ABSTRACT
Objective: With nonionic surfactants as the carrier material to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid (GC) niosomes (NI) and to evaluate the quality. Methods: The thin film dispersion-ultrasound method was used for establishing the preparation process of GC - NI, reverse dialysis method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method were used to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE), the prescription and preparation process were optimized through single factor and central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), and the properties of morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, and EE in optimized NI were investigated. Results: The optimum prescription process as Span 80-cholesterol was 2:1, hydration temperature was 70℃, hydration time was 51 min, ultrasonic time was 60 min, its forecast EE was 80.66%, bias between the observed and predicted values was 4.95%, and regression coefficient of binomial fitting complex model was as high as 0.989 9. Conclusion: CCD-RSM is used to optimize the preparation, which has the stable, feasible, high precision, and good predictability advantage.
ABSTRACT
El siguiente estudio tuvo como objetivo aislar seis diferentes cepas bacterianas provenientes de las descargas de agua utilizadas en la tintura de hilo con colorante índigo, que tuviesen capacidad de degradación de compuestos orgánicos del tinte índigo y tres surfactantes de tipo no iónicos. Igualmente, se evaluaron diferentes medios de soporte para inmovilizar las cepas seleccionadas. Las cepas con mejor capacidad de decoloración se combinaron para conformar cuatro consorcios (I, II, III, y IV) con el fin de potenciar el proceso de decoloración, considerando que la sinergia y el complemento de actividades metabólicas de cultivos mixtos dentro de una comunidad microbiana incrementan la eficiencia de remoción de carga orgánica. Los porcentajes de remoción que se alcanzaron fueron 64, 73, 76 y 59 %, respectivamente. Los cultivos individuales no presentaron porcentajes de remoción superiores a los reportados por los consorcios, lo que permite pensar en su utilización para la remoción de tintes índigos en aguas residuales.
The aim of this study was isolate six different bacterial strains from water discharges used in dyeing yarn with indigo, capable of degradation of organic compounds with indigo dye and three type nonionic surfactants. Similarly, various supporting media were evaluated for immobilizing the selected strains. Strains with better capacity were combined to form four consortia (I, II, III, and IV) in order to enhance the bleaching process, whereas synergy and complement metabolic activities of mixed cultures within a community increase microbial removal efficiency of organic load. Removal percentages were achieved which were 64, 73, 76 and 59%, respectively. Individual cultures showed no higher than rates reported by consortia removal, which suggests in its use for the removal of indigo dyes in wastewater.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Baptisia tinctoria , Textiles , Mother TinctureABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to formulate a modified proniosomal gel (HMPG) of hydroxyzine hydrochloride. HMPG formulations were prepared by coacervation phase separation technique with different combination of non-ionic surfactants (Tweens and Spans) with phospholipids such as phospholipon 80H and 90H. Taguchi design of experiments was used to optimize the various formulation variables. The optimized HMPG formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, SEM, FTIR, in vitro diffusion study, exvivo permeation, skin deposition, skin irritation and stability studies. Tween 60: Span 40 with Phospholipon 90 H formulation (H90-5) showed the highest entrapment efficiency of 94.8%. In vitro drug release was found to be as low as 1.33%, exvivo drug permeation into the skin showed only 1.18 % and drug deposition in the SC was found to be 88.24% at the end of 24 hr. The H90-5 formulation was found to be stable for three months at refrigeration temperature. The results revealed that modified proniosomal formulations of hydroxyzine hydrochloride were suitable for topical drug delivery system for the treatment of localized urticaria.
ABSTRACT
Multiple emulsions have been proposed to have numerous uses including their use for enhancement of bioavailability or as a prolonged drug delivery system. But the inherent instability of this system needs to be overcome before they find potential application in pharmaceuticals. Multiple emulsions are often stabilized using a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfactants. The ratio of these surfactants is important in achieving stable multiple emulsions. Atorvastatin was selected as a model drug to study the potential of multiple emulsion to improve bioavailability with the hypothesis that improvement of drug release profile will reflect the enhancement of bioavailability of the drug. The objective of this study was to prepare multiple emulsion of Atorvastatin by two step emulsification using nonionic surfactants, and evaluate for stability, percentage drug entrapment, in-vitro & ex-vivo drug release. Different formulation variables like type & proportion of primary & secondary emulsifier and phase volume ration of internal phase:external phase; and process variables like speed & time of stirring during primary & secondary emulsification were optimized to get stable multiple emulsion with high entrapment efficiency. The study concluded that stable multiple emulsion with high entrapment efficiency can be prepared by two step emulsification method using Span60 as primary and Tween80 as secondary emulsifier at 30:70 phase volume ratio of internal phase:external phase with optimized speed of stirring at 5000 r/min for 10 mins for primary emulsification and 1500 r/min for 7 mins for secondary emulsification.