species and honey production.


Estudos em nível regional dos recursos florísticos utilizados por abelhas sociais para a produção de mel podem contribuir para a melhoria das estratégias de manejo do pasto meliponícola e das colônias, através da identificação das flores mais visitadas, e dessa forma caracterizar a origem geográfica do mel. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar, por meio da análise polínica, os tipos de vegetação fornecedora de néctar e pólen para a abelha uruçu (Melipona scutellaris L.) no Litoral Norte da Bahia. Foram realizadas coletas quinzenais em 5 colônias de meliponário, de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011. A análise polínica do mel foi conduzida através do método da acetólise, seguida por análise quali -quantitativa dos grãos de pólen. Foram identificados 50 tipos polínicos pertencentes a 40 gêneros e 17 famílias. Os resultados apontam para a dominância dos tipos polínicos pertencentes às famílias Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, sugerindo que essas abelhas preferem forragear em árvores e arbustos. Esses tipos vegetais predominantes devem ser incluídos nos projetos regionais de reflorestamento, visando favorecer o manejo dessa espécie de abelha e melhorar a produção de mel.


Subject(s)
Hymenoptera , Pollen , Bees
10.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 13(3): 29-33, 2013. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-693989

ABSTRACT

The trophic niche of the sympatric predators Pontoporia blainvillei (franciscana dolphin) and Trichiurus lepturus (ribbonfish) was compared by stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) ratios in hepatic and muscular tissues to understand how they co-exist in the northern Rio de Janeiro State (21°30′S-22°15′S), south-eastern Brazil. Dolphin specimens were incidentally captured through commercial gillnet fisheries, while fish specimens were the target of these fisheries. The predators had similar δ15N values in the liver (P. blainvillei: 14.6 ± 1.0‰; T. lepturus: 14.4 ± 0.6‰), which indicates similar trophic position in the recent food intake. However, P. blainvillei showed lighter δ15N values in muscle (13.8 ± 1.0‰) than T. lepturus (15.0 ± 0.4‰), revealing differences in the long term diet that could be related with the prey size ingested. The δ13C signatures showed a preferential inshore and benthic food chain for P. blainvillei (liver: −15.2 ± 0.6‰; muscle: −16.0 ± 0.5‰) and a more offshore and pelagic food chain for T. lepturus (liver: −17.2 ± 0.6‰; muscle: −16.8 ± 0.3‰). The isotopic variances of liver and muscle revealed a broader niche width to P. blainvillei in relation to T. lepturus, with a greater use of available food resources in coastal waters. In the area of study, the differences in habitat use and exploitation of food resources are favoring the predators' coexistence.


O nicho trófico dos predadores simpátricos Pontoporia blainvillei (golfinho franciscana) e Trichiurus lepturus (peixe-espada) foi comparado através de razões de isótopos estáveis (δ15N and δ13C) nos tecidos hepático e muscular para compreender como eles coexistem no norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (21°30′S-22°15′S), sudeste do Brasil. Os espécimes do golfinho foram capturados acidentalmente em pescarias comerciais com rede de espera, enquanto os espécimes do peixe foram alvo dessas pescarias. Os predadores apresentaram valores similares de δ15N no fígado (P. blainvillei: 14.6 ± 1.0; T. lepturus: 14.4 ± 0.6), o que indica posição trófica semelhante quanto à ingestão alimentar recente. No entanto, P. blainvillei apresentou valores mais leves de δ15N no músculo (13.8 ± 1.0) em relação a T. lepturus (15.0 ± 0.4), revelando diferenças na dieta de longo prazo que podem estar relacionadas ao tamanho das presas ingeridas. As assinaturas de δ13C indicaram uma cadeia alimentar preferencialmente costeira e bentônica para P. blainvillei (fígado: −15.2 ± 0.6; músculo: −16.0 ± 0.5) e uma cadeia alimentar mais oceânica e pelágica para T. lepturus (fígado: −17.2 ± 0.6; músculo: −16.8 ± 0.3). As variâncias isotópicas do fígado e do músculo revelaram uma maior amplitude de nicho para P. blainvillei em relação a T. lepturus, com maior aproveitamento dos recursos alimentares disponíveis em águas costeiras. Na área de estudo, as diferenças no uso do habitat e na exploração de recursos alimentares estão favorecendo a coexistência dos predadores.

11.
Rev. biol. trop ; 60(4): 1491-1501, Dec. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662223

ABSTRACT

The stingless bees are important flowers visitors of several plant species, due to their feeding habits and foraging behavior, constituting an important group to maintain biodiversity and the dynamics of tropical communities. Among stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula is widely distributed in tropical habitats, and has been considered an important pollinator of different plant families. To support a rational economic use of this group, there is a need to characterize the plant species that represent important sources as part of their diet, as preferred, alternative or casual food sources. The aim of this survey was to distinguish the plant species that T. angustula visited most often. The study was undertaken in four regions of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) over a year from March 2008 to February 2009. For this, we collected bees, flowering plants and bee pollen loads from the four sites, and evaluated pollen morphology in the laboratory. Field observations showed the presence of plants belonging to ten different families and pollen loads showed the presence of pollen types belonging to 26 plant families. There were strong differences between pollen types, especially regarding pollen grain shape. The present survey suggests a high value of these plant species as trophic resources for the T. angustula in the understory of Atlantic Rainforest. Changes in these fragments of this forest may compromise the availability of resources for Tetragonisca angustula species and other stingless bees.


Para apoyar el uso racional de las abejas sin aguijón, es necesario conocer las especies de plantas que actúan como fuentes de recursos para estas abejas en su ambiente natural. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de plantas que fueron visitadas con mayor frecuencia por abejas Tetragonisca angustula y describir los granos de polen de estas plantas. El estudio se realizó en la Mata Atlántica, donde se recogieron las abejas, las plantas con flores y el polen de las cargas corbiculares de las abejas obreras. La observación de campo mostró la presencia de plantas pertenecientes a diez familias y las cargas de polen mostraron la presencia de tipos de polen pertenecientes a 26 familias botánicas. Hubo grandes diferencias entre los tipos de polen, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta la ornamentación de los granos de polen. Este estudio sugiere un alto valor de estas especies de plantas como recursos tróficos para las abejas jataí en el sub-bosque de la Mata Atlántica. Las alteraciones de los fragmentos de bosque pueden afectar la disponibilidad de recursos para Tetragonisca angustula y otras abejas sin aguijón y ser un gran obstáculo para la su crianza sostenible.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bees/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Pollen/classification , Trees , Brazil , Species Specificity
12.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 12(4): 258-262, Oct.-Dec. 2012. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-663944

ABSTRACT

In this study, we present some information of the regarding throphic niche from the anuran toad Rhinella icterica living in high altitudes above 2000 m a.s.l. from a habitat of the Atlantic Forest Biome - the Altitude Fields in the Itatiaia National Park. We found 150 prey items in toad stomachs, belonging to five prey types, as well as skin remains and some remains of plant material. The index of relative importance indicated that most important prey types were beetles and ants, these last composing 70% of the diet numerically and the trophic niche breadth (B) was 1.81. The relatively low diversity of prey types we recorded in the diet of R. icterica of Itatiaia and numerically dominated by ants suggests some preference for this item. We do not found significant relationship between the toad measurements with the preys' measurements. We concluded that R. icterica toads at the highlands of Itatiaia feeds on arthropods, mainly ants and coleopterans and that the high consumption of preys with relatively small and similar size as ants in the diet prevents an expected relationship among frog body or mouth size and prey volume and size.


No presente estudo apresentamos informações sobre o nicho trófico de uma espécie de anuro que reside em altitudes elevadas da Mata Atlântica. Descrevemos a dieta do sapo Rhinella icterica em altitudes acima de 2000 m em áreas de Campos de Altitude no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Encontramos 150 itens nos estômagos analisados de R. icterica, divididos em apenas cinco categorias de presa, além de vestígios da própria pele do anuro e restos vegetais. O índice de importância relativa indicou que besouros e formigas foram os itens mais importantes sendo que formigas representam 70% dos itens ingeridos. A amplitude de nicho trófico (B) foi de 1,81. O reduzido número de categorias alimentares, bem como o elevado número de formigas na dieta sugere que R. icterica apresente uma preferência por este item. Não encontramos nenhuma relação significativa entre as dimensões do anuro com as dimensões das presas. Concluímos que a população de R. icterica que habita os campos de altitude de Itatiaia alimentam-se de artrópodes, principalmente formigas e besouros. O alto consumo de presas com tamanho relativamente semelhante e pequeno como, por exemplo, formigas, impede uma relação esperada entre o tamanho do corpo do anuro ou o tamanho de sua mandíbula e tamanho e volume de presas.

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