Conocimientos de la población adulta sobre etiquetado nutricional de alimentos

Los consumidores a menudo informan dificultades para interpretar la información cuantitativa contenida en las etiquetas nutricionales de los alimentos. El objetivo fue estudiar los principales conocimientos sobre etiquetado de alimentos que la población adulta del Paraguay tiene incorporado en el periodo de agosto de 2021. Este es un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte trasversal en el cual se evaluaron a adultos de ambos sexos de 18 a 60 años consumidores de alimentos con etiquetado nutricional. Se recabarón datos sociodemográficos y de conocimientos sobre etiquetado nutricional de alimentos a través de una encuesta tipo on-line con la herramienta de Google forms. El 73% fueron del sexo femenino, la edad promedio fue de 36,9 años, 57,1% residía en Gran Asunción, 49,1% tenía nivel educativo universitario y 37,5%eran profesionales de la salud. Los aspectos generales sobre etiquetado nutricional revelaron que 88,3% sabía su concepto, 55,3% refirió que lo lee casi siempre, 84% sabía que es obligatorio y 44% se fijaba más en las calorías. Al evaluar los conocimientos generales, 91% sabía la diferencia entre caducidad y consumo preferente, 71,4% conocía el concepto de cantidades orientativas, 62,5% supo cuáles son las grasas menos saludables, y 71,4% respondió correctamente el concepto de alimento light. Los encuestados tuvieron un conocimiento general adecuado sobre etiquetado nutricional, no obstante, hubo un porcentaje considerable de individuos que no supieron los conceptos básicos, por lo que se debe realizar intervenciones de educación nutricional enfocadas al consumidor.

Consumers often report difficulties in interpreting the quantitative information contained in the nutritional labels of foods. The objective was to study the main knowledge about food labeling that the adult population of Paraguay has incorporated in the period of August 2021. This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study in which male and female adults between 18 and 60 years old consumers of foods with nutrition labelling were evaluated. Sociodemographic data and knowledge about nutritional labeling of food was collected through an online survey with the Google forms tool. Seventy three percent was female, the average age was 36.9 years, 57.1% lived in Greater Asunción, 49.1% had a university education level, and 37.5% were health professionals. The general aspects about nutritional labeling revealed that 88.3% knew the concept, 55.3% said that they read it almost always, 84% knew that it was mandatory and 44% paid more attention to calories. When evaluating general knowledge, 91% knew the difference between expiration and preferential consumption, 71.4% knew the concept of indicative quantities, 62.5% knew which are the less healthy fats, and 71.4% correctly answered the concept of light food. The survey respondents had an adequate general knowledge about nutrition labeling, however, there was a considerable percentage of individuals who did not know the basic concepts, for which consumer-focused nutrition education interventions should be carried out.

Influencia del etiquetado nutricional en la decisión de compra de estudiantes universitarios / Influence of Nutritional Labeling on the Purchase Decision of University Students

Resumen: Antecedentes: el etiquetado nutricional permite a los consumidores tomar mejores decisiones sobre alimentación, lo que contribuye a combatir las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: determinar cómo influye la interpretación del etiquetado nutricional, presente en los alimentos industrializados en Colombia, en la decisión de compra de estudiantes de pregrado del área de la salud de la Universidad CES. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 76 estudiantes de quinto semestre de programas de pregrado del área de la salud. Resultados: la frecuencia en el uso del etiquetado nutricional se asoció con el sexo (p = 0,036), el tipo de programa (p < 0,001) y el conocimiento de la función del etiquetado nutricional (p = 0,000). La buena interpretación del etiquetado nutricional no condicionó la frecuencia en su uso (p = 0,095); además, el nivel de interpretación del etiquetado nutricional no se asoció con el sexo ni con el tipo de programa de pregrado. Finalmente, se encontró que la decisión de compra estaba influenciada por la costumbre (p = 0,018) y la publicidad (p = 0,008) y no por la interpretación del etiquetado nutricional. Conclusiones: aunque el uso del etiquetado nutricional es más frecuente entre las mujeres, los estudiantes de Nutrición y Dietética y entre quienes conocen la función del etiquetado nutricional, la decisión de compra no está influenciada por su interpretación.

Abstract: Background: Nutritional labeling enables consumers to make better food choices, helping to fight chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To determine the influence of the interpretation of the nutritional labeling, present in industrialized foods in Colombia, on the purchase decision of undergraduate students in the health area of the CES University. Material and Methods: A descriptive observational study was carried out in a population of 76 fifth-semester students enrolled in the undergraduate programs of the health area. Results: The frequency of nutrition labeling use was associated with sex (p=0.036), the type of undergraduate program (p<0.001), and knowledge of the function of the nutrition labeling (p=0.000). A good interpretation of the nutrition labeling does not condition the frequency of its use (p=0,095). Additionally, the level of interpretation of the nutritional labeling was not associated with sex, nor the type of undergraduate program. Finally, it was found that the purchase decision was influenced by custom (p=0.018) and advertising (p=0,008), and not by the interpretation of the nutrition labeling. Conclusions: Although the use of nutrition labeling is more frequent among women, among students of Nutrition and Dietetics, and among those who are aware of the role of nutrition labeling, the purchase decision is not influenced by its interpretation.

Evolución del estado nutricional en adolescentes chilenos entre el 2010 y 2019: una revisión narrativa / Evolution of nutritional status in Chilean adolescents between 2010 and 2019: a narrative review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La adolescencia es una fase crítica del crecimiento con múltiples cambios fisiológicos. Dentro de sus factores determinantes se encuentran el estado nutricional. Adicionalmente, en el año 2016 se implementó la Ley de Etiquetado Nutricional con el objetivo de asegurar una oferta saludable de alimentos. Por lo tanto, se considera relevante conocer la evolución del estado nutricional relacionado a la implementación de esta nueva ley. OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución del estado nutricional de adolescentes chilenos,durante el 2010 y 2019. MÉTODOS: Revisión narrativa, que reúne los datos utilizando bases científicas como revistas, paper e informes de Scielo, Google Académico, Scopus, Pubmed e información del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), publicados entre los años 2010 hasta el 2019, en inglés o español. RESULTADOS: El estado nutricional normal en los adolescentes, muestra una disminución de un 10%. El porcentaje de adolescentes con malnutrición por exceso en el 2010 fue de 37.1% y en el año 2019 de 47.6%, aumentando un 10,5% en 10 años. CONCLUSIÓN: El estado nutricional de los adolescentes chilenos, entre los años 2010 y 2019, ha mostrado una evolución hacia la malnutrición por exceso, Esto podría traer consecuencias negativas en la salud y aumentar el riesgo de enfermedades asociadas a un estilo de vida poco saludable en la adultez.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a critical phase of growth with multiple physiological changes. Among its determining factors is the nutritional status. Additionally, in 2016 the Nutritional Labeling Law was implemented with the aim of ensuring a healthy food supply. Therefore, it is considered relevant to know the evolution of nutritional status related to the implementation of this new law. OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of the nutritional status of Chilean adolescents between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: Narrative review, which gathers data usings cientific data bases such as journals, papers and reports from Scielo, Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed and information from the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), published between 2010 and 2019, in English or Spanish. RESULTS: The normal nutritional status in adolescents showed a decrease of 10%. The percentage of adolescents with excess malnutrition in 2010 was 37.1% and in 2019 47.6%, increasing by 10.5% in 10 years. CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of Chilean adolescents, between 2010 and 2019, has shown an evolution towards excess malnutrition. This could have negative consequences on health and increase the risk of diseases associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in adulthood.

Efeito de cinco modelos de rotulagem nutricional frontal no tempo para escolhas alimentares entre brasilienses / Effectoffive front-of-packagenutritionallabeling models on time toselect food byBrazilians

Objetivo: Comparar o tempo necessário para realizar escolhas alimentares com diferentes modelos de rotulagem nutricional frontal entre adultos brasileiros. Métodos: Foram realizadas entrevistas com 150 participantes, que foram orientados a escolher o produto mais saudável entre dois alimentos, sendo apresentados oito pares de imagens. Um dos produtos de cada par apresentava advertências (alto em açúcares, sódio ou gordura saturada), testados em formatos diferentes de acordo com o grupo no qual o indivíduo era alocado: lupa, octógono, círculo, triângulo e semáforo. Foram contabilizados o número de acertos do produto mais saudável em cada par e o tempo para escolha correta do produto mais saudável. Resultados: Observou-se menor número de acertos do produto mais saudável entre os pares com semáforo, em comparação com qualquer outro modelo (p<0,001), sendo este também o formato no qual se observou maior tempo necessário para escolher corretamente o produto mais saudável (p<0,001). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os demais formatos. Na análise individual dos produtos, o círculo teve melhor desempenho, sendo observado tempo significativamente menor para escolhas corretas em sete dos oito produtos. Conclusão: Para apoiar escolhas alimentares saudáveis, indica-se o uso de qualquer um dos formatos testados para a rotulagem nutricional frontal, exceto o do semáforo. O círculo aparenta ser uma boa opção para reduzir o tempo do consumidor frente a escolhas saudáveis.

Objective: to compare the time Brazilian adults required to make food choices with different models of front-of-pack nutrition labeling. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 150 participants, who were instructed to select the healthiest product between two foods, with eight pairs of images presented. One of the products in each pair had warnings (high in sugars, sodium, or saturated fat), evaluated in different formats according to the group in which the individual was allocated: magnifying glass, octagon, circle, triangle, and traffic light. The number of correct answers for the healthiest product in each pair and the time to correctly select of the healthiest product were measured. Results: A lower number of correct answers for the healthier product among the pairs occurred with traffic lights than with any other model (p <0.001), which is also the format in which the longest time was necessary to correctly select the healthiest product (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the other formats. In the individual analysis of the products, the circle performed better, with significantly less time required to make the correct choices in seven of the eight products. Conclusion: To support healthy food choices, any of the tested formats for frontal nutrition labeling are indicated, except for the traffic light. The circle appears to be a good option to reduce consumer's time to select healthy choices.

Informação nutricional em restaurantes: um estudo de compreensão de pictogramas / Nutritional information in restaurants: a study of pictogram comprehension

A informação nutricional em serviços de alimentação se mostra relevante para as escolhas alimentares, além de ser uma forma de respeitar o direito a escolha do consumidor. Contudo, é necessário que essa seja facilmente compreendida pelos comensais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é propor um modelo pictórico de informação nutricional, que alerte para presença de glúten, leite, ovo e carne em Restaurantes Universitários de uma instituição pública a partir da percepção dos consumidores e do conhecimento da nutrição e do design de informação. A pesquisa quali-quantitativa, com delineamento transversal e caráter exploratório, foi realizada em Curitiba, Paraná, com graduandos adultos de uma instituição pública. Por meio de um questionário autorrespondido, foram avaliadas a compreensão de pictogramas com e sem rótulo que representassem a presença de glúten, leite, carne e ovo, a relevância das informações apresentadas e a preferência do local da disponibilização da informação nutricional. Participaram 131 consumidores com idade média de 21,3 ± 2,6 anos, sendo 73,3% do sexo feminino. Observou-se boa percepção dos pictogramas propostos, sendo melhor compreendidos aqueles com rótulos, que representavam "contém ovo" e "contém carne". Em relação a presença de leite, o pictograma da garrafa foi o mais aceito. O local de preferência para a visualização da informação foi no buffet, havendo interesse, principalmente, no nome da preparação e na lista de ingredientes. Os modelos de pictogramas propostos se mostraram adequados conforme os consumidores, atingindo o objetivo do estudo, contribuindo para que as informações sejam facilmente compreendidas, e favorecendo o direito de escolha dos consumidores.

Nutritional information in food services is relevant to food choices, in addition to being a way of respecting the consumer's right to choose. However, it is necessary that this information to be easily understood by the diners. Thus, the aim of this study is to propose a pictorial model of nutritional information, which warns of the presence of gluten, milk, eggs, and meat in a public university restaurant based on the perception of consumers and the knowledge of nutrition and the information design. The quali-quantitative study, with a cross-sectional design and exploratory character, was carried out in Curitiba, Paraná, with adult students from a public institution. Through a self-answered questionnaire, the comprehension of pictograms with and without a label that represented the presence of gluten, milk, meat, and egg, the relevance of the information presented, and the preference of the place where the nutritional information was made available were evaluated. 131 consumers participated with an average age of 21.3 ± 2.6 years, 73.3% of whom were female. A good perception of the proposed pictograms was observed, and was better understood with labels, which represented "contains egg" and "contains meat". Regarding the presence of milk, the bottle pictogram was the most accepted. The preferred location for viewing the information was at the buffet, with interest mainly in the name of the meal and the list of ingredients. The proposed pictograms models were shown to be adequate according to consumers, reaching the objective of the study, making the information easily understood, and favoring the consumers' right to choose.

Biscoitos integrais: legislação pertinente e percepção do consumidor / Whole grain cookies: relevant legislation and consumer's perception

Inúmeros benefícios são atribuídos aos alimentos integrais, especialmente pela concentração de fibras nesses produtos. Sabe-se que biscoitos integrais compõem a dieta dos consumidores, sendo a rotulagem o principal meio de comunicação entre indústria produtora e consumidores, e que não existe legislação específica para essa categoria de alimentos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou verificar se as informações e/ou discursos nutricionais presentes nos rótulos de biscoitos integrais estão de acordo com a legislação geral de rotulagem, e também averiguar a percepção dos consumidores frente às alegações, bem como sua preferência e consumo desses produtos. O estudo foi realizado em três supermercados da cidade de Videira-SC e contemplou duas etapas: análise de rótulos por meio de check-list e aplicação de questionário com consumidores. Os resultados evidenciaram inadequações, destacando-se a utilização de informações não previstas em lei, que podem induzir o consumidor a erros. Quanto à percepção dos consumidores, estes majoritariamente acreditam que para um alimento ser considerado integral, deve conter no mínimo 50% dessa fonte de ingrediente, e os associam a benefícios à saúde. Verifica-se a necessidade de desenvolver ações que promovam educação nutricional, bem como rigidez, cumprimento das leis vigentes e novos planejamentos de normas técnicas específicas para alimentos integrais, a fim de estabelecer critérios quanto à determinação desse grupo de alimentos. (AU)

Countless benefits are attributed to whole grain foods, especially due to the concentration of dietary fiber in these products. It is widely known that whole grain cookies are part of the consumers' diet, that food labeling is the primary means of communication between producers and consumers, and that a relevant legislation for this class of food is required. Thus, the present study aimed to verify whether nutrition claims and/or terms displayed on the labels of whole grain cookies are in compliance with the applicable labeling legislation, and also to ascertain consumer's perception on these claims as well as their preference for and consumption of these products. The study was carried out in three supermarkets in the city of Videira-SC, split into two stages: label analysis through a checklist and administration of a questionnaire to consumers. Results showed non-compliances, especially the use of terms not foreseen by the law, which could mislead consumers. Regarding the perception of consumers, they mostly believe that a product may contain at least 50% of whole grains to be called a whole grain food, and associate them with health benefits. It is necessary to develop and promote nutrition education actions as well as constitutional rigidity and compliance with the applicable legislation, and new and relevant technical standards for whole grain foods in order to improve requirements for this class of food. (AU)

Biochemical Index, Nutrition Label Use, and Weight Control Behavior in Female Adolescents: Using the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Development of a scale of use, comprehension and attitudes in relation to nutrition labels in Spanish / Desarrollo de una escala de actitudes, uso y comprensión de etiquetas nutricionales en español

Abstract: Objective: To describe the development of a reliable and valid measure of attitudes toward, and use and comprehension of nutritional labels in Spanish speaking countries. Materials and methods: The dimensions encompassed in this instrument are attitudes, comprehension and use, combining self-reports and objective measures of nutrition knowledge. Content validity, item analysis, repeat and internal reliability, and convergent and divergent validity were assessed in a pooled sample of 185 individuals. Results: Cronbach alpha coefficients (above 0.9) exhibit internal consistency. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the scale show good properties for convergent and divergent validity. Conclusion: The final 25-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of use, comprehension and attitude towards nutrition labels for Spanish speaking populations.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el desarrollo de una medida confiable y válida de las actitudes, uso y comprensión de etiquetas nutricionales en poblaciones de habla hispana. Material y métodos: Las dimensiones abarcadas en este instrumento son las actitudes, la comprensión y el uso, combinando medidas subjetivas y objetivas acerca del conocimiento sobre nutrición. Se evaluó la validez del contenido, el análisis de los ítems, la repetición y confiabilidad interna y la validez convergente y divergente en una muestra de 185 individuos. Resultados: Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach (mayores a 0.9) presentan consistencia interna, mientras que el factor de análisis confirmatorio y exploratorio muestra que la escala tiene validez convergente y divergente. Conclusiones: El instrumento final de 25 ítems es una medida válida y confiable de uso, comprensión y actitud hacia las etiquetas nutricionales diseñada para las poblaciones de habla hispana.

Avaliação de rótulos e das características físico-quimicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os rótulos e as características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses. Para isso, 139 amostras, sendo 48 de leite pasteurizado integral, 48 de iogurte, 26 de queijos, 10 de bebida láctea e 06 de doce de leite, foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas. Os resultados das análises foram confrontados com as respectivas legislações em vigor. Adicionalmente, foram analisados todos os rótulos das amostras, comparando-os ao padrão proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, averiguando possíveis irregularidades. No período avaliado, seis amostras de leite pasteurizado integral, oito de iogurte, quatro de queijo e duas de doce de leite apresentaram parâmetros físico-químicos divergentes das legislações. Dentre os 139 rótulos avaliados identificaram-se 38,13% de inadequações das informações obrigatórias. As principais irregularidades encontradas foram: não possui identificação do lote visível, legível e indelével; ausência de porção alimentar em g ou mL e medida caseira correspondente; não apresenta prazo de validade de forma clara e precisa; ausência de identificação da origem completa discriminada no rótulo; ausência de orientação quanto à correta conservação de alimentos perecíveis a ocorrência de vocábulos e/ou imagens induzindo ao equívoco do consumidor. Desta forma, conclui-se que a qualidade físico-química das amostras estava na sua maioria adequada aos padrões físico-químicos vigentes, entretanto, as irregularidades observadas nos rótulos podem induzir o consumidor ao consumo incorreto desses alimentos

The objective of the study was to evaluate the labels and physical and chemical characteristics of milk and milk products produced in industries of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. For this, 139 samples, 48 of pasteurized whole milk, 48 of yoghurt, 26 of cheeses, 10 of milk and 6 of of sweet paste milk, were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The results of the analyzes were compared with the respective legislation in force. In addition, all the labels of the samples were analyzed, comparing them to the standard proposed by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance, investigating possible irregularities. In the period evaluated, six samples of pasteurized whole milk, eight of yoghurt, four of cheese and two of sweet paste milk presented physical and chemical parameters divergent from the legislations. Among the 139 labels evaluated, 38.13% of the inadequacies of the mandatory information were identified. The main irregularities were: no visible, readable and indelible lot identification; absence of food portion in g or mL and corresponding home measure; without a clear and precise period of validity; absence of identification of the complete origin broken down on the label; absence of guidance on the correct conservation of perishable foods the occurrence of words and/or images leading to consumer misconception. Thus, it was concluded that the physical and chemical quality of the samples was in accordance with the current physical and chemical standards. However, the irregularities observed in the labels can induce the consumer to misuse these foods

Lactose em alimentos industrializados: avaliação da disponibilidade da informação de quantidade / Lactose in processed foods: evaluating the availability of information regarding its amount

Resumo Indivíduos com intolerância à lactose, doença de alta prevalência, devem controlar o consumo de alimentos com esse dissacarídeo para evitar sintomas gastrointestinais. Como a tolerância é variável à quantidade ingerida, é fundamental a discussão sobre a disponibilização da informação de quantidade de lactose em alimentos industrializados, que atualmente não é obrigatória. O estudo avaliou a disponibilidade da informação sobre a quantidade de lactose por análise dos rótulos de alimentos industrializados, que contivessem leite ou lactose na lista de ingredientes. Em seguida, realizou-se contato com as indústrias de alimentos para solicitação da informação. Foram avaliados 1.209 alimentos, dos quais 1.092 eram tradicionais e 117 diet/light/zero. Apenas 3,1% dos alimentos analisados apresentavam a informação sobre a quantidade de lactose na tabela nutricional dos rótulos. A presença desta informação foi maior no grupo de alimentos diet/light/zero do que nos tradicionais. Além disso, das 156 empresas contatadas, somente 14 informaram a quantidade de lactose contida nos alimentos, 93 responderam a solicitação, porém não disponibilizaram as quantidades, e 49 não responderam. Conclui-se que há baixa disponibilidade da informação sobre a quantidade de lactose em alimentos industrializados.

Abstract Patients with lactose intolerance, a high prevalence disease, should control the intake of food with lactose to avoid gastrointestinal symptoms. Since tolerance depends on the amount of lactose ingested, it is essential to discuss the availability of the amount of lactose information in processed foods, which is currently not mandatory. The study measured the availability of information on the amount of lactose on the labels of processed food that contained milk or lactose in the ingredient list. Then, we contacted the food industry to request this information. We evaluated 1,209 processed foods, of which 1,092 were traditional and 117 were diet/light/zero. Only 3,1% of the analyzed foods provided information on the amount of lactose in the labeled nutrition table. This information was more available in the diet/light/zero food group. Furthermore, of the 156 contacted companies, only 14 reported the amount of lactose contained in foods, 93 answered the request, but have not provided the amounts and 49 did not answer the request. We concluded that there is a low availability of information about the amount of lactose in processed foods.

Avaliação de rótulos e das características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os rótulos e as características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses. Para isso, 139 amostras, sendo 48 de leite pasteurizado integral, 48 de iogurte, 26 de queijos, 10 de bebida láctea e 06 de doce de leite, foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas. Os resultados das análises foram confrontados com as respectivas legislações em vigor. Adicionalmente, foram analisados todos os rótulos das amostras, comparando-os ao padrão proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, averiguando possíveis irregularidades. No período avaliado, seis amostras de leite pasteurizado integral, oito de iogurte, quatro de queijo e duas de doce de leite apresentaram parâmetros físico-químicos divergentes das legislações. Dentre os 139 rótulos avaliados identificaram-se 38,13% de inadequações das informações obrigatórias. As principais irregularidades encontradas foram: não possui identificação do lote visível, legível e indelével; ausência de porção alimentar em g ou mL e medida caseira correspondente; não apresenta prazo de validade de forma clara e precisa; ausência de identificação da origem completa discriminada no rótulo; ausência de orientação quanto à correta conservação de alimentos perecíveis a ocorrência de vocábulos e/ou imagens induzindo ao equívoco do consumidor. Desta forma, conclui-se que a qualidade físico-química das amostras estava na sua maioria adequada aos padrões físico-químicos vigentes, entretanto, as irregularidades observadas nos rótulos podem induzir o consumidor ao consumo incorreto desses alimentos.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the labels and physical and chemical characteristics of milk and milk products produced in industries of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. For this, 139 samples, 48 of pasteurized whole milk, 48 of yoghurt, 26 of cheeses, 10 of milk and 6 of of sweet paste milk, were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The results of the analyzes were compared with the respective legislation in force. In addition, all the labels of the samples were analyzed, comparing them to the standard proposed by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance, investigating possible irregularities. In the period evaluated, six samples of pasteurized whole milk, eight of yoghurt, four of cheese and two of sweet paste milk presented physical and chemical parameters divergent from the legislations. Among the 139 labels evaluated, 38.13% of the inadequacies of the mandatory information were identified. The main irregularities were: no visible, readable and indelible lot identification; absence of food portion in g or mL and corresponding home measure; without a clear and precise period of validity; absence of identification of the complete origin broken down on the label; absence of guidance on the correct conservation of perishable foods the occurrence of words and/or images leading to consumer misconception. Thus, it was concluded that the physical and chemical quality of the samples was in accordance with the current physical and chemical standards. However, the irregularities observed in the labels can induce the consumer to misuse these foods.

Parents' meal choices for their children at fast food and family restaurants with different menu labeling presentations

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effect of nutrition labeling formats on parents' food choices for their children at different restaurant types. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An online survey was conducted with 1,980 parents of children aged 3–12 years. Participants were randomly assigned to fast food or family restaurant scenarios, and one of four menu stimuli conditions: no labeling, low-calorie symbol (symbol), numeric value (numeric), and both low-calorie symbol and numeric value (symbol + numeric). Participants selected menu items for their children. Menu choices and total calories were compared by nutrition labeling formats in each type of the restaurant. RESULTS: Low-calorie item selections were scored and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for an interaction effect between restaurant and labeling type. In the fast food restaurant group, parents presented with low-calorie symbols selected the lowest calorie items more often than those not presented with the format. Parents in the symbol + numeric condition selected significantly fewer calories (653 kcal) than those in the no labeling (677 kcal) or numeric conditions (674 kcal) (P = 0.006). In the family restaurant group, no significant difference were observed among different labeling conditions. A significant interaction between restaurant and labeling type on low-calorie selection score (F = 6.03, P < 0.01) suggests that the effect of nutrition labeling format interplays with restaurant type to jointly affect parents' food choices for their children. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of easily interpretable nutritional information format at fast food restaurants may encourage healthier food choices of parents for their children; however, the effects were negligible at family restaurants.

Awareness, Satisfaction, and Usage Patterns of Female-Consumers for Food-Nutrition Labeling in Busan

This study was conducted to compare the awareness, satisfaction, and usage patterns of female-consumers for food-nutrition labeling in Busan. The survey was conducted from April 15 to June 10, 2018 by questionnaire. Degree of perception of food-nutrition labeling was higher among individuals in their 30s, 40s and 50s than those in their 20s, 60s and 70s. The score of verification degree was highest among respondents in their 40s and lowest among those in their 20s and 70s. Degree of demand of individuals in their 70s was lower than that of those in their 60s. Degree of reliability of individuals in their 30s, 40s and 50s was higher than that of those in their 20s, 60s, 70s. Satisfaction degree did not differ significantly among groups. Overall the most common reason to review food labeling was ‘to confirm expiry date’ (30.8%). Among those in their 20s, the main reason for reviewing nutrition labeling was ‘weight control’, while it was ‘nutrients’ among those in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, and ‘health improvement’ among those in their 70s. Additionally, 51.3% of the subjects reported that the major reason for difficulty understanding the labeling was ‘small letter, various form’. The demand for nutrient contents was highest in sodium. Age was negatively correlated with perception of food-nutrition labeling, demand, need for education and publicity, and nutrition knowledge (P < 0.01), whereas it was positively correlated with dietary attitude (P < 0.01). There was a strong correlation between demand for food-nutrition labeling and the need for education and publicity regarding food-nutrition labeling (r=0.546). Therefore, education materials and improvement plans based on age should be developed and implemented to inspire individuals to choose more nutritious food and develop a healthy dietary life.

Study of the Coverage of Nutrition Labeling System on the Nutrient Intake of Koreans - using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the coverage of the current mandatory nutrition labeling system on the nutrient intake of Koreans. METHODS: KNHANES dietary intake data (2013) of 7,242 subjects were used in the analysis. KNHANES dietary intake data were collected by a 24-hour recall method by trained dietitians. For analysis, all food items consumed by the subjects were classified into two groups (foods with mandatory labeling and other foods). In the next step, all food items were reclassified into four groups according to the food type and nutrition labeling regulations: raw material food, processed food of raw material characteristics, processed foods without mandatory labeling, and processed foods with mandatory labeling. The intake of energy and five nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium) of subjects from each food group were analyzed to determine the coverage of the mandatory nutrition labeling system among the total nutrient intake of Koreans. RESULTS: The average intake of foods with mandatory labeling were 384g/day, which was approximately one quarter of the total daily food intake (1,544 g/day). The proportion of energy and five nutrients intake from foods with mandatory labeling was 18.1%~47.4%. The average food intake from the 4 food groups were 745 g/day (48.3%) for the raw food materials, 54 g/day (3.5%) for the processed food of raw material characteristics, 391 g/day (25.3%) for the processed foods without mandatory labeling, and 354 g/day (22.9%) for the processed foods with mandatory labeling. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutrition labeling is a useful tool for providing nutritional information to consumers, the coverage of current mandatory nutrition labeling system on daily nutrient intake of the Korean population is not high. To encourage informed choices and improve healthy eating habits of the Korean population, the nutrition labeling system should be expanded to include more food items and foodservice menus.

Study of the Coverage of Nutrition Labeling System on the Nutrient Intake of Koreans - using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the coverage of the current mandatory nutrition labeling system on the nutrient intake of Koreans. METHODS: KNHANES dietary intake data (2013) of 7,242 subjects were used in the analysis. KNHANES dietary intake data were collected by a 24-hour recall method by trained dietitians. For analysis, all food items consumed by the subjects were classified into two groups (foods with mandatory labeling and other foods). In the next step, all food items were reclassified into four groups according to the food type and nutrition labeling regulations: raw material food, processed food of raw material characteristics, processed foods without mandatory labeling, and processed foods with mandatory labeling. The intake of energy and five nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium) of subjects from each food group were analyzed to determine the coverage of the mandatory nutrition labeling system among the total nutrient intake of Koreans. RESULTS: The average intake of foods with mandatory labeling were 384g/day, which was approximately one quarter of the total daily food intake (1,544 g/day). The proportion of energy and five nutrients intake from foods with mandatory labeling was 18.1%~47.4%. The average food intake from the 4 food groups were 745 g/day (48.3%) for the raw food materials, 54 g/day (3.5%) for the processed food of raw material characteristics, 391 g/day (25.3%) for the processed foods without mandatory labeling, and 354 g/day (22.9%) for the processed foods with mandatory labeling. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutrition labeling is a useful tool for providing nutritional information to consumers, the coverage of current mandatory nutrition labeling system on daily nutrient intake of the Korean population is not high. To encourage informed choices and improve healthy eating habits of the Korean population, the nutrition labeling system should be expanded to include more food items and foodservice menus.

Análise da rotulagem nutricional de pães de forma com informação nutricional complementar comercializados no município de Belo Horizonte - MG / Analysis of nutritional label of breads with complementary nutritional information sold in Belo Horizonte ­ MG

A busca da população por alimentos práticos, rápidos e saudáveis tem aumentado a preocupação com a rotulagem nutricional visto que este é o principal veículo de informação ao consumidor sobre as características nutricionais dos alimentos embalados. Este estudo objetivou verificar o índice de conformidades e inconformidades da rotulagem de pães embalados diante das regulamentações vigentes. Para tanto, foi avaliada a rotulagem de 23 pães de forma com informação nutricional complementar disponíveis na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-MG. As análises foram realizadas através de uma lista de verificação produzida a partir dos requisitos estabelecidos pela legislação sendo classificados como "adequado" ou "inadequado". Os resultados demonstraram que 95% dos rótulos analisados foram classificados como inadequado em algum dos parâmetros avaliados, sendo que 26% dos rótulos foram inadequados no parâmetro "Denominação de venda" e 35% no parâmetro "Tabela de Informação nutricional". O quesito "Informação Nutricional Complementar" obteve o maior número de inadequações concentrando 82,6% da totalidade avaliada. Com base nos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a falta de entendimento por parte dos fabricantes das leis detentoras da rotulagem nutricional no país entre outros fatores associados, podem explicar as frequentes falhas na rotulagem de alimentos embalados, o que pode ocasionar privação à informação e direito de escolha dos consumidores brasileiros.

The search of the population for fast, healthy and practical foods has increased concern with nutritional labeling, since this is the main vehicle for informing the consum labeling of packaged breads considering the current regulations. The present work evaluated the labeling of 23 breads with complementary nutritional information. The analyzes were carried out through a checklist in which the requirements established by current legislation were used and classified as "satisfactory" or "unsatisfactory". The results showed that 95% of the analyzed labels were classified as unsatisfactory in any of the evaluated parameters, 26% of the labels evaluated were unsatisfactory in the parameter "Sales denomination", 35% in the parameter "Nutrition Information Table" and the " Nutritional Complementary "obtained the greatest number of inadequacies, concentrating 82.6% of the totality evaluated. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the lack of understanding by the manufacturers of the laws that have the nutritional labeling in the country, among other associated factors can explain the frequent failures in the labeling of packaged foods, which can cause deprivation to the information and wrong choice of Brazilian consumers.

Healthy Dining Out in Diabetic Patients / 임상당뇨병

Dining out can be difficult for diabetics whose dietary choices are limited compared to healthy people. However, it is almost impossible to eat only at home in modern society, so it is essential to learn and practice how to eat well. As mentioned above, the nutrition labeling system is being applied and extended not only to processed foods, but also to restaurants, and there are many restaurants that present calories and major nutrients of their food options, although the nutrient names can differ depending on location. Therefore, diabetes patients can enjoy eating out if they can check the nutritional information, decide a menu to suit their nutritional needs, and limit the amount of food eaten. For sugar reduction, it is important to limit added sugars, particularly by selecting proper beverages. It should not be forgotten that sodium intake is easy to fall into the temptation to eat sugars as a compensation for salty taste and can cause complications such as hypertension. Also, it is advisable for diabetics to visit restaurants offering low-salt options.

Avaliação da adequação da rotulagem de fórmulas infantis para lactentes / Evaluation of the adequacy of infant formula labeling

O leite materno humano é a melhor opção de alimento para crianças até um ano de idade, mas em casos de contraindicação ou em casos de mães que por algum motivo não podem amamentar seus filhos, as fórmulas infantis para lactentes são indicadas por serem especialmente modificadas para atender as necessidades fisiológicas e nutricionais de indivíduos nessa faixa etária. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a rotulagem de fórmulas infantis comercializadas no município do Rio de Janeiro, com base nas recomendações do arcabouço legislativo brasileiro. Foi analisado um total de 23 fórmulas a partir de uma ficha composta de 19 itens para verificação da conformidade dos rótulos com base em normas estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Observou-se que dentre os itens avaliados conforme as legislações vigentes 45% apresentaram inadequações. A presença de falso conceito de vantagem e segurança (21,7%) e de alegações de saúde (17,4%) também foram uns dos itens estudados que apresentaram maiores números de não conformidades. Os resultados evidenciaram necessidades de: 1) as empresas de fórmulas infantis para crianças menores de um ano adequarem os rótulos dos seus produtos às legislações pertinentes; 2) órgãos sanitários fiscalizarem os rótulos das fórmulas infantis de forma mais efetiva.

Human breast milk is the best food option for children up to one year of age, but in cases with contraindication or for mothers who, for some reason cannot breast-feed their infants, formulas are indicated because they are especially modified to meet the physiological and nutritional needs in this age group. The aim of this work was to analyze infant formula labeling, marketed in the city of Rio de Janeiro, according Brazilian law. A total of 23 formulas were analyzed based on 19 items to verify the conformity of the labels, based on norms established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It was observed that among the items evaluated under the current legislation 45% presented inadequacies. The presence of false concepts of advantage and security (21.7%) and health claims (17.4%) were also among those with the highest number of nonconformities. The results evidenced the need for: 1) children's formula companies (for the ones who are under one year) to match their product labels to relevant legislation; 2) sanitary organs to monitor the labels of infant formulas more effectively

Avaliação do entendimento e da atitude do consumidor diante das informações veiculadas na rotulagem de produtos alimentícios na Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo / Evaluation of consumer understanding and attitude before the information provided on the labeling of food products in Vitória, Espírito Santo state, Brazil

Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o entendimento de consumidores sobre as informa��es contidas em r�tulos de produtos aliment�cios comercializados em supermercados dos munic�pios da Grande Vit�ria, Esp�rito Santo. M�todos: Durante 180 dias no ano de 2011, 601 consumidores foram questionados, atrav�s de um formul�rio estruturado, sobre sua compreens�o em rela��o � rotulagem nutricional. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que, dos entrevistados, 60,2% liam os r�tulos de alimentos, sendo que, destes, 72% possu�am Ensino Superior. Os aposentados (75%) foram os que tiveram maior conhecimento sobre as informa��es nutricionais. A internet apresentou-se como um significativo meio de busca para informa��es sobre o assunto e ter computador no domic�lio exerceu influ�ncia nas compras. Quando questionados sobre o objetivo de consulta dos r�tulos, 89% buscavam o prazo de validade, seguidos de 55,9% que pesquisavam a quantidade de nutrientes. Observou-se que a popula��o estudada apresentava pouco conhecimento sobre alimentos irradiados e transg�nicos. Apenas 21,1% dos consumidores confiavam completamente nas informa��es dos r�tulos. Conclus�es: Com este estudo, p�de-se concluir que os consumidores preocupam-se com as informa��es contidas nos r�tulos de alimentos, sendo aqueles com grau de escolaridade mais elevado, acesso aos meios de comunica��o e mais tempo livre durante o dia os que conferem maior import�ncia a esses dados.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the understanding of consumers about the information contained on the labels of food products marketed in supermarkets of the metropolitan area of Vitoria, Esp�rito Santo state, Brazil. Methods: The study was carried out along 180 days in 2011, when 601 consumers were questioned with the use of a structured form on their understanding regarding nutrition labeling. Results: The results showed that 60.2% of the respondents read food labels, and that 72.0% of these presented higher educational level. The retirees (75.0%) showed the highest knowledge about nutritional information. The use of the internet was a significant means of searching for information on the subject and having a computer at home influenced the purchases. When questioned about the purpose of consultation with labels, 89% sought the expiration date, followed by 55.9% for quantity of nutrients. It was possible to observe that the study population showed little knowledge about irradiated and genetically modified foods. Only 21.1% of consumers trusted completely in the label information. Conclusions: We conclude that consumers are concerned about the information contained on food labels and that those with higher educational level, access to the media, and more free time during the day give the greatest importance to this information.

Food Label Reading and Understanding among Obese Adults: A Population Study in Malaysia

Food labeling regulation has been implemented to enable consumers, including those with chronic diseases to make healthy informed choices before purchasing pre-packaged foods. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of obese adults in Malaysia who practice reading food labels. It explored types of labels read and understanding of the information. Findings presented in this study were captured from the secondary analysis of National Health and Morbidity Survey’s (NHMS, 2006) food label study which focused only on obese adults (BMI > 30 kg/m2) aged 18 and above. This nation-wide cross sectional study was conducted from April to August 2006 using an interview-based questionnaire. Complex data analysis was done using Stata version 12.0. There were 4565 obese respondents with the mean age of 33 ± 9.7 (18 – 60 years old). About 54.7% completed high-school and 9.9% were higher degree holders. Prevalence of obese adults who claimed to read label was 80.5% (95%CI: 79.3, 81.6). Findings showed significant results in reading and understanding labels among all age group categories, Malay, Indian and other Bumiputras, all education categories and married respondents. Expiry date was the highest percentage being read (74.5%), followed by fat content (15.3%), vitamin (11.8%) and carbohydrate (10.9%). The obese population in Malaysia claimed to read and understand the food label but did not focus on specific macronutrients related to their health condition. Findings can be used to implement effective education programmes targeting the relevant groups to instill an awareness to read, understand and use the label information as one of the means in combating obesity.