Factores de riesgo de sepsis adquirida en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Acquired sepsis risk factors in an intensive care unit

Se realizó estudio analítico de casos y testigos de 64 lactantes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico "General Luis A. Milanés", de Bayamo en la provincia Granma, desde enero de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2011, a fin de identificar los factores de riesgo de la sepsis intrahospitalaria. Entre las principales variables seleccionadas figuraron: edad, sexo, estancia hospitalaria, hipoalbuminemia, duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva, enfermedad crónica asociada y uso de esteroides, entre otras. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa para la caracterización de la muestra, así como el análisis univariado y multivariado para investigar los factores hipotéticos de riesgo. La alimentación parenteral central, la hipoalbuminemia menor de 30 g/L y la estancia hospitalaria mayor de 7 días resultaron ser los factores de riesgo predominantes.

An analytic cases and control study of 64 infants admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of "Luis A. Milanés" General Pediatric Hospital in Bayamo, Granma province was carried out from 2007 to 2011, in order to identify the risk factors of nosocomial sepsis. Among the main selected variables there were: age, sex, hospital stay, hypoalbuminemia, duration of the exclusive breast feeding, associated chronic disease and use of steroids, among others. The absolute and relative frequencies were used for the characterization of the sample, as well as the univariate and multivariate analysis to investigate the hypothetical risk factors. The central parenteral feeding, hypoalbuminemia lower than 30 g/L and the hospital stay longer than 7 days turned out to be the predominant risk factors.

Sepsis nosocomial en unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente / Nosocomial sepsis in Multipurpose Intensive Care Units

Introducción: la prevalencia de sepsis nosocomial en las unidades de terapia intensiva es de 20 a 57 casos por 1 000 pacientes/día, por lo que constituye un importante problema de salud. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de la sepsis nosocomial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. La muestra quedó constituida por 682 pacientes. Se estudiaron los que durante su evolución presentaron algún tipo de infección nosocomial. Se analizaron los exámenes complementarios, signos clínicos y factores de mal pronóstico. Se tuvieron en cuenta los factores de riesgo asociados con la sepsis. Resultados: desarrollaron sepsis nosocomial 153 pacientes. Predominaron los hombres con un 69,3 %. La media de edades fue de 56 años. El grupo de más de 70 años fue el de mayor incidencia. El 47,06 % de las sepsis fueron de causa clínica. El 66,01 % de los casos desarrollaron infección respiratoria. El 88,20 % presentó factores de mal pronóstico, siendo el más frecuente el aumento de la temperatura por encima de 39 ºC. El 98,04 % de los pacientes tuvieron factores de riesgo de desarrollar sepsis. El Acinetobacter calcoaceticus se aisló en el 33,33 % y la Klebsiella pneumoniae en el 30,07 %. Conclusiones: la mayor cantidad de infecciones nosocomiales fueron de causa clínica. Casi todos los pacientes presentaron elementos de mal pronóstico y los gérmenes más aislados fueron el Acinetobacter calcoaceticus y la Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Introduction: the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis in Intensive Care Units is 20-57 cases per 1000 patients daily what constitutes an important health problem. Objective: to determine the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in a Multipurpose Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a descriptive retrospective study was performed. The sample was composed of 682 patients. The patients under study were those who presented some type of nosocomial infection. Complementary exams, clinical signs and factors predicting a bad prognosis were all analysed. Risk factors associated to sepsis were taken into account. Results: 153 patients developed nosocomial sepsis. It predominated in men who represented a 69.3 %. The mean age was 56 years. The group over 70 years of age had the highest incidence. The 47.06 % of sepsis had a clinical cause. A 66.01 % of the cases developed respiratory infections. The 88.20 % presented factors that predict a bad prognosis, being the temperature elevation over 39 o C the most frequent one. The 98.04 % of patients had risk factors to develop sepsis. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was isolated in a 33.33 % of the cases and Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in the 30.07 % of the cases as well. Conclusions: the high rates of nosocomial infections had a clinical cause. Almost all patients presented signs predicting a bad prognosis and the most isolated germs were the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and the Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Situación de la sepsis intrahospitalaria: subregistro e incumplimiento de las normas higienicosanitarias establecidas / Status of nosocomial sepsis: underreporting and non-observance of established health standards

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de los 315 pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a septiembre del 2011, con vistas a determinar la situación de ese proceso morboso, a través de algunas variables de interés, tales como: número de afectados con sepsis según el servicio hospitalario, tasa que representaban, localización de la sepsis, mapa microbiológico, entre otras. Sobre la base de los resultados, pudo concluirse que existían un subregistro en la notificación de las infecciones intrahospitalarias y deficiencias en el cumplimiento de las normas higiénico-epidemiológicas. A fin de reducir o eliminar algunos elementos que pueden causar sepsis, se recomendó que debieran realizarse estrategias de intervención en dicha institución de salud.

A descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study was carried out in 315 patients with nosocomial sepsis in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from January to September 2011, to determine the status of the morbid process through some variables of interest, such as number of people affected with sepsis according to the hospital service, rate that they represented, location of sepsis, microbiological map, among others. Based on the results, it could be concluded that there was an underreporting of nosocomial infections and deficiencies in the observance of epidemiological health standards. To reduce or eliminate some elements that can cause sepsis, intervention strategies were recommended in this health institution.

Agentes implicados en infección neonatal nosocomial y patrones de sensibilidad antimicrobiana / Agents involved in neonatal nosocomial infection and sensitivity pattern

Con el objeto de conocer los agentes implicados en las infecciones nosocomiales y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en pacientes del Servicio de Neonatología, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 101 aislamientos bacterianos, analizándose los casos de sepsis nosocomial. Se identificó la susceptibilidad de las cepas por métodos bacteriológicos convencionales, con medios de cultivo universales y selectivos. Se calculó la frecuencia de infecciones por 100 ingresos y se analizó la sensibilidad. La incidencia de sepsis neonatal nosocomial fue 36.4%. Predominaron bacterias gramnegativas (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y no fermentadores) (54.4%), seguido por bacterias grampositivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo) (37.6%) y hongos (7.9%). La susceptibilidad a aminoglucósidos fue 28%. Para la Ciprofloxacina la sensibilidad para las Klebsiella fue 56.2%. Con respecto al cefepime y cefalosporinas de 3ra generación, la sensibilidad para los no fermentadores fue 50%. En cuanto al meropenem, Escherichia coli fue 54.4% sensible, Klebsiella 65.5%, y los no fermentadores 50%. Para piperacilina-tazobactam, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella y no fermentadores fueron sensibles en 45.4%, 40.6 % y 50%, respectivamente. La susceptibilidad al Colistin fue de 83.3% en los no fermentadores; Klebsiella 71.8% y Escherichia coli 63.6%. La sensibilidad del Staphylococcus aureus a la oxacilina fue de 18,7%, al linezolid, teicoplamina y vancomicina de 100%. El Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue 100% sensible a linezolid, teicoplanina y vancomicina y 46,6 % a clindamicina. Se pudo constatar la estabilidad en la circulación de los agentes causales, predominando las bacterias gramnegativas, y la baja susceptibilidad a la terapia antimicrobiana utilizada.

In order to determine the agents involved in nosocomial infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility in neonatology patients, a prospective study was carried out on 101 bacterial isolates, and cases of nosocomial sepsis were analyzed. We identified the susceptibility of strains by conventional microbiology with universal and selective culture media. Sensitivity was analyzed for estimation of rates for each 100 admissions. The incidence of nosocomial neonatal sepsis was 36.4%. Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pn., Escherichia coli and non-fermenting) were predominant, 54.4%, followed by Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) 37.6%, and 7.9% fungi. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was 28%. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin for Klebsiella was 56.2%. Sensitivity of non-fermenters to cefepime and 3rd generation cephalosporins was 50%. Regarding meropenem, Escherichia coli was 54.4% sensitive, Klebsiella 65.5%, and non-fermenters 50%. Sensitivity of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and nonfermenters to piperacillintazobactam was 45.4%, 40.6% and 50%, respectively. Sensitivity to colistin was 83.3% for non-fermenters, 71.8% for Klebsiella and 63.6% for Escherichia coli. Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin was 18.7%, and 100% to linezolid and vancomycin teicoplamina. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was 100% sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin, and 46.6% to clindamycin. Results show stability of causal agents in the circulation, predominantly gram-negative bacteria and low susceptibility to antimicrobial therapy used.

Parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio asociados a sepsis neonatal nosocomial / Clinical and laboratory parameters in neonatal nosocomial sepsis

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de signos, síntomas y parámetros laboratoriales para predecir sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Métodos: De marzo de 2002 a junio de 2003 se identificaron 343 recién nacidos con sospecha de sepsis neonatal nosocomial, de los cuales 60 reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se tomaron dos hemocultivos, biometría hemática, proteína C reactiva (PCR) seriada y un frotis de leucocitos teñidos con naranja de acridina o buffy coat. Los signos clínicos y laboratoriales fueron comparados en neonatos con y sin hemocultivo positivo, mediante χ2. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valores de predicción y razón de momios. Resultados: En 35/60 (58.3%) recién nacidos se aislaron bacterias patógenas. No se identificaron signos o síntomas asociados a sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Plaquetopenia (χ2=4.8 d.f. 1,p=0.03, RM=3.2, IC 95%=1.1-9.6); PCR positiva inicial (χ2=9.1 d.f. 1, p=0.003, RM=15.1, IC 95%=1.7-130.6) y buffy coat positivo (χ2=6.7 d.f.1,p=0.009, RM=11, IC 95%=1.3-91.9) se asociaron significativamente a sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Staphylococcus epidermidis y Serratia marcescens fueron las bacterias más aisladas. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados fueron consistentes con otros informes, los signos y síntomas clínicos no son de utilidad para predecir sepsis neonatal nosocomial, mientras que la plaquetopenia, PCR y buffy coat positivos resultaron buenos predictores de esta patología.

OBJECTIVE: Assess if certain clinical and laboratorial data are associated with Neonatal Nosocomial Sepsis (NNS). METHODS: From March to June 2003, 343 premature neonates (PN) with clinical data suggestive of NNS were recruited; 60 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were studied. Laboratory tests included two blood cultures from different peripheral veins, complete blood count (CBC), serial C reactive protein (CRP), and buffy coat (BC) smear stained with acridine orange. Clinical data and laboratory test results were compared among neonates with and without pathogenic bacteria isolated in the blood culture. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests (chi2), odds ratios (OR), sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: In 35/60 (58.3%) PN, a pathogenic bacteria was isolated in blood cultures. We did not identify signs and symptoms significantly associated with SNN. Thrombocytopenia (chi2 4.8 d.f. 1; p = 0.03; OR: 3.2, C.I. 95% 1.1-9.6); positive CRP (chi2 9.1 d.f. 1; p = 0.003; OR: 15.1 C.I. 95%. 1.7-130.6), and positive buffy coat smear (chi2 6.7 d.f. 1; p = 0.009; OR: 11 C.I. 95% 1.3-91.9) were associated with NNS. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serratia marcescens were the most frequent isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not identify signs and symptoms associated with NNS. Nevertheless, thrombocytopenia, positive CRP and positive buffy coat smear were considered adequate predictive factors.

The Changes of Incidence of Nosocomial Sepsis, and Risk Factors in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: To know whether the changes in the risk factors of nosocomial sepsis had an impact on the occurrence of nosocomial sepsis (NS) in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW I). METHODS: ELBW I who were admitted to the NICU at Samsung Medical Center from October 1994 to December 2000 were devided into three groups according to periods (period I:1994.10-1996.9, period II:1996.10-1998.12, period III:1999.1-2000.12), and charts were reviewed retrospectively for demographic profile, incidence of NS, and changing patterns of risk factors of NS. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight of ELBW I decreased and the incidence of NS increased significantly during third period. However, cumulative incidence of NS corrected by hospital days was not changed irrespective of periods. Among the risk factors of NS in 3rd period, use of antibiotics in the 1st day, postnatal dexamethasone and use and duration of indwelling umbilical catheters decreased significantly and the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure increased significantly especially, in ELBW I under 800 g of birth weight. In the ELBW I under 800 g of birth weight, cumulative incidence of NS and mortality among the infants who suffered from NS decreased significantly in 3rd period. CONCLUSION: Efforts to decrease the risk factors of NS can prevent the increase in incidence of NS in ELBW I.

A Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: Although advances in neonatal intensive care have led to improved survival of very low birth weight(VLBW) infants, nosocomial sepsis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and death among these infants. Our study was carried out to estimate the incidence of nosocomial sepsis and to identify the attributable risk factors for sepsis. METHODS: The results of blood cultures taken from 182 infants with their birth weights less than 1,500 gram who were admitted to the NICU at Samsung Medical Center from October 1994 to December 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. A multiple logistic regression was performed to identify which factors were independently associated with sepsis. RESULTS: Of 166 infants who survived beyond 3 days, 57(34.3%) had nosocomial sepsis(positive blood culture at age greater than 3 days and antibiotic therapy for more than 5 days). The incidence of nosocomial sepsis was 1.8/100 hospital days and the interval between admission and onset of sepsis was 18.4+17.8 days(meanSD). Coagulase negative staphylococci(35.3%) were the most common organism in nosocomial sepsis. On multiple logistic regression analysis, several risk factors appeared to be independently associated with sepsis. The risk of nosocomial sepsis rose with decreasing gestational age, with increasing ventilator duration, UAC(umbilical venous catheter) duration, PCVC(percutanous central venous catheter) duration, nasal prong duration. And infants with nosocomial sepsis were more likely to be outborn, resuscitated at delivery room and to have bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Directing quality improvement efforts toward decreasing exposure to invasive vascular catheter and reducing ventilator days may decrease the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants.