Factores pronósticos de muerte en pacientes con bacteriemia asociada al catéter venoso central / Prognostic factors for death in patients with central venous catheter-associated bacteraemia / Fatores prognósticos para morte em pacientes com bacteremia associada a cateter venoso central

RESUMEN Introducción: los pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) tienen un riesgo elevado de adquirir infecciones asociadas a la propia atención sanitaria. Objetivo: identificar los factores pronósticos de Bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéter venoso central. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico prospectivo, en pacientes que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Docente General Milanés de Bayamo, Granma, en el periodo 2017-2019. Resultados: en el análisis univariado resultaron factores influyentes de muerte, con significación estadística y en orden de asociación: la presencia de hipoalbuminemia, (OR: 10,05; p: 0,027; IC 95%); el uso de catéter venoso central por más de 7 días, (OR 8,333; p 0,006; IC 95%) y la edad menor de 1 año (OR 3,631; p 0,036 IC 95%). No presentaron significación estadística la presencia de comorbilidad (OR 2,860; p 0,112; IC 95%) ni el sexo masculino (OR 2,603; p 0,219; IC 95%). El análisis multivariado mostró que el factor con independencia más importante fue la presencia de hipoalbuminemia, (OR 6,888; p 0,032; IC 95%), seguido del uso de catéter venoso central por más de 7 días (OR 4,822; p 0,016; IC 95%). Conclusiones: los factores investigados, contribuyeron al riesgo de morir por bacteriemia asociada al uso del catéter venoso central excepto el sexo y la presencia de comorbilidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: pediatric patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) have a high risk of acquiring infections associated with their own health care. Objective: to identify the prognostic factors of Bacteremia associated with the use of a central venous catheter. Methods: a prospective analytical observational study was carried out in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Docente General Milanés de Bayamo, Granma, in the period 2017-2019. Results: in the univariate analysis, factors influencing death were found, with statistical significance and in order of association: the presence of hypoalbuminemia, (OR: 10.05; p: 0.027; 95% CI); the use of a central venous catheter for more than 7 days (OR 8.333; p 0.006; 95% CI) and age less than 1 year (OR 3.631; p 0.036 95% CI). The presence of comorbidity (OR 2.860; p 0.112; 95% CI) or male sex (OR 2.603; p 0.219; 95% CI) did not show statistical significance. The multivariate analysis showed that the most important independent factor was the presence of hypoalbuminemia, (OR 6.888; p 0.032; 95% CI), followed by the use of a central venous catheter for more than 7 days (OR 4.822; p 0.016; CI 95 %). Conclusions: the investigated factors contributed to the risk of dying from bacteraemia associated with the use of the central venous catheter, except for sex and the presence of comorbidity.

RESUMO Introdução: pacientes pediátricos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) apresentam alto risco de adquirir infecções associadas aos próprios cuidados de saúde. Objetivo: identificar os fatores prognósticos da Bacteremia associada ao uso de cateter venoso central. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico prospectivo em pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Docente General Milanés de Bayamo, Granma, no período 2017-2019. Resultados: na análise univariada, foram encontrados fatores que influenciam o óbito, com significância estatística e em ordem de associação: presença de hipoalbuminemia, (OR: 10,05; p: 0,027; IC95%); uso de cateter venoso central por mais de 7 dias (OR 8,333; p 0,006; IC 95%) e idade menor que 1 ano (OR 3,631; p 0,036 IC 95%). A presença de comorbidade (OR 2,860; p 0,112; IC 95%) ou sexo masculino (OR 2,603; p 0,219; IC 95%) não apresentou significância estatística. A análise multivariada mostrou que o fator independente mais importante foi a presença de hipoalbuminemia, (OR 6,888; p 0,032; IC 95%), seguido do uso de cateter venoso central por mais de 7 dias (OR 4,822; p 0,016; IC 95 %). Conclusões: os fatores investigados contribuíram para o risco de morrer por bacteriemia associada ao uso do cateter venoso central, exceto sexo e presença de comorbidade.

Analysis of Demographic Profiles among Cases of Isolates of Enterococci at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Therapy for infections due to Vancomycinresistant Enterococci presents real challenge for the clinician.Despite increasing reports of VRE from different countries,there is a paucity of information on this issue from our country.Hence, the present study aims to study of demographic profileamong cases of isolates of Enterococci from various clinicalsamples of PBM and associated group of hospital SPMC,Bikaner up to the species level.Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study wascarried out in the Department of Microbiology, S.P.M.C.Bikaner over a period of one year. 194 isolates of Enterococcalwere obtained from various clinical samples of patientsattending P.B.M. Hospital, Bikaner.Results: The maximum number of samples (30.41%) wasisolated from patients in the 0-10 year age group. It should benoted that out of the 59 patients in this group, 21 (35.59%)were <1year old. The mean age of incidence of enterococcalinfections was 31.53 years. 21 babies included in the 0-10 yearage group were <1 year old. Out of the 194 enterococcalisolates, 79 (40.72%) were from female patients, and 115(59.28%) were from male patients.Conclusion: Majority of the isolates were from the pediatricage group as the maximum number of samples was isolatedfrom patients in the 0-10 year age group The E.faecium strainsshowed a higher percentage of resistance to all the antibioticstested, as compared to the E.faecalis strains.

Epidemiología y pronóstico de pacientes con infección del torrente sanguíneo en 10 hospitales de Colombia / Epidemiology and prognosis of patients with bloodstream infection in 10 hospitals in Colombia

Background: Knowing the local epidemiology and etiology of bloodstream infections allows tailoring the empirical initial antimicrobial therapy to obtain a better outcome for these episodes. Aim: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological aspects as well as the factors associated with mortality in patients with bloodstream infection in Colombian hospitals. Methods: Sub-analysis of a prospective cohort study of 375 consecutive patients with bloodstream infection in 10 hospitals in Colombia, admitted between September first 2007 and Febrnary 29, 2008. Results: The most frequently isolated bacteria were Gram-negative bacilli in 54% of patients, followed by Gram-positive cocci in 38.4%. The source of infection was known in 67%, unknown in 24% and associated with intravascular catheter in 9%. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (46%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%). Staphylococcus aureus was methicillin sensitive in 82% of patients (46/56). Overall 28-day mortality was 25% and their independent associated factors were age, SOFA score and APACHE II score. Conclusions: In our study the most frequently isolated bacteria in bloodstream infections were Gram-negative bacilli, contrasting those reported in developed countries. The overall mortality rate was high and the factors associated with mortality were age and severity scores.

Introducción: Conocer la epidemiología y etiología regional de las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo permite orientar una terapia antimicrobiana inicial empírica mejorando el resultado final del episodio. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, microbiológicos y factores asociados a la mortalidad de pacientes con infección del torrente sanguíneo en hospitales colombianos. Métodos: Sub-análisis de cohorte prospectivo de 375 pacientes consecutivos en 10 hospitales de Colombia con diagnóstico de infección del torrente sanguíneo, hospitalizados entre 1 de septiembre de 2007 y 29 de febrero de 2008. Resultados: Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron los bacilos gramnegativos en 54% de los pacientes; seguidos por las cocáceas grampositivas en 38,4%. La fuente de infección fue secundaria a un foco conocido en 67%, desconocido en 24% y asociada a catéter intravascular en 9%. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Escherichia coli 46%, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa 16%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 8,9% y Staphylococcus aureus 7,8%. Staphylococcus aureus fue sensible a meticilina en 82% de los pacientes (46/56). La mortalidad global fue de 25%. Los factores asociados con mayor mortalidad fueron: edad, puntaje SOFA y puntaje APACHE II. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados en pacientes que cursaron con bacteriemia fueron los bacilos gramnegativos, a diferencia de lo reportado en países desarrollados. La mortalidad general es alta y los factores asociados con riesgo de muerte fueron: la edad y los mayores puntajes de gravedad.

Análisis microbiológico, epidemiológico y evolución clínica de los pacientes con bacteriemia en el Hospital Zonal de Esquel en el período 2007-2009 / Microbiological and epidemiological analysis, and clinical outcome of patients with bloodstream infection from an Esquel hospital in the period 2007-2009

Con el objetivo de analizar los episodios de bacteriemia, se revisaron los informes de los hemocultivos y las historias clínicas de 867 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Zonal de Esquel en un período de 29 meses. La incidencia de bacteriemias significativas fue de 10/1000 admisiones/año. El 47% fueron bacteriemias adquiridas en la comunidad (BAC), el 22% fueron bacteriemias nosocomiales (BNO) y el 31% fueron bacteriemias asociadas al cuidado de salud (BACS). Los 5 grupos de microorganismos predominantes fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. y estafilococos coagulasa negativos. Los focos infecciosos más comunes fueron el respiratorio, el abdominal y desconocido. S. pneumoniae prevaleció en las BAC y S. aureus en las BNO y en las BACS. La terapia antibiótica empírica inicial inefectiva (ATBI) alcanzó el 26,5% de los casos, y fue mayor en las BNO y las BACS que en las BAC (p < 0,05). No hubo mayor mortalidad ni ATBI en bacteriemias con foco desconocido comparadas con aquellas de foco conocido. La edad (≥ 70 años), la terapia antimicrobiana previa, la internación en clínica médica y el aislamiento de Enterococcus spp. y de estafilococos resistentes a la meticilina se asociaron con ATBI (p < 0,05). La antibioticoterapia previa y la mayor estadía hospitalaria predominaron en las BNO comparadas con las BAC y las BACS (p < 0,05). La mortalidad global y la atribuida a bacteriemias fueron 28,9% y 21,7%, respectivamente. Por análisis univariado se asociaron con una mayor mortalidad (p < 0,05) la hipotermia, el RGB < 1499/mm³, la hipotensión arterial, la presentación con shock séptico, la estadía hospitalaria ≤ 10 días y la infección polimicrobiana. La administración precoz del esquema terapéutico empírico adecuado y el tratamiento hemodinámico agresivo de los pacientes con shock al inicio de la bacteriemia podrían reducir la morbimortalidad, la duración de la hospitalización, y por ende, los costos asociados a las bacteriemias.

In order to evaluate the bacteremic episodes, the blood cultures performed in 867 patients during a 29-month period were reviewed. The incidence of significant bloodstream infections was 10/1000 admissions/year. About 47% of bacteremias were community-acquired (CAB), 22% nosocomial (NB), and 31% health care-associated (HCAB). The five most common pathogens were: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci, whereas the main sources were: respiratory, intraabdominal and unknown. The major organism in CAB was S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus in NB and HCAB. The ineffective empirical-antimicrobial-therapy [IEAT (total 26.5%)] was much higher in NB and HCAB vs. CAB (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality and IEAT between known vs. unknown sources. Old age (≥ 70 yrs), previous antibiotic therapy, hospitalization in clinical medical services, Enterococcus spp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates were more associated with IEAT (p < 0.05). Previous antibiotic therapy and longer hospital stays were more common in NB vs. CAB and HCAB (p < 0.05). Overall and septicemia-associated mortality was 28.9% and 21.7%, respectively. Univariate associations with increased mortality (p < 0.05) included: hypothermia, WBC < 1499/mm³, hypotension, presentation with septic-shock, hospital-stay ≤ 10 days, and polymicrobial bacteremia. The early administration of effective empirical antimicrobial therapy according to our epidemiological characteristics and an aggressive hemodynamic treatment in presence of septic shock could reduce bacteremia-associated morbidity and mortality, costs and length of hospital stays.

Bacteremia por Acinetobacter baumannii en pacientes en estado crítico / Bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii among patients in critical care

Objetivo: Determinar la severidad y el comportamiento de las bacteremias por Acinetobacter baumannii (BAb). Métodos: Se revisaron de manera prospectiva todos los Acinetobacter baumannii aislados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Resultados: Se identificaron 46 pacientes con BAb y una tasa de BAb de 14 por mil ingresos. A. baumannii se adquirió en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en 85%. El periodo entre el ingreso y la BAb fue de 9±7 días. La BAb se presentó en 31 pacientes y bacteremia polimicrobiana en 15. Las manifestaciones clínicas de los 31 pacientes: choque séptico en 42%, sepsis severa en 42% y sepsis en 16%. Dos o más episodios de BAb ocurrieron en 13%. Se presentó resistencia a imipenem en 17% de los A. baumannii. La mortalidad para los pacientes con BAb fue de 45% y para bacteremia polimicrobiana de 40%. La mortalidad para los pacientes con choque séptico fue de 60%; 70% de los pacientes murió durante las primeras 72 horas seguidas a la BAb. Conclusiones: La distribución de los casos de BAb se presentó en forma continua con un patrón endémico. Sepsis severa y choque séptico fueron las principales manifestaciones de BAb. Las BAb se asocian con una tasa de mortalidad significativa.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the severity and the course of Acinetobacter baumannii blood infections (AbBI). METHODS: We carried out a prospective review of all Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) isolated from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a medical facility. RESULTS: During the study period, 46 patients were identified with AbBI. The rate of AbBI was 14 per 1,000 admissions. A. baumannii was ICU acquired in 85% of cases studied. The median time frame between ICU admission and acquisition of AbBI was 9 +/- 7 days. 31 patients displayed blood infection (BI) by A. baumannii alone and 15 with polymicrobial BI. The clinical manifestation of the 31 patients with AbBI included the following symptoms: 42% presented with septic shock, 42% had severe sepsis and 16% had sepsis. Two or more episodes of AbBI were observed among 13% of patients. Of A. baumannii isolates, 17% were resistant to imipenem. Patient mortality with AbBI alone was 45% and 40% for polymicrobial BI. Patient mortality for septic shock was 60%, 70% died during the first 72 hrs after AbBI. CONCLUSIONS: AbBI displayed an endemic pattern during the study period. Severe sepsis and septic shock were the most common clinical presentations of AbBI. AbBI are associated with a significant increase in the death rate of patient in the ICU studied.

A Study for Measures to Control of Nosocomial Bacteremia Associated with Contaminated Rubber Caps of Intravenous Fluid / 감염

BACKGROUND: We have experienced sporadic cases of nosocomial bacteremia/sepsis due to contaminated rubber caps of intravenous (IV) fluid bottles from May through August in 1996. We investigated the possible sources of the infections, and developed the measures to control this type of nosocomial infections. METHODS: During initial investigation of an outbreak of sporadic nosocomial bacteremia we could not found possible sources of infections from medical care providers. However, some rubber caps of IV fluid bottles showed water drops on top of them, and were suspected as possible sources of the infection. A total of 95 caps including 50 wet caps and 45 dry caps, were randomly selected from nursing stations and pharmacy receiving area for culture. We also investigated if routine disinfection methods were effective to sterilize the contaminated caps as follows; twenty of 50 wet caps were randomly selected and were divided into 2 groups. Caps of one group were disinfected with 70% isopropanol alcohol wipes and the other with 70% isopropanol alcohol wipes plus Betadine. All caps were subjected to culture before and after disinfections. Cultures were performed on blood agar plate after inoculating by using swab. RESULTS: The result of culture showed that 128 of 50(56%) wet caps were contaminated by Burkholderia picketti, Pseudomonas species, glucose-nonfermenting bacilli, Acinetobacter lowffii and Alkaligenes species. One of 45 (2.2%) dry caps grew Burkholderia picketti and Pseudomonas species. Both 70% isopropanol alcohol and 70% isopropanol alcohol plus povidone-iodine (Betadine) wipes terilized contaminated caps effectively when they were used for disinfecting caps. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that wet caps of IV fluid bottles are indicative of possible contamination by microorganisms. And use of alcohol wipe and/or Betadine to disinfect ontaminated caps at time preparing for infusion of IV fluids can be one of effective sterilization methods.