Neuroestimulación del nervio vago, hipocampal y de núcleos anteriores y centromedianos del tálamo en epilepsia temporal: revisión de la literatura / Neurostimulation of the vagus nerve, hippocampal and anterior and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus in temporal epilepsy: literature review

Introducción: En pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal refractarios que no son candidatos a cirugía, se debe considerar la estimulación eléctrica cerebral como una opción. Contenido: La estimulación eléctrica cerebral es la administración directa de pulsos eléctricos al tejido nervioso que permite modular un sustrato patológico, interrumpir la manifestación clínica de las crisis y reducir la gravedad de estas. Así, dada la importancia de estos tratamientos para los pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal refractaria, se hace una revisión de cuatro tipos de estimulación eléctrica. La primera, la del nervio vago, es una buena opción en crisis focales y crisis generalizadas o multifocales. La segunda, la del hipocampo, es más útil en pacientes no candidatos a lobectomía por riesgo de pérdida de memoria, con resonancia magnética normal o sin esclerosis mesial temporal. La tercera, la del núcleo anterior, es pertinente principalmente en pacientes con crisis focales, pero debe realizarse con precaución en pacientes con alto riesgo de cambios cognitivos, como los ancianos, o en los que presentan alteración del estado de ánimo basal, y, por último, la del núcleo centromediano se recomienda para el tratamiento crisis focales en el síndrome de Rasmussen y crisis tónico-clónicas en el síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut. Conclusiones: El interés por la estimulación eléctrica cerebral ha venido aumentando, al igual que las estructuras diana en las cuales se puede aplicar, debido a que es un tratamiento seguro y eficaz en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal para controlar las crisis, pues disminuye la morbimortalidad y aumenta la calidad de vida.

Introduction: In patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy who are not candidates for surgery, electrical brain stimulation should be considered as another option. Contents: Electrical brain stimulation is the direct administration of electrical pulses to nerve tissue that modulates a pathological substrate, interrupts the clinical manifestation of seizures, and reduces their severity. Thus, given the importance of these treatments for patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, four types of electrical stimulation are reviewed. The first, vagus nerve stimulation, is a good option in focal seizures and generalized or multifocal seizures. The second, hippocampal stimulation, is more useful in patients who are not candidates for lobectomy due to the risk of memory loss, with normal MRI or without mesial temporal sclerosis. The third, the anterior nucleus, is mainly in patients with focal seizures, but with caution in patients at high risk of cognitive changes such as the elderly, or in those with baseline mood disturbance and, finally, the centromedian nucleus is recommended for the treatment of focal seizures in Rasmussen's syndrome and tonic-clonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Conclusions: the interest in brain electrical stimulation has been increasing as well as the target structures in which it can be applied because it is a safe and effective treatment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy to control seizures, decreasing morbidity and mortality and increasing quality of life

In situ isolation of nuclei or nuclear proteins from adherent cells: a simple, effective method with less cytoplasmic contamination

BACKGROUND: Isolation of nuclei or nuclear proteins is a prerequisite for western blot, nuclear proteome profiling, and other evaluations of nuclear proteins. Here, we developed a simple method for in situ isolation of nuclei or nuclear proteins by in situ removing the extranuclear part of adherent cells via a classical nonionic detergent triton X-100. RESULTS: First, the feasibility of our method was confirmed by confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, immunofluorescence imaging, and time-lapse dynamic observation. Next, the optimal concentration range (approximately 0.1-1% for ~ 10 min) of triton X-100 and the optimal treatment time (< 30 min) of 0.1-1% Triton X-100 for our method were determined via western blotting of eight extra-/ intra-nuclear proteins. Subsequently, the effectiveness, sensitivity, and cytoplasmic contamination of our method were tested by investigating the levels of phosphorylated p65 (a NF-κB subunit) in the nuclei of endothelial or tumor cells treated with/without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via western blotting and by comparing with a commercial nuclear protein extraction kit (a classical detergent-based method). The data show that compared with the commercial kit our method obtained a higher yield of total nuclear proteins, a higher pP65 level in both control and LPS groups, and much lower content of GAPDH (as a reference for cytoplasmic contamination) in nuclei. CONCLUSIONS: The in situ isolation of nuclei or nuclear proteins from adherent cells in this study is a simple, effective method with less cytoplasmic contamination. This method/strategy has the potential of improving the quality of downstream evaluations including western blotting and proteomic profiling.

Arousal mechanism after sevoflurane anesthesia in rats: orexinergic modulation in dorsal raphe nucleus by optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To investigate the arousal mechanism after sevoflurane anesthesia using orexinergic modulation in dorsal raphe nucleus(DRN) by optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques in rats.Methods:Forty-five healthy male Hcrt-Cre rats, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 220-250 g, were divided into 6 groups by the random number table method: optical-excitatory group (CHR2 group, n=5), optical-inhibitory group (eNpHR group, n=5), optical-control group (O-CON group, n=5); chemogenetic-excitatory group (hm3Dq group, n=10), chemogenetic-inhibitory group (hm4Di group, n=10) and chemogenetic-control group (C-CON group, n=10). The optogenetic or chemogenetic techniques were used in each group. Three weeks after injecting the rat virus, anesthesia was induced and maintained with 2.7% sevoflurane anesthesia in 1.5 L/min O 2, and the EEG data were continuously recorded throughout the process. The burst suppression ratio (%BSR) was recorded at 2 min before and of laser stimulation. Combining optogenetic and chemogenetic strategies, it was investigated that whether activation of orexinergic projection to DRN could modulate anesthetic behaviors during sevoflurane anesthesia. Results:Compared with C-CON group, the recovery of righting reflex (RORR) time was significantly shortened after sevoflurane anesthesia in hm3Dq group ( P<0.05), and the RORR time was significantly prolonged after sevoflurane anesthesia in hm4Di group and eNpHR group ( P<0.05). Compared with O-CON group or the baseline at 2 min before light stimulation, the %BSR was significantly decreased during 473nm laser stimulation in CHR2 group ( P<0.05), and no statistically significant change was found in the %BSR during 473nm laser stimulation in eNpHR group ( P>0.05). Compared with O-CON group, the RORR time was significantly shortened after sevoflurane anesthesia in CHR2 group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Lateral hypothalamic area orexin-DRN neural circuit plays a key role in promoting arousal from general anesthesia in rats.

Esquecidos após a exclusão escolar: uma meta-análise do estudo da deriva educacional / Forgotten after school exclusion: an educational drift study meta-analysis / Olvidados tras la exclusión escolar: un metanálisis del estudio de la deriva educativa

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os desafios e possibilidades encontradas no estudo da deriva educacional, condição em que os sujeitos já estiveram na escola, mas foram dela excluídos antes de concluir a educação básica, sendo responsabilizados pelo retorno aos estudos. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico-metodológico que foca no pensamento categorial, sobretudo a categoria da dimensão subjetiva como recurso para apreensão da concreticidade do fenômeno social estudado. A deriva educacional é um fenômeno social pouco estudado no campo da Psicologia da Educação e a possibilidade de explicá-lo é desafiadora, tendo em vista as armadilhas presentes nos discursos carregados da intenção de ocultar o modo como se trata de uma condição social e historicamente determinada no modo de produção capitalista. Diante dessa dificuldade, ter como base teórico-etodológica o Materialismo Histórico-dialético (MHD) e a Psicologia Sócio-histórica (PSH) foi fundamental. O pensamento categorial possibilitou, partindo das significações dos participantes da pesquisa, superar as múltiplas camadas de aparência para compreender a deriva educacional em sua complexidade. A categoria da dimensão subjetiva e o processo de análise por meio dos núcleos de significação possibilitaram chegar a uma síntese das múltiplas determinações da deriva educacional que permitiu explicá-la de forma contra-hegemônica, apontando para os movimentos já existentes ou ainda necessários para a transformação, sem recorrer à justificativas individualizantes, psicologizantes ou sociologizantes. (AU)

This article aims to analyze the challenges and possibilities experienced in the educational drift study, condition in which the subjects had already been to school, but were excluded from it before completing basic education, being held responsible for returning to their studies. This is a theoretical-methodological essay that focuses on categorical thinking, especially the subjective dimension category as a resource for apprehending the social phenomenon concreteness. Educational drift is a social phenomenon on which there are few studies in the field of Educational Psychology. The possibility of explaining this issue is a challenge, since the pitfalls present in the discourses intended to hide the way in which it is a social and historically determined condition in the capitalist mode of production. Faced with this difficulty, it was fundamental to have Historical-Dialectical Materialism (MHD) and Socio-Historical Psychology (PSH) as a theoreticalmethodological basis. The categorical thinking enabled us, starting from the research participants significations, to overcome the appearance of multiple layers and to understand the educational drift in its complexity. The subjective dimension category and the analysis processes through the signification nuclei made it possible to reach an educational drift multiple determinations synthesis that allowed us to explain the issue in a counter-hegemonic way, pointing to the already existing or still necessary movements to transformation, without resorting to individualizing, psychologizing or sociologizing justifications. (AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos y las posibilidades encontradas en el estudio de la deriva educativa, condición en la que los sujetos ya habían ido a la escuela, pero fueron excluidos de ella antes de completar la educación básica, siendo responsables de regresar a sus estudios. Este es un ensayo teórico-metodológico que se centra en el pensamiento categorial, en especial la categoría de la dimensión subjetiva como recurso para aprehender la concreción del fenómeno social estudiado. Este es un fenómeno social poco estudiado en el campo de la Psicología Educativa, y la posibilidad de explicarlo es desafiante, dadas las trampas presentes en los discursos cargados con la intención de ocultar la forma en que es una condición social e históricamente determinada en la forma de producción capitalista. Ante esta dificultad, tener como base teórico-metodológica el Materialismo Histórico-Dialéctico (MHD) y la Psicología Socio-Histórica (PSH) fue fundamental. El pensamiento categórico nos permitió, a partir de los significados de los participantes de la investigación, superar las múltiples capas de apariencia para comprender la deriva educativa en su complejidad. La categoría de la dimensión subjetiva y los procesos de análisis a través de los núcleos de significación permitieron llegar a una síntesis de múltiples determinaciones de la deriva educativa que permitieron explicarla de manera contrahegemónico, apuntando a los movimientos ya existentes o aún necesarios a la transformación, sin recurrir a justificaciones individualizantes, psicologizantes o sociologizantes.(AU)

Common and uncommon neuroimaging manifestations of ataxia: an illustrated guide for the trainee radiologist. Part 2 - neoplastic, congenital, degenerative, and hereditary diseases / Manifestações de neuroimagem comuns e incomuns na ataxia: um guia ilustrado para radiologistas em treinamento. Parte 2 - doenças neoplásicas, congênitas, degenerativas e hereditárias

Abstract Ataxia is defined as a lack of coordination of voluntary movement, caused by a variety of factors. Ataxia can be classified by the age at onset and type (chronic or acute). The causative lesions involve the cerebellum and cerebellar connections. The correct, appropriate use of neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, can make the diagnosis relatively straightforward and facilitate implementation of the appropriate clinical management. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe the imaging findings of ataxia, based on cases obtained from the archives of a tertiary care hospital, with a review of the most important findings. We also discuss and review the imaging aspects of neoplastic diseases, malformations, degenerative diseases, and hereditary diseases related to ataxia.

Resumo Ataxia é definida como uma síndrome de falta de coordenação dos músculos de movimentação voluntária. Vários fatores podem causar ataxias, as quais podem ser classificadas de acordo com a idade, tipo de evolução (crônica ou aguda), cujas lesões envolvem o cerebelo e as conexões cerebelares. Com o uso correto e apropriado da neuroimagem, particularmente da ressonância magnética, o diagnóstico pode ser relativamente direito e o manejo clínico pode ser implementado de maneira correta. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os achados de imagem na síndrome atáxica a partir de casos recuperados do arquivo digital de um hospital terciário, com a revisão dos principais achados de imagem. Neste ensaio revisamos e discutimos os aspectos de imagem de doenças neoplásicas, malformações, doenças degenerativas e doenças hereditárias relacionadas à ataxia.

Common and uncommon neuroimaging manifestations of ataxia: an illustrated guide for the trainee radiologist. Part 1 - acquired diseases / Manifestações de neuroimagem comuns e incomuns na ataxia: um guia ilustrado para radiologistas em treinamento. Parte 1 - doenças adquiridas

Abstract Ataxia is defined as a lack of coordination of voluntary movement, caused by a variety of factors. Ataxia can be classified by the age at onset and type (chronic or acute). The causative lesions involve the cerebellum and cerebellar connections. The correct, appropriate use of neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, can make the diagnosis relatively accurate and facilitate implementation of the appropriate clinical management. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe the imaging findings of ataxia, based on cases obtained from the archives of a tertiary care hospital, with a review of the most important findings. We also review and discuss the imaging aspects of infectious, toxic, vascular, and inflammatory diseases.

Resumo Ataxia é definida como uma síndrome de falta de coordenação dos músculos de movimentação voluntária. Vários fatores podem causar ataxias, os quais podem ser classificados de acordo com a idade, tipo de evolução (crônica ou aguda), cujas lesões envolvem o cerebelo e as conexões cerebelares. Com o uso correto e apropriado da neuroimagem, particularmente da ressonância magnética, o diagnóstico pode ser relativamente preciso e o manejo clínico pode ser implementado de maneira correta. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os achados de imagem na síndrome atáxica com base em casos recuperados do arquivo digital de um hospital terciário, com a revisão dos principais achados de imagem. Neste ensaio revisamos e discutimos os aspectos imagem de doenças infecciosas, tóxicas, vasculares e inflamatórias.

Ventromedial Thalamus-Projecting DCN Neurons Modulate Associative Sensorimotor Responses in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) integrate various inputs to the cerebellum and form the final cerebellar outputs critical for associative sensorimotor learning. However, the functional relevance of distinct neuronal subpopulations within the DCN remains poorly understood. Here, we examined a subpopulation of mouse DCN neurons whose axons specifically project to the ventromedial (Vm) thalamus (DCNVm neurons), and found that these neurons represent a specific subset of DCN units whose activity varies with trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC), a classical associative sensorimotor learning task. Upon conditioning, the activity of DCNVm neurons signaled the performance of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Optogenetic activation and inhibition of the DCNVm neurons in well-trained mice amplified and diminished the CRs, respectively. Chemogenetic manipulation of the DCNVm neurons had no effects on non-associative motor coordination. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the DCNVm neurons caused rapid elevated firing activity in the cingulate cortex, a brain area critical for bridging the time gap between sensory stimuli and motor execution during tEBC. Together, our data highlights DCNVm neurons' function and delineates their kinematic parameters that modulate the strength of associative sensorimotor responses.

Protective Effects of Anmeidan on Cell Structure Against Neuronal Damage in Hippocampal CA1 Region of Sleep-deprived Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Anmeidan （AMD） on neuronal structure and neuronal marker protein expression in the hippocampal CA1 region of sleep-deprived （SD） rats. MethodRats were randomly divided into control group， model group， an AMD group （9.09 g·kg-1·d-1）， and melatonin group （0.27 g·kg-1·d-1）. Rats in the control group and the model group received equal volumes of physiologicol saline. The SD model was induced by the self-made sleep deprivation box for four weeks. Ethovision XT system detected and analyzed the spontaneous behaviors of rats. The histomorphology of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining， and the changes in Nissl bodies were observed by Nissl staining. The ultrastructure of hippocampal cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）， microtubule-associated protein 2 （MAP2）， nestin， and neuronal nuclei （NeuN） in the CA1 region. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed longer distance， increased average activity speed， cumulative duration， average body fill， and higher activity frequency （P<0.01）. Besides， the neurons in the CA1 region were reduced in number with disorganized arrangement， wrinkled nuclei， deeply stained cytoplasm， reduced Nissl bodies， swollen and deformed mitochondria， shortened cristae， and swollen Golgi vesicles. Furthermore， the mean integral absorbance （IA） value of GFAP increased and those of MAP2， nestin， and NeuN decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the AMD group showed shortened distance traveled， lower average activity speed， shorter cumulative duration， decreased average body fill， and reduced activity frequency （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Moreover， the neurons in the CA1 region were relieved from damage with increased cell number， clear nuclei and cytoplasm， increased Nissl bodies， and relieved mitochondrial damage. The IA value of GFAP decreased and those of MAP2， nestin， and NeuN increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionAMD can improve structural damage of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of sleep-deprived rats， which may be achieved by decreasing GFAP expression and increasing MAP2， nestin， and NeuN expression.

Pharmacokinetic study of Polygonum orientale extract in H9c2 cells by UPLC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

A detection method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) was established to detect concentrations of isoorientin, orientin, quercetin, vitexin and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside in H9 c2 cells and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of Polygonum orientale extract in the cells. H9 c2 cells were treated with 100 μg·mL~(-1) P. orientale extract and then they and the corresponding nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi bodies were collected at the set time. After protein precipitation, UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine concentrations of isoorientin, orientin, quercetin, vitexin and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside in the whole cells and subcellular structures. Also, related pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The results showed that the peak time was 8 h for all these components. Orientin, vitexin, quercetin and isoorientin have high affinities to nuclei and mitochondria, while the affinity of kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside is higher with mitochondria compared to nuclei. It is suggested that these chemical components of P. orientale may mainly act on nuclei or mitochondria to exert pharmacological effects of protecting cardiomyocytes.

Occult papillary carcinoma of thyroid presenting as cervical lymphadenopathy in a young male: case report

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid accounts for 80% of all thyroid malignancies. They tend to have a female preponderance and present in the 4th to 5th decade of life, as a slow growing midline mass. Cervical metastases are common, blood borne being rare. We present a case of a 29 years old who presented with cervical lymphadenopathy that was secondary to an occult papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Patient underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral neck node dissection for the same.

Transaxonal degenerations of cerebellar connections: the value of anatomical knowledge / Degenerações transaxonais das conexões cerebelares: o valor do conhecimento anatômico

ABSTRACT Transaxonal degenerations result from neuronal death or the interruption of synaptic connections among neuronal structures. These degenerations are not common but may be recognized by conventional magnetic resonance imaging. Objective: The learning objectives of this review include recognition of the imaging characteristics of transaxonal degenerations involving cerebellar connections, the identification of potential encephalic lesions that can lead to these degenerations and correlation of the clinical manifestations with imaging findings that reflect this involvement. Methods: In this report, we review the neuroanatomical knowledge that provides a basis for identifying potential lesions that can result in these degenerations involving cerebellar structures. Results: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration results from an injury that interrupts any of the components of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. In this work, we describe cases of lesions in the dentate nucleus and central tegmental tract. The crossed cerebellar diaschisis presents specific imaging findings and clinical correlations associated with its acute and chronic phases. The Wallerian degeneration of the middle cerebellar peduncle is illustrated by fiber injury of the pontine cerebellar tracts. A T2-hyperintensity in the dentate nucleus due to a thalamic acute lesion (in ventral lateral nuclei) is also described. Each condition described here is documented by MRI images and is accompanied by teaching points and an anatomical review of the pathways involved. Conclusion: Neurologists and radiologists need to become familiar with the diagnosis of these conditions since their presentations are peculiar and often subtle, and can easily be misdiagnosed as ischemic events, degenerative disease, demyelinating disease or even tumors.

RESUMO Degenerações transaxonais resultam da morte neuronal ou da interrupção de conexões sinápticas entre estruturas neurais. Essas degenerações não são comuns, mas podem ser reconhecidas por imagens de ressonância magnética convencional. Objetivo: Os objetivos de aprendizado desta revisão incluem o reconhecimento das características de imagem de degenerações transaxonais envolvendo conexões cerebelares, a identificação de possíveis lesões encefálicas que podem levar a essas degenerações e a correlação das manifestações clínicas com os achados de imagem que refletem esse envolvimento. Métodos: Neste artigo, revisamos conhecimentos neuroanatômicos que fornecem a base para identificar possíveis lesões que podem resultar nessas degenerações envolvendo estruturas cerebelares. Resultados: A degeneração olivar hipertrófica resulta de uma lesão que interrompe algum dos componentes do triângulo de Guillain-Mollaret. Neste trabalho, descrevemos casos de lesões no núcleo denteado e no trato tegmentar central. A diásquise cerebelar cruzada apresenta achados de imagem específicos e correlações clínicas associadas às suas fases aguda e crônica. A degeneração walleriana dos pedúnculos cerebelares médios é ilustrada pela lesão dos tratos pontino-cerebelares. Uma hiperintensidade em T2 do núcleo denteado devido a uma lesão talâmica aguda (no núcleo ventrolateral) também é descrita. Cada condição aqui descrita é documentada por imagens de ressonância magnética e é acompanhada por pontos didáticos e uma revisão anatômica das vias envolvidas. Conclusão: Neurologistas e radiologistas precisam estar familiarizados com o diagnóstico dessas condições, uma vez que suas apresentações são peculiares e frequentemente sutis, e podem ser facilmente equivocadamente diagnosticadas como lesões isquêmicas, doenças degenerativas, desmielinizantes, ou mesmo tumorais.

Neuronal Activity in the Cerebellum During the Sleep-Wakefulness Transition in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Cerebellar malfunction can lead to sleep disturbance such as excessive daytime sleepiness, suggesting that the cerebellum may be involved in regulating sleep and/or wakefulness. However, understanding the features of cerebellar regulation in sleep and wakefulness states requires a detailed characterization of neuronal activity within this area. By performing multiple-unit recordings in mice, we showed that Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellar cortex exhibited increased firing activity prior to the transition from sleep to wakefulness. Notably, the increased PC activity resulted from the inputs of low-frequency non-PC units in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, the increased PC activity was accompanied by decreased activity in neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei at the non-rapid eye-movement sleep-wakefulness transition. Our results provide in vivo electrophysiological evidence that the cerebellum has the potential to actively regulate the sleep-wakefulness transition.

Aplicações dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares: revisão sistemática de literatura / Applications of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: a systematic literature review

RESUMO Objetivos Revisar a literatura científica sobre as principais técnicas usadas para gerar o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) e suas aplicações clínicas. Estratégia de pesquisa Os artigos que descrevem os métodos de registro e as aplicações do VEMP foram localizados nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO. O levantamento realizado limitou-se aos artigos publicados nos idiomas Inglês, Português e Espanhol, entre janeiro de 2012 e maio de 2018. Critérios de seleção Artigos sobre os aspectos técnicos para a realização do VEMP ocular, cervical ou do músculo sóleo, com estimulação auditiva ou galvânica e artigos sobre as aplicações clínicas do VEMP foram incluídos; artigos repetidos nas bases de dados, artigos de revisão de literatura, relato de casos, cartas e editoriais foram excluídos. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de 28 artigos. Os estudos evidenciaram três métodos de registro do VEMP: cervical, ocular e no músculo sóleo. As aplicações clínicas do VEMP incluíram doença de Ménière, neurite vestibular, síndrome da deiscência do canal semicircular superior, doença de Parkinson, lesões centrais isquêmicas e mielopatias motoras. Conclusão Independentemente da técnica de registro, o VEMP mostrou-se útil como ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico de doenças vestibulares periféricas e centrais.

ABSTRACT Purpose To review the scientific literature on the main techniques used to generate vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and its clinical applications. Research strategy A search for articles describing VEMP recording methods and applications was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases. The search was limited to articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish between January 2012 and May 2018. Selection criteria Articles addressing the technical aspects for performing ocular, cervical or soleus VEMP with auditory or galvanic stimulation and articles on the clinical applications of VEMP were included in this review, whereas articles repeated in the databases, literature reviews, case reports, letters, and editorials were excluded. Results The search strategy resulted in the selection of 28 articles. The studies evidenced three methods of VEMP recording: responses from the cervical, ocular and soleus muscle. Clinical applications of VEMP included Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis, superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, Parkinson's disease, central ischemic lesions, and motor myelopathies. Conclusion Regardless of the recording technique, VEMP has proved to be useful as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibular diseases.

Leiomioma vaginal con núcleos atípicos. Informe de un caso / Vaginal leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei. A case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los tumores vaginales benignos son excepcionales: papilomas, hemangiomas, pólipos y leiomiomas. Estos últimos son los más raros (4-5% de todas las neoplasias vaginales) pues solo se han reportado alrededor de 300 casos. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 47 años, acudió a la consulta ginecológica con una tumoración vaginal de dos meses de evolución, sin manifestaciones clínicas adicionales. En la exploración física se observó una tumoración elástica, en la cara posterolateral derecha de la vagina. La ecografía transvaginal no mostró la alteración. Después del tratamiento expectante inicial, en la siguiente revisión se comprobó el rápido crecimiento de la lesión y la manifestación de los síntomas vaginales. Se decidió la extirpación quirúrgica de la lesión. El estudio anatomopatológico reportó un leiomioma vaginal, con células con núcleos atípicos. Durante el seguimiento la paciente permaneció asintomática, sin signos de recidiva local. CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien los leiomiomas son los tumores benignos más frecuentes en mujeres en edad reproductiva, su manifestación vaginal es excepcional. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece en el estudio anatomopatológico y el tratamiento de elección es la extirpación quirúrgica completa. Los tumores con elevada celularidad, alta concentración de células atípicas y actividad mitótica incrementada pueden tener un comportamiento benigno. Las recidivas también son excepcionales.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Benign vaginal tumors are a very rare entity which includes papillomas, hemangiomas, polyps and leiomyomas. Leiomyomas are especially infrequent, constituting only 4-5% of all vaginal tumors. In literature, about 300 cases have been reported. CLINICAL CASE: 47-year-old patient, who attended a gynecological consultation with a vaginal tumor of two months evolution, without additional clinical manifestations. Physical examination refers to an elastic tumor on the right posterolateral aspect of the vagina. The transvaginal ultrasound did not show the alteration. After the initial expected treatment, in the following review the rapid growth of the lesion was observed, in addition to the manifestation of vaginal symptoms. Surgical removal of the lesion will be applied. The anatomopathological study reported a vaginal leiomyoma, and cells with bizarre nuclei. During the follow-up, the asymptomatic patient was observed, without signs of local recurrence. CONCLUSION: Although leiomyomas represent the most frequent benign tumors in women of reproductive age, their vaginal manifestation is exceptional. The gold treatment is complete surgical extirpation and the definitive diagnosis is established by anatomopathological study. Tumors with high cellularity, high concentration of bizarre cells and increased mitotic activity appear to have a benign behavior. Although it is rare, there are cases of recurrence.

Acoustic response characteristics of posterior intralaminar nucleus of auditory thalamus in mice / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To study the response characteristics of the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN) of auditory thalamus in VGluT2-Cre transgenic adult mice when exposed to white noise and 10K pure tone stimulation.@*Methods@#All adult male Vglut2-Cre mice (8-12 weeks) were used in this study between Oct, 2017 and Oct, 2018. Using the calcium signal fiber photometry method, optic fiber was employed to locate on PIN by injecting AAV-hSyn-DIO-GCaMP6m virus, and thereafter, the activity of the target cluster neurons during different acoustic stimuli was recorded. Matlab was used for data processing and statistical analysis.@*Results@#(1)In both white noise and 10 kHz pure tone as a continuous three-second stimulation, the peak amplitude of calcium signal activity generated in PIN by white noise was superior to that of pure tone, the statistic result showed significantly difference (n=6, t=2.404, P=0.037 1) . (2)In addition, when white noise and 10K pure tone played as consecutive 3 or 5 pips within three-second stimulation, the stimulus-following ability in a consecutive 3 pulses play within 3 seconds was far better than a consecutive 5 pips play within 3 seconds (in both white noise and 10 kHz pure tone), yet consecutive 3 pips play showed greater signal attenuation speed than that in consecutive 5 pips play, the statistic result showed significantly difference (n=6, t=2.748 P=0.033 4) .(3)Regardless of the intra-group comparisons between white noise and 10 kHz pure tone stimulation, PIN showed better signal response in a consecutive 3 pips play than consecutive 5 pips play or a continuous three-second stimulation. When came to the statistical analysis, the acoustic response degree of a continuous three-second stimulation was an intermediate between two others, both consecutive 3 or 5 pips play showed significantly difference.@*Conclusions@#The results suggest that under the same acoustic intensity, VGluT2-Cre transgenic adult mice′s PIN shows greater signal response in white noise than pure tone. PIN shows greater signal attenuation to repetition play of 10 kHz pure tone, which implies PIN shows stronger adaptation to 10 kHz pure tone than to white noise. Lastly, PIN is more responsive to a complex sound information (white noise) than to simple sound information (pure tone).

Thalamic paraventricular nucleus mediates orexinergic neurons-induced promotion of emergence from general anesthesia in mice: evaluation using optogenetics method / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate whether the thalamic paraventricular nucleus mediates orexiner-gic ( orexin ) neurons-induced promotion of emergence from general anesthesia by using the optogenetics method in mice. Methods Twenty healthy male Hcrt-cre mice, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=5 each) using a random number table method: retrograde labeled viruses channelrhodopsin group ( R group) , anterograde labeled viruses channelrhodopsin group ( A group) , retro-grade labeled viruses control group ( RC group ) , and anterograde labeled viruses control group ( AC group) . The optogenetics technique was used in each group. Anesthesia was induced and maintained through inhaling 1％ isoflurane and pure oxygen 1. 0 L∕min. Electroencephalogram was monitored througout the procedure with the PowerLab monitoring system. The burst suppression ratio ( BSR) was recorded at 1 min before light stimulation and during light stimulation. Results Compared with RC group or the baseline at 1 min before light stimulation, the BSR was significantly decreased during light stimulation in R group ( P<0. 05) . Compared with AC group or the baseline at 1 min before light stimulation, the BSR was signifi-cantly decreased during light stimulation in group A ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Optogenetics technique ap-plication once again confirms that orexin neurons can promote emergence from general anesthesia through thalamic paraventricular nucleus in mice.

DTI study of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia brain injury based on cerebellar dentate nucleus / 中国医师杂志

Objective Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI) technique was used to investigate the changes of DTI parameters in nerve fiber bundles of children with hyperbilirubinemia. Meth-ods A retrospective analysis of DTI imaging data of 43 children with hyperbilirubinemia and 24 normal controls in our hospital using the German Siemens 3. 0t Trio superconducting magnetic resonance imaging in-strument from December 2016 to March 2018. Children with hyperbilirubinemia were divided into two groups, total serum bilirubin mildly elevated group (34 cases) and total serum bilirubin moderate to severe elevation group (9 cases). The right and left cerebellar dentate nuclei were selected as the regions of inter-est. Relevant parameters were measured, and the parameters of each group were analyzed and compared. Results Compared with the normal control group,the fractional anisotropy ( FA) of the total serum biliru-bin mildly elevated group was decreased ( P=0. 022 ) and the volume ratio ( VR ) of that was increased (P=0. 036). Compared with the normal control group, the FA of the total serum bilirubin moderate to se-vere elevation group was decreased (P=0. 002) and the VR of that was increased (P=0. 047). Compared with the total serum bilirubin mildly elevated group,the FA of the total serum bilirubin moderate to severe elevation group was decreased (P=0. 035). In addition, in the cerebellar dentate nucleus, there was a lin-ear negative correlation (r= -0. 201, P=0. 029) between the FA values and the total bilirubin level, while linear positive correlation (r=0. 245, P=0. 045) between the VR value and the total bilirubin level. Conclusions There are changes in FA and VR values of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in children with hy-perbilirubinemia,which of them are linearly related to bilirubin levels. It can early indicate the destruction or dysplasia of nerve fiber bundles in children.

Prudently applying the therapy of anterior thalamic stimulation for refractory epilepsy: present situation and thinking / 中华神经科杂志

Recently,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration has granted premarket approval for bilateral anterior thalamic nucleus stimulation as adjunctive treatment for reducing the frequency of partial-onset seizures in adults who are refractory to three or more antiepileptic medications.The anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) is a primary component of the limbic system (the Papez circuit),which represents a fundamental pathway for seizure propagation.Scholars speculated that ANT is an anatomic target that may halt or influence seizure propagation or epileptogenic foci originating within the limbic system.Some suggestions on the possible factors associated with the efficacy of ANT stimulation put forward by experts are helpful.However,given the limited clinical data,there is a lack of valid predictors of individual treatment response.Most importantly,rational patient selection relies on a detailed and careful anatomo-electro-clinical analysis for individualized treatment.

Comparison of Fornix and Stria Terminalis Connectivity among First-Episode Schizophrenia, Chronic Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls

OBJECTIVES: Disrupted integrities of the fornix and stria terminalis have been suggested in schizophrenia. However, very few studies have focused on the fornix and stria terminalis comparing first-episode schizophrenia (FESZ), chronic schizophrenia (CS), and healthy controls (HCs) with the application of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) technique. The objective of this study is to compare the connectivity of the fornix and stria terminalis among FESZ, CS, and HCs. METHODS: We included the 44 FESZ patients, 39 CS patients and 20 HCs in this study. Voxel-wise statistical analysis of the fractional anisotropy (FA) data was performed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics to analyze the connectivity of fornix and stria terminalis. In addition, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were used to evaluate clinical symptom severities. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the FESZ, CS, and HCs in age, sex, education years. The SAPS and SANS scores of the schizophrenia groups showed no significant differences. FA values of the right fornix cres/stria terminalis in the CS group were significantly lower than those in FESZ and HCs. There were no significant differences of FA values of the right fornix cres/stria terminalis between the FESZ and the HCs. Pearson correlation analyses revealed that significant correlation between FA values of the right fornix cres/stria terminalies of the the FESZ group and positive, negative symptom scales, and FA values of the right fornix cres/stria terminalis of the CS group and negative symptom scales. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that FA values of the fornix and stria terminalis in the CS were lower than in the FESZ and the HCs. These results suggest that the fornix and stria terminalis can play a role in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus current study can broaden our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Characterization of hadron production in γ−A photonuclear interactions of ultra-peripheral collisions / Caracterización de la producción de hadrones en interacciones fotonucleares γ−A de colisiones ultraperiféricas

Abstract A methodology for the simulation of ultra-peripheral collisions, specifically ultra-relativistic heavy ion 197Au-197Au and p-208Pb collisions, is developed. First, the fluxes of virtual photons as a function of the photon energy and the impact parameter are obtained using the Method of Weizsäcker-Williams. Then, the processes induced by photons in photon-hadron collisions γ+Au, γ+p and γ+Pb are simulated, neglecting the photon-photon contribution. The model is implemented in the code CRISP (Collaboration Rio-Sao Paulo), specifically designed for simulations of the nuclear environment. Cross-section, differential cross-section, multiplicity, invariant mass spectrum, angular distribution and p T distribution in 197Au-197Au and p-208Pb collisions are obtained, and a comparison with experimental data is accomplished in order to validate the model.

Resumen Una metodología para la simulación de colisiones ultraperiféricas, específicamente colisiones ultrarelativistas de iones pesados 197Au-197Au y p-208Pb es desarrollada. Primero, los flujos de fotones virtuales como función de la energía del fotón y el parámetro de impacto son obtenidos, usando el Método de Weizsäcker-Williams. Luego, los procesos inducidos por fotones en colisiones fotón-hadrón γ+Au, γ+p y γ+Pb son simulados, despreciando la contribución fotón-fotón. El modelo es implementado en el código CRISP (Colaboración Rio-Sao Paulo), específicamente diseñado para simulaciones del ambiente nuclear. La sección eficaz, sección eficaz diferencial, multiplicidad, espectro de masa invariante y distribución de p T son obtenidas, y se realiza una comparación con resultados experimentales, con el objetivo de validar el modelo.