Consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en niños entre 6 y 23 meses según la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud de Argentina / Consumption of ultra-processed foods among children aged 6 to 23 months as per the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of Argentina

Introducción. Contar con los datos del consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en los niños resulta importante para planificar políticas públicas. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en menores de 2 años e identificar factores asociados. Describir la proporción que los alimentos ultraprocesados representan del número total de los alimentos consumidos en el día. Métodos. Análisis secundario de los datos de niños entre 6 y 23 meses de edad con al menos un recordatorio de 24 horas de consumo de alimentos de la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud de Argentina del año 2018. Se estudiaron como variables principales: "consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados" (según el sistema NOVA) categorizada en sí/no y la "proporción de ultraprocesados del total de alimentos consumidos". Los factores asociados explorados fueron lactancia materna, sexo, edad y el número de alimentos no ultraprocesados consumidos. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariable y se aplicó un factor de expansión para ponderar los datos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 4224 niños (ponderado 908 104). La prevalencia de consumo de ultraprocesados fue del 90,8 % (IC95%: 89,5-92) y fue asociado con mayor edad (OR 3,21; IC95% 2,28-4,52) y con el número de alimentos no ultraprocesados consumidos (OR 1,17; IC95% 1,13-1,23). Los ultraprocesados representaron una mediana del 20 % (RIC: 12,5-28,6 %) del total de alimentos consumidos en el día. Conclusiones. Este estudio señala la alta penetración de los alimentos ultraprocesados en la alimentación complementaria.

Introduction. The availability of data on the consumption of ultra-processed foods among children is important for planning public policies. Objectives. To describe the prevalence of consumption of ultra-processed foods in children under 2 years of age and identify associated factors. To describe the proportion that ultra-processed foods represent out of the total number of foods consumed in a day. Methods. Secondary analysis of data from children aged 6­23 months with at least a 24-hour recall of food consumption based on the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of Argentina (2018). The following primary variables were studied: "consumption of ultra-processed foods" (according to the NOVA system) categorized into yes/no and "proportion of ultra-processed out of total foods consumed." The following associated factors were studied: breastfeeding, sex, age, and number of non-ultra-processed foods consumed. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed and an expansion factor was applied to weight the data. Results. A total of 4224 children were included (weighed: 908 104). The prevalence of ultra-processed food consumption was 90.8% (95% CI: 89.5­92) and was associated with an older age (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 2.28­4.52) and the number of non-ultra-processed foods consumed (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.13­1.23). Ultra-processed foods accounted for a median 20% (IQR: 12.5­28.6%) of all foods consumed in a day. Conclusions. This study highlights the high penetration of ultra-processed foods in complementary feeding.

Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019 / Tendências dos escores Z de estatura por idade entre crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos de 2006 a 2019 / Tendencias de las puntuaciones Z de la talla por edad entre los niños brasileños menores de cinco años de 2006 a 2019

This study compared the distribution of stunting and height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores among age groups in data from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The final sample comprised 4,408 and 14,553 children < 59 months of age in the PNDS 2006 and ENANI-2019, respectively. Children with HAZ scores < -2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard were classified as stunted. Prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), means, and standard deviations were estimated for Brazil and according to age. The distribution of HAZ scores at each age (in months) was estimated using the svysmooth function of the R survey package. Analyses considered the complex sampling design of the studies. Statistical differences were determined by analyzing the 95%CI of the overlap of point estimates. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of stunting for children < 12 months of age increased from 4.7% to 9%. As expected, the smoothed curves showed a higher mean HAZ score for children < 24 months of age in 2006 than in 2019 with no overlap of 95%CI among children aged 6-12 months. For children ≥ 24 months of age, we observed a higher mean HAZ score in 2019. Although the prevalence of stunting among children < 59 months of age was similar between 2006 and 2019, mean HAZ scores among children ≥ 24 months of age increased, whereas the mean HAZ score among children < 24 months of age decreased. Considering the deterioration in living conditions and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect a greater prevalence of stunting in Brazil in the near future.

Este estudo comparou a distribuição dos escores Z de estatura (ZAI) e déficit de estatura por faixas etárias nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS 2006) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nossa amostra final foi composta por 4.408 e 14.553 crianças < 59 meses de idade da PNDS 2006 e ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Crianças com escores HAZ < -2 de acordo com o padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram classificadas como tendo déficit de estatura. Prevalências, intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), médias e desvios padrão foram estimados para o Brasil e de acordo com a idade. A distribuição dos HAZ em cada idade (em meses) foi estimada usando a função svysmooth do pacote R. Nossas análises consideraram o desenho amostral complexo dos estudos. Diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas pela análise da sobreposição pontual dos IC95%. Entre 2006 e 2019, a prevalência de déficit de estatura para crianças < 12 meses de idade aumentou de 4,7% para 9%. Como esperado, as curvas suavizadas revelaram um HAZ médio maior para crianças < 24 meses de idade em 2006 do que em 2019, sem sobreposição de IC95% entre crianças de 6-12 meses. Para crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade, observamos um HAZ médio maior em 2019. Embora a prevalência de déficit de estatura entre crianças < 59 meses de idade tenha sido semelhante entre 2006 e 2019, observamos um aumento no HAZ médio entre crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade e uma diminuição no HAZ médio entre crianças < 24 meses de idade. Considerando a deterioração das condições de vida e o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, espera-se uma maior prevalência de déficit de estatura no Brasil no futuro próximo.

Este estudio comparó la distribución de las puntuaciones Z de talla (ZTE) y el déficit de estatura por grupos de edad en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer (PNDS 2006) y la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nuestra muestra final consistió en 4.408 y 14.553 niños < 59 meses de edad de PNDS 2006 y ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Los niños con puntuaciones HAZ < -2 según el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se clasificaron como con déficit de talla para edad. Las prevalencias, los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95 %), las medias y las desviaciones estándar se estimaron para Brasil y según la edad. La distribución de HAZ para cada edad (en meses) se estimó utilizando la función svysmooth del paquete R. Nuestros análisis tuvieron en cuenta el complejo diseño de muestra de los estudios. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron mediante el análisis de la superposición puntual de los IC95 %. Entre 2006 y 2019, la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad en niños < 12 meses de edad aumentó del 4,7 % al 9%. Como se esperaba, las curvas suavizadas revelaron un HAZ promedio mayor para los niños < 24 meses de edad en 2006 que en 2019, sin una superposición del IC95 % entre los niños de 6-12 meses. Para los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad, observamos un HAZ promedio mayor en 2019. Aunque la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad entre los niños < 59 meses de edad fue similar entre 2006 y 2019, observamos un aumento en el HAZ promedio entre los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad y una disminución en el HAZ promedio entre los niños < 24 meses de edad. Teniendo en cuenta el deterioro de las condiciones de vida y el impacto potencial de la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera una mayor prevalencia de déficit de talla para edad en Brasil en un futuro cercano.

Dietary practices of university students according to the Dietary Guidelines for the brazilian population: PADu study / Práticas alimentares de ingressantes na universidade segundo o Guia Alimentar para a população brasileira: estudo PADu

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate factors associated with dietary practices in students of a institution of higher education, included in the PADu study: "Anxiety and depression symptoms among university students in Minas Gerais: a longitudinal study". Methods Cross-sectional study of PADu project baseline with undergraduate first period students, who responded in person to a printed and self-administered questionnaire. Dietary practices were evaluated through a 24 items scale based on recommendations of Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Answer choices are four-point Likert scale: "strongly agree", "agree", "disagree" and "strongly disagree". The sum of the items corresponded a score ranging (0-72 points), a high score indicating greater adequacy. The explanatory variables were: sociodemographics (gender, age, knowledge area, skin color, marital status, monthly household income), behaviors (excess alcohol consumption, physical exercise, screen exposure, internet use), health conditions (self-rated health, nutritional status, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress). Adjusted multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the coefficients and their 95% CI. Results 356 students participated in the study. The average of dietary practices was 34.9±9.3 (0-63) points. Physical exercise practice (β: 3.75; CI: 1.83; 5.67) was associated with higher scores in the eating students score. We observed factors associated with the lowest score greater exposure to screens (β: -0.44; CI: -0.67; -0.13), excessive internet use (β: -3.05; CI: -5.22; -0.88), poor health self-assessment (β: -3.63; CI: -4.97; -1.21), excessive alcohol consumption (β: -2.09; CI: -3.92;-0.26) and stress symptoms (β: -2.81; CI: -4.72; -0.77). Conclusion Most students have inadequate dietary practices associated with internet use, alcohol consumption and stress.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados às práticas alimentares em estudantes de uma instituição de Ensino Superior incluídos no estudo PADu: "Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em universitários de Minas Gerais: um estudo longitudinal". Métodos Estudo transversal da linha de base do projeto PADu com alunos do primeiro período da graduação, que responderam pessoalmente a um questionário impresso e autoaplicável. As práticas alimentares desses estudantes foram avaliadas por meio de uma escala de 24 itens baseada nas recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. As opções de resposta foram coletadas em escala Likert de quatro pontos: "concordo totalmente", "concordo", "discordo" e "discordo totalmente". A soma dos itens correspondeu a uma pontuação (0-72 pontos), onde uma pontuação alta indicava maior adequação. As variáveis explicativas foram: características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, área do conhecimento, cor da pele, estado civil, renda familiar total mensal), comportamentos (consumo excessivo de álcool, exercícios físicos, exposição a telas e uso de internet) e condições de saúde (autoavaliação saúde, estado nutricional, sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e stress). O modelo de regressão linear múltipla ajustado foi usado para estimar os coeficientes e seus IC 95%. Resultados 356 alunos participaram do estudo. A média das práticas alimentares foi de 34,9±9,3 (0-63) pontos. A prática de exercícios físicos (β: 3,75; IC: 1,83; 5,67) esteve associada a maiores escores no escore de hábitos alimentares dos escolares. Foram observados fatores associados ao menor escore maior exposição a telas (β: -0,44; IC: -0,67; -0,13), uso excessivo de internet (β: -3,05; IC: -5,22; -0,88), ruim autoavaliação de saúde (β: -3,63; IC: -4,97; -1,21), consumo excessivo de álcool (β: -2,09; IC: -3,92; -0,26) e sintomas de estresse (β: -2,81; IC: -4,72; -0,77). Conclusão A maioria dos estudantes apresenta práticas alimentares inadequadas associadas ao uso da internet, consumo de álcool e estresse.

Descripción de la progresión de la obesidad y enfermedades relacionadas en Chile / Increasing frequency of obesity in Chile

Background: An explosive increase in overweight and obesity occurred in Chile since the 90's, without an integrative national policy. Aim: To describe the current obesity situation in Chile and its consequences. Material and Methods: Analysis of the available anthropometric data obtained by an annual census of anthropometry for students (Nutritional Map) collected by the Ministry of Education, and three National Health Surveys (2003, 2009-2010 y 2016-2017) performed by the Ministry of Health in adults. Results: According to the Nutritional Map the prevalence of obesity in 1987 was 7.5% among children of six years of age and increased to 24% in 2018 (8% with severe obesity). At 14 years of age, the frequency of obesity increased from 8 to 15% from 2011 to 2018. In children older than 15 years, overweight and obesity increased from 61 to 74% from 2003 to 2016. In the same period, total obesity increased from 23 to 34% and the frequency of diabetes duplicated from 6 to 12%. The frequency of hypertension did not change, but its prevalence is 45 and 73% after 45 and 65 years of age, respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of obesity will continue to increase, producing severe health risks for the population. Public policies addressing both structural and individual aspects are recommended.

Determinantes del consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética en población mexicana (Ensanut 2012) / Determinants of non-essential energy-dense food consumption in Mexican population (Ensanut 2012)

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico que se asocia con las probabilidades de consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética (ANBADE), gravados desde 2014. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012. Se identificó el grupo de ANBADE y se estimaron modelos probit sobre las probabilidades de consumo (PC) y de alto consumo después de ajustar por energía total (PAC), en función de características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Los escolares tienen 10.7 puntos porcentuales (pp) más PAC frente a los preescolares. Pertenecer a hogares con el mayor gasto o escolaridad del jefe se asocia con una PC 3.3 y 3.2 pp mayor en comparación con los hogares de menor gasto o escolaridad del jefe, respectivamente. Vivir en localidades metropolitanas se asocia con una PAC 5.2 pp mayor frente a localidades rurales. Conclusiones: El estudio identificó las condiciones sociodemográficas que se asocian con las mayores PC o PAC de ANBADE, que podrán considerarse en el diseño y evaluación de la política alimentaria.

Abstract: Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile associated with the probabilities of consumption of nonessential energy-dense foods (ANBADE), taxed since 2014. Materials and methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. ANBADE group was identified and probit models were estimated for the probabilities of consumption (PC) and of belonging to the high quintile of consumption after adjusting for total energy intake (PAC), as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Results: School-aged children have a PAC 10.7 percentage points (pp) higher vs. preschool-aged. Belonging to households with the highest expenditures or education of the head of the household are associated with a PC 3.3 or 3.2 pp higher vs. households with lower expenditures or education of the head, respectively. Living in metropolitan areas is associated with a PAC 5.2 pp higher vs. rural areas. Conclusions: The study identified the sociodemographic conditions associated with the largest PC or PAC of ANBADE, which may be considered in the design and evaluation of food policy.

La actividad física y el estado nutricional en médicos / Physical activity and nutritional status in doctors

Contexto: el personal médico, debido a su conocimiento sobre la salud física y los medios para mantener la misma, constituye un ejemplo para la comunidad en general de un correcto estilo de vida en base a una alimentación saludable y la realización de ejercicio, pero la realidad es que no se conocen datos sobre el grado de actividad física y la nutrición del personal sanitario y su estado físico. Objetivo: establecer la prevalencia de sobrepeso y describir el nivel de actividad física del personal médico que labora en el Hospital San Francisco del IESS, de la ciudad de Quito. Sujetos y métodos: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal para describir la prevalencia de sobrepeso del personal médico, para lo cual se utilizó el IMC, el IPAQ versión corta y un cuestionario de consumo de alimentos. Mediciones principales: actividad física, estado nutricional, adición de sal, consumo de grasas saturadas y frutas. Resultados: se estudiaron 80 profesionales médicos, de los cuales 46, ( 57,5%; IC95%: 46,57%-67,74%) son mujeres. El 86,2% de los sujetos se encuentran en el rango de edad de 30 a 50 años. La clasificación realizada según la encuesta IPAQ, demostró que la mitad de los participantes (50%; n=40; IC95%: 39,30%-60,70%) realizan una actividad física leve, también denominada "caminata", y que solo 17 (21,3%; IC: 13,71%-31,42%) de los participantes realizan actividad física vigorosa. Las mujeres caminan más que los hombres (33% vs. 18%). El 53,8% (n= 43); IC95%: 42.9 ­ 64.3% de los médicos tienen sobrepeso y obesidad. Los hombres tienen mayor sobrepeso y obesidad que las mujeres (30% vs. 24%). El 41,3 % afirmaron que si agregan sal a sus alimentos diarios. El 22.5% si consumen grasas saturadas. En relación al consumo de frutas y verduras, el 60% (n=48); IC: 49,05%-70,04% revelaron que poseen un consumo moderado y relevante de estos productos. Habría cierta relación entre el incremento de actividad física y la disminución de IMC, la mediana del IMC tiende a disminuir. Igualmente, quienes disminuyen la actividad física incrementan el peso. Conclusión: la mitad del personal médico tiene sobrepeso. Debido a factores externos adicionales, la actividad física no es un determinante único para la reducción de peso en el personal médico. (AU)

Context: due to their knowledge about physical well-being and how to achieve it, healthcare professionalought to set the example for the community in general regarding a healthy lifestyle based on eating good food and exercising. However, in real terms, there are no data available concerning the physical condition, level oactivity and nutrition of health professionals. Objective: to establish the degree of excess weight and physical activity of the medical practitioners working aIESS (National Health Service) Hospital San Francisco in Quito. Subjects and methods: This is an epidemiologic cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at defining the prevalence of excess weight of medical personnel using BMI, IPAQ (short version) and a food consumption survey. Principal measurements: physical activity, nutritional condition, added salt, consumption of saturated fats and fruits. Results: the number of medical professionals taking part was 80, out of which 46, i.e. 57.5%; IC95%: 46.57%-67.74%) are women. 86.2% of the subjects are between 30 to 50 years of age. The IPAQ classification indicated that half of the participants (50%; n=40; IC95%: 39.30%-60.70%) undertake a moderate form ophysical activity such as walking, and that just 17 (21.3%; IC: 13.71%-31.42%) of the participants perform vigorous physical workouts. Females walk more than males (33% vs. 18%). Moreover, 53.8% (n= 43); IC95%:n 42.9 ­ 64.3% health practitioners are classed as overweight or obese. The males tended to be more overweight/ obese than the females: (30% vs. 24%). Also, 41.3 % of the subjects admitted adding salt to their food daily, and 22.5% knowingly consume saturated fats. Regarding the consumption of fruits and vegetables, 60% (n=48); IC: 49.05%-70.04% revealed that they have moderate or relevant consumption of these products. There is a correlation between increased physical activity and decreased BMI whereby the average BMI tends to go down. Likewise, those participants with decreased physical activity, tended to put on weight. Conclusion: half of the medical personnel are overweight. Due to additional external influences, physicaactivity is not the only determining factor for weight loss among the medical staff analysed. (AU)

Caracterización de los hábitos alimentarios y nivel de actividad física en estudiantes universitarios / Characterizing eating habits and physical activity levels in college students / Características dos hábitos alimentares e de atividade física em estudantes universitários

Objetivo. Describir los hábitos alimentarios y el nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de la Universidad El Bosque durante agosto 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población fueron hombres y mujeres, estudiantes (cursos básicos o I-IV semestre) y matriculados en el segundo semestre de 2017. Los hábitos alimentarios y la actividad física se midieron mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y el cuestionario IPAQ-SF, respectivamente. Se reportaron frecuencias, porcentajes, promedios, medianas, desviaciones estándar, rangos e IC95%. Resultados. Participaron 1.551 estudiantes, 65,6 % eran mujeres, la mediana de la edad fue de 19 años (RIQ=18-20), el 52,7 % pertenecía al primer año de los programas de pregrado y el 6,2 % era de cursos básicos. El 30,6 %, el 16,8 % y el 10,6 % de los estudiantes pertenecían a las facultades de medicina, ingeniería y educación, respectivamente.El 75 % de los estudiantes consumía habitualmente tres comidas principales (desayuno, almuerzo y cena), y el 3,1 % consumía alimentos dos o menos veces al día. El 47,4 % consumía diariamente lácteos y, el 20,1 %, verduras. En todas las facultades, se encontró un alto consumo diario de bebidas azucaradas (17,2 %) y azúcares (40,7 %).El 45 %, el 35 % y el 20 % de los estudiantes tenían un nivel bajo, alto e intermedio de actividad física, respectivamente. El nivel bajo de actividad física aumenta conforme incrementa el semestre académico (43 a 46,4 %); las facultades del área de la salud presentaron mayores porcentajes de nivel bajo de actividad física (46,5 a 60,9 %) y la facultad de creación-comunicación presentó mayor porcentaje de nivel alto de actividad física (49,5 %). Conclusiones. Los estudiantes evaluados presentaron inadecuados hábitos alimentarios y bajo nivel de actividad física, lo cual puede estar perjudicando su salud y desempeño académico.

Objective: Describe eating habits and physical activity level in college students at Universidad El Bosque during August, 2017 Materials and methods: Cross- sectional descriptive study. Its population was comprised of men and women, students ranging from preparatory courses to second year, enrolled through the second term of 2017. Eating habits and physical activity were measured by a food frequency survey and IPAQ-SF questionnaire. Frequencies, ranges, averages, percentages, medians, standard derivations and IC 95% were reported. Results: 1551 students participated in this study. 65,6% were women, whose age median was 19 (RIQ 18-20). 52,7% of the sample is comprised of first year undergraduate students, while 6,2% belong to preparatory courses. 30.6% are medical students; 16,8% are engineering students and 10,6% are from education school. 75% of student typically eats three times a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and 3.1% eats twice a day or less. 47.4% intakes dairy products and 20.1% include groceries. A high daily intake of sugary beverages was found throughout the sample (17,2%) and overall, students have a low level of physical activity. As the academic process progresses, physical activity decreases. Health sciences schools have the lowest levels of physical activity 46,5%-60,9%), while the school of communication scored the highest physical activity (49,5%). Conclusions: Students assessed shown inadequate eating habits and low physical activity levels which may be detrimental to their health and academic performance

Objetivo. Descrever os habitos alimentares e de atividade física dos estudantes da universidad El Bosque. Materiais e métodos. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal. A população considerada na amostra são homens e mulheres estudantes dos cursos básicos de graduação entre o primeiro e o sexto semestre, matriculados no período 2017 II. Por meio de um questionário de frequência de alimentos complementado com o questionário IPAQ-SF, foram reportadas frequências, porcentagens, médias, medianas, rangos e IC95%. Resultados. De 1551 estudantes estudados, média de idade 19 anos (RIQ 18-20), o 52,7% pertencem ao primero ano da graduação e 6,2% são de cursos básicos. O 30,6%, 16,8% e 10,6% dos estudantes são dos programas de Medicina, Engenharia e Educação respectivamente. O 75% dos estudantes consome habitualmente três refeições (café da manhã, almoço, jantar) e o 3,1% consome duas ou menos vezes por dia. O 47,4% consome diariamente lácteos e 20,1% verduras; todos os estudantes apresentam alto consumo de bebidas açucaradas (17,2%) e açúcares em geral (40,7%). O 45%, 35% e 20% dos estudantes tem níveis: baixo, médio e alto de atividade física respectivamente, a baixa na atividade física diminui conforme aumenta o semestre académico (43%-46,4%); os estudantes se formando na área da saúde apresentaram menores porcentagens de atividade física (46,5%-60,9%) e a faculdade de criação-comunicação apresentou maior porcentagem de atividade (49,5%). Conclusões: Os estudantes avaliados apresentaram inadequados hábitos alimentares e baixo nível de atividade física, o que pode estar alterando seu nível académico

A influência dos locais de refeição e de aquisição de alimentos no consumo de frutas e hortaliças por adultos no município de São Paulo / The influence of meal and food markets in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in the city of São Paulo

RESUMO: Introdução: Apesar do aumento no consumo de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil, o país ainda está aquém das recomendações. O local de consumo e aquisição desses alimentos ainda é pouco explorado. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos locais de aquisição e consumo de alimentos na ingestão de frutas e hortaliças em adultos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou 2 mil indivíduos participantes do "Estudo do ambiente obesogênico em São Paulo". O desfecho do estudo foi o consumo regular de frutas e hortaliças. As variáveis de exposição foram: local de aquisição (supermercados, feiras, sacolões e mercados de bairro) e consumo de alimentos (restaurantes de serviço completo e restaurantes fast-food). Resultados: A população estudada é composta por 52,3% de indivíduos do sexo feminino, 30,2% com idade entre 25 e 34 anos, 42,8% com 8 a 11 anos de estudo e 34,6% com renda familiar de 2 a 5 salários mínimos. As variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas associaram-se com o desfecho (p < 0,05). O consumo regular de refeições em restaurantes de serviço completo foi associado ao consumo de hortaliças, ao contrário do consumo de refeições em restaurantes fast-food. Não houve associação entre local de aquisição e consumo regular de frutas e hortaliças. Conclusão: Visitas regulares a restaurantes de serviço completo influenciam positivamente o consumo de hortaliças. Não foram encontradas relações entre o local de compra de frutas e hortaliças e seu consumo.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Despite the increased consumption of fruits and vegetables in the Brazilian population, a great proportion of people do not meet the recommendations. Purchasing sites associated with fruit and vegetable consumption has not been widely explored. Objective: To explore the association between fruit and vegetable purchasing and consumption sites and the consumption of these foods among adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 2 thousand individuals living in the city of São Paulo, aged between 20 and 59 years, participants of the "Obesogenic Environment Study in São Paulo". The outcome was fruit and vegetable consumption measured by weekly consumption. Exposure variables included purchasing sites (supermarkets, open-air food markets, fruit and vegetable specialized markets, and corner stores) and consumption sites (full service restaurants and fast food restaurants). Results: The sample comprises women (52.3%) aged between 25 and 34 years (30.2%), with at least 8 years of schooling (42.8%) receiving 2 to 5 minimum wages (34.6%). Demographic and socioeconomic variables showed association with regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (p < 0.05). The regular consumption of meals in full service restaurant was associated with vegetables consumption. The regular consumption of meals in fast-food restaurants was not associated with vegetables consumption. Food purchasing sites were not associated with fruit or vegetable consumption. Conclusion: The choice of restaurant type was associated with vegetable consumption. In the studied population, food purchasing sites were not associated with fruit or vegetable consumption.

Inquéritos antropométricos e alimentares na população brasileira: importante fonte de dados para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas / Anthropometric and dietary surveys of the Brazilian population: an important source of data for conducting research

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as diferenças metodológicas dos inquéritos antropométricos e alimentares brasileiros classificados em domiciliares, escolares e telefônicos, e refletir sobre as potencialidades e os entraves envolvidos na utilização dos dados secundários dos mesmos. Os documentos que compuseram o corpus deste artigo foram relatórios oficiais publicados dos estudos. Os resultados retrataram diferenças metodológicas em relação à avaliação do consumo alimentar, à antropometria, à periodicidade e à forma de acesso as bases de dados. As fontes de dados secundários, que antes limitavam-se à divulgação de relatórios impressos, passaram a ser disponibilizadas sob a forma de microdados em bases eletrônicas. No entanto, essas bases são ainda pouco exploradas pelos pesquisadores da saúde, devido à complexidade de extração e de análise dos dados. Isso justifica a importância da inserção nos cursos de pós-graduação em saúde de disciplinas que promovam habilidades para uso dessas bases, que contêm variáveis sobre a situação de saúde e nutrição da população, além das socioeconômicas e demográficas não presentes nos sistemas tradicionais de informação em saúde. Conclui-se que o trabalho com dados secundários exige qualificação e o uso dessa fonte de informação contribui para adequado planejamento em saúde.

Abstract The scope of the current study was to analyze the methodological differences between Brazilian anthropometric and dietary surveys, which are classified as home, school and telephone surveys, as well as to reflect on the potential benefits and obstacles involved in the use of secondary data. The documents that are the focus of this study are official published reports of the surveys. The results indicated methodological differences in the assessment of food intake, anthropometry, frequency and form of access to the databases. The secondary data sources, which were previously limited to the dissemination of printed reports, were made available as micro-data in electronic databases. However, these databases are as yet not frequently consulted by health researchers due to the complexity of data extraction and analysis. For this reason, courses on how to develop skills to use these databases in graduate health courses should be included as they contain variables related to the health and nutrition status of the population, in addition to socioeconomic and demographic variables, which are not found in traditional health information systems. The conclusion drawn is that working with secondary data requires training and that the use of this source of information contributes to adequate planning in health.

Etapas de cambio conductual y estado nutricional relacionado al consumo de frutas y verduras en escolares de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio fuprecol / Stages of behaviour change and nutritional status regarding fruit and vegetable consumption among schoolchildren from Colombia: The fuprecol study

RESUMEN Este trabajo se ha centrado en describir la relación de las etapas de cambio conductual frente al consumo de frutas y verduras con el estado nutricional en 1.922 escolares (54.3% mujeres) de Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicó de manera autodiligenciada un cuestionario de cambio de comportamiento (CCC-FUPRECOL), y se calculó el IMC como marcador del estado nutricional. Nuestros resultados muestran que el 46,6% de las mujeres, y el 45,4% de los varones acusaron tener un cumplimiento diario de la recomendación de frutas, mientras que el 39,0% de las mujeres, y el 40,4% de los varones, alcanzaron el cumplimiento de la recomendación diaria de verduras (p< 0,05). En la población total, los escolares con sobrepeso/obesidad acusaron mayor frecuencia de no cumplimiento con la recomendación mínima de frutas-verduras/día, que los agrupados con peso saludable. Se observó que ser mujer, se asociaba como variable para el cumplimiento de la recomendación mínima de frutas y verduras con valores de OR 1,54 (IC95% 1,22-1,93) y OR 1,48 (IC95% 1,19-1,84), respectivamente. En conclusión, aproximadamente, 2/3 de los participantes tienen la intención o cumplen con la recomendación diaria de consumo de frutas y verduras.

ABSTRACT This article describes the relationship between stages of behavioural change regarding fruit and vegetable consumption with nutritional status among 1,922 schoolchildren (54.3% girls) from Bogotá, Colombia. A self-administered questionnaire called Behavioural Lifestyle Changes (FUPRECOL) was applied. BMI was used to categorize nutritional status. We found that 46.6% of girls and 45.4% of boys reported compliance with the daily recommendation for fruits, while 39.0% of girls and 40.4% of boys reported compliance with the daily recommendation for vegetables (p< 0.05). Overall, overweight/obese schoolchildren showed higher frequency of not meeting the minimum recommended number of daily fruits/vegetables (precontemplation + contemplation stage) than normal weight children. Binary logistic regression showed that being a girl was associated with compliance with the minimum recommendation for fruit and vegetables (OR 1.54: 1.22-1.93, 95%CI; and OR 1.48; 1.19-1.84, 95%CI), respectively. In conclusion, around 2/3 of the participants intend or comply to consume the recommended quantities of fruit and vegetables.

Yoduria y concentración de yodo en sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la yoduria y concentración de yodo sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se incluyó 8023 escolares del nivel primario, que participaron voluntariamente. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico, multietápico y estratificado, la selección se realizó por muestreo sistemático. La determinación de yoduria se realizó por espectrofotometría (método de Sandell-Kolthoff) y la evaluación de yodo en sal se realizó por volumetría. El procesamiento de datos se realizó mediante análisis para muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calculó medianas, percentiles e intervalos de confianza, se usó la prueba de U Mann Whitney y Kruskall Wallis cuando correspondía. Resultados A nivel nacional, la mediana de yoduria en los escolares fue 258,53 ug/L, siendo mayor en los varones (265,90 ug/L) que en las mujeres (250,77 ug/L). La mediana de yoduria en el área urbana fue mayor (289,89 ug/L) que en el área rural (199,67 ug/L), mientras que en los colegios privados fue 315,48 ug/L y en los públicos fue 241,56 ug/L (p<0,001). La mediana de yodo en sal fue 28,69 mg/kg. El 23,1% de las muestras de sal, tuvieron menos de 15 mg/kg de yodo. Conclusiones La mediana de yoduria en los escolares del nivel primario presenta niveles superiores a las necesarias, según lo recomendado por la OMS, con diferencias entre la zona urbana y rural, y colegios públicos y privados.

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 8,023 elementary schoolchildren, who voluntarily participated, were included. Multistage stratified probability sampling was performed, and the sample was obtained by systematic selection. Ioduria was determined via spectrophotometry (Sandell-Kolthoff method), and the amount of iodine in salt was evaluated volumetrically. The data were processed by means of analysis for complex samples with a weighting factor. Medians, percentiles, and confidence intervals were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used, where appropriate. Results Nationwide, the median ioduria in schoolchildren was 258.53 ug/L, being higher in boys (265.90 ug/L) than in girls (250.77 ug/L). The median ioduria in urban areas was higher (289.89 ug/L) than that in rural areas (199.67 ug/L), while it was 315.48 ug/L in private schools and 241.56 ug/L in public schools (p<0.001). The median iodine concentration in table salt was 28.69 mg/kg. Of the total salt samples, 23.1% contained less than 15 mg/kg of iodine. Conclusions The median ioduria in elementary schoolchildren exceeded normal levels, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization, with differences between urban and rural areas and public and private schools.

Associations between Smoking, Drinking and Depression among Korean Adults: The 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression has been steadily increasing. This study aim to identify associations between smoking, drinking and depression in Korean adults. METHODS: The study subjects were 17,871 adults aged 19 or over who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012). We performed multiple logistic regression to identify whether smoking and drinking were independently significant variables to depression after adjusting for the confounding variables. RESULTS: The proportion of having any depressive episodes was a total of 13.4% with 9.1% of male and 16.6% of female, respectively. Among all of smoking behaviors, higher cigarette consumption was only associated with depression in men. However, for women ever-smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.38-1.92), ex-smoking (aOR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10-1.54), current smoking (aOR=1.89, 95% CI=1.53-2.94) and younger initiation of smoking (aOR=2.34, 95% CI=1.73-3.16) had significantly higher odds for depression. Moreover, and higher cigarette consumption (20 or more per day) showed significantly higher odds ratios for depression both in men (aOR=1.21, 95% CI=1.01-1.54) and women (aOR=2.41, 95% CI=1.32-4.41). For alcoholic drinking behaviors, frequent binge drinking (1 per week: aOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.16-1.85, most everyday: aOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.14-2.80) was an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in female. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and drinking behaviors were independently associated with depression especially in female. Smoking and drinking management may benefit depression control as well as health promotion.

Nutritional risk relates to the prognosis of patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To provide evidence for the application of nutritional intervention strategy by analyzing perioperative nutritional status of retroperitoneal liposarcoma patients.Methods 60retroperitoneal liposarcoma patients were divided into primary group (27 cases) and relapse group (33cases).These patients were put on nutritional risk evaluation using nutritional risk screening (2002)(NRS2002) within 24 hours of admission,and the serum albumin (ALB) value was recorded.Results Preoperative NRS2002 score showed that relapse group had a higher chance of cacotrophy.Serum albumin level from different time point showed that patients in relapse group were more prone to cacotrophy (respectively t =9.174,4.720,10.950,8.772,10.960,all P ＜ 0.05) and subject to slower recovery of gastrointestinal function [(86 ± 15) h vs.(61 ± 6) h] (t =7.903,P ＜ 0.05),prolonged antibiotic use [(15.5 ± 5.6) d vs.(7.3 ± 0.7) d],t =7.55,P ＜ 0.05),the average length of hospital stay was longer [(25.5±6.0) d vs.(14.1 ± 1.7)d] (t =9.571,P＜0.05),and higher inhospita cost [(13.2±5.6) × 104 yuan vs.(6.8 ± 0.9) × 104 yuan] (t =5.871,P ＜ 0.05).Though there was no difference between the two groups in incision complication rates (x2 =2.625,P ＞ 0.05)Conclusions Retroperitoneal liposarcoma patients has perioperative nutritional risk.Compared with the primary group,patients from relapse group have higher chance to got cacotrophy.NRS2002 scoring system is simple,it could be used in predicting nutritional risk for those patients.

Concentraciones de yodo en orina y en sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años del Perú / Iodine concentration in urine and salt consumption in women between 12 to 49 years of age in Peru

Objetivos. Determinar las concentraciones de yodo en orina y sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal. Durante el 2012 y 2013, se incluyó mujeres entre 12 a 49 años residentes en los hogares peruanos seleccionadas mediante un muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La determinación de yodo en orina se realizó por espectrofotometría basada en la reacción de Sandell-Kolthoff. La evaluación cualitativa de yodo en sal se realizó por yoditest y la cuantitativa por volumetría. El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas con ponderaciones. Se obtuvo medianas, rango intercuartílico y percentiles. Resultados. La mediana de yoduria en las participantes fue 250,4 ug/L; los departamentos con medianas de yoduria elevadas fueron: Moquegua (389,3 ug/L); Tacna (320,5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319,8 ug/L), y Ucayali (306,0 ug/L); mientras que Puno (192,9 ug/L); Piura (188,1 ug/L) y Tumbes (180,5 ug/L) tuvieron medianas dentro de lo recomendado por la OMS. La mediana de yoduria en gestantes fue 274,6 ug/L (RIQ: 283 ug/L). El 82,5% de las muestras de sal tuvieron yodo ≥30 ppm y 1,9% tuvo valores de 0 ppm. Conclusiones. La mediana de yoduria en las mujeres peruanas está por encima de lo recomendado por la OMS y la mayoría de las muestras de sal tuvieron concentraciones adecuadas de yodo según la OMS.

Objectives. To determine the concentrations of iodine in urine and salt intake in women between 12-49 years of age in Peru. Materials and methods. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed. During 2012 and 2013, the study included women aged between 12-49 years living in Peruvian households selected through a probabilistic, stratified and multistage sample. The determination of iodine in urine was performed based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction spectrophotometry. The qualitative evaluation of iodine salt was performed by Yoditest and the quantitative by volumetric analysis. Processing was performed using complex samples with weights. Medians, interquartile range and percentiles were obtained. Results. The median urinary iodine levels in the participants was 250.4 ug/L. The regions with elevated median urinary iodine levels were: Moquegua (389.3 ug/L); Tacna (320.5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319.8 ug/L), and Ucayali (306.0 ug/L); while Puno (192.9 ug/L); Piura (188.1 ug/L) and Tumbes (180.5 ug/L) had medians within ranges recommended by the WHO. The median urinary iodine in pregnant women was 274.6 ug/L (IQR: 283 ug/L).82.5% of the samples had iodine salt ≥30 ppm and 1.9% had values of 0 ppm. Conclusions. The median urinary iodine in Peruvian women is higher than recommended by the WHO and the majority of the samples had adequate iodine concentrations according to WHO recommendations.

Effect of Socio-Economic Status on the Prevalence of Diabetes

PURPOSE: As Korean society has become industrialized and westernized, the prevalence of diabetes has increased rapidly. Environmental factors, especially socio-economic status (SES), may account for the increased prevalence of diabetes. We evaluated the associations between the prevalence of diabetes and SES as reflected by household income and education level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on data obtained from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in 2010-2012. Diabetes referred to a fasting plasma glucose > or =126 mg/dL in the absence of known diabetes, previous diagnosis of diabetes made by a physician, and/or current use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. RESULTS: Household income and education level were inversely associated with the prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged 30 years or older. These associations were more prominent in females aged 30-64 years. According to household income, the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the lowest quartile group versus the highest quartile group was 4.96 (2.87-8.58). According to education level, the OR (95% CI) for the lowest quartile group versus the highest quartile group was 8.02 (4.47-14.4). CONCLUSION: Public policies for the prevention and management of diabetes should be targeted toward people of lower SES, especially middle-aged females.

Características de la dieta en niños de 2 a 5 años según la recepción de programas alimentarios en el hogar en Argentina / Characteristics of the Diet for Children Aged 2 to 5 According to the Reception of Alimentary Programs at Home in Argentina / Características da dieta em crianzas de 2 até 5 anos de acordo com a recepção de programas alimentares em casa na Argentina

Objetivo: analizar las características de la dieta en niños argentinos de 2 a 5 años que reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar, en el año 2005. Métodos: se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNys). El muestreo de la ENNys fue probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Se utilizó la metodología Propensity Score Matching (psm) para la constitución de grupos comparables de niños que reciben y no reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar. Se analizó el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, energía, proporción de energía destinada a cada tiempo de comida y grupos de alimentos. Resultados y conclusiones: se observó un menor consumo de energía y calcio, y una mayor proporción de energía proveniente de cereales, en los niños que reciben intervención alimentaria en el hogar; lo que indicaría que los niños que reciben programas alimentarios no presentan una mejor calidad de la dieta.

Objective: Analyzing the characteristics of the diet in Argentinian children aged 2 to 5, who received alimentary interventions at home during 2005. Methods: We analyzed the National Survey of Nutrition and Health (ENNys). The ENNys had a probabilistic sampling, stratified by conglomerates. n = 7046. The Propensity Score Matching (pms) methodology was used to constitute comparable groups of children who received and did not receive alimentary interventions at home. We analyzed the consumption of macro and micronutrients, energy, energy ratio assigned to each meal time and food groups. Results and Conclusions: We observed a lower consumption of energy and calcium and a higher proportion of energy from cereals in children that received alimentary intervention at home. This would show that children that receive alimentary programs do not present a better quality of their diets.

Objetivo: analisar as características da dieta de criancas argentinos de 2 até 5 anos que recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa, no ano 2005. Métodos: analisou-se o Inquérito Nacional de Nutricao e Saúde (ENNys). A amostragem da ENNys foi probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Utilizou-se a metodologia Propensity Score Matching (psm) para a constituicao de grupos comparáveis de criancas que recebem e nao recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa. Analisou-se o consumo de macro e micronutrientes, energia, proporcao de energia destinada para cada tempo de refeicao e grupos de alimentos. Resultados e conclusoes: observou-se menor consumo de energia e cálcio, e maior proporcao de energia proveniente de cereais, nas criancas que recebem intervencao alimentar em casa, o que estaria indicando que as criancas que recebem programas alimentares nao apresentam melhor qualidade da dieta.

Anemia e deficiência de vitamina A em crianças menores de cinco anos assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Anemia and vitamin A deficiency in children under five years old attended under the Family Health Program in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia e à deficiência de vitamina A (DVA) em crianças menores de cinco anos assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Estudo transversal, realizado em Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2006. Foram selecionadas crianças entre 6 e 59 meses de idade, que tiveram realizadas dosagens de hemoglobina e retinol sérico, perfazendo amostras de 945 e 563 crianças respectivamente. A presença de anemia foi determinada pelo nível de hemoglobina < 11 g/dL e DVA pelo nível de retinol sérico < 0,70 μmol/L. Realizaram-se análises univariada e ajustada por regressão múltipla de Poisson, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. A prevalência de anemia foi de 35%, diminuindo com o aumento do número de pessoas por cômodo, idade materna e idade da criança. No que concerne à DVA, sua prevalência foi de 16%, aumentando em locais onde o destino do lixo era inadequado e em crianças que apresentaram diarreia nos últimos quinze dias. A prevalência de anemia foi maior que o dobro encontrada para a DVA, chamando atenção a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a DVA.

The scope of this study was to describe the prevalence and factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children under five years old assisted under the Family Health Program. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2006. Children between 6 and 59 months-old, who had performed measurements of hemoglobin and serum retinol, were selected using samples from 945 and 563 children respectively. Anemia was determined by the hemoglobin level < 11 g/dL and VAD by serum retinol < µmol/L. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by Poisson multiple regression using a hierarchical model. Anemia prevalence was 35%, decreasing with the increase number of people per room, maternal age and the child's age. With respect to VAD, its prevalence was 16%, rising in places where garbage disposal was inadequate and in children who had suffered from diarrhea in the previous fifteen days. The prevalence of anemia was more than double that found for VAD, highlighting the influence of environmental factors on VAD.

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario de hábitos de vida de alimentación y actividad física para escolares de 8-12 años / Design and validation of a questionnaire to assess healthhabits of school children aged 8-12

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son actualmente un serio problema de salud pública en México, principalmente en la etapa infantil, según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT, 2012). La obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial, en la cual se involucran aspectos genéticos, ambientales y de estilo de vida. Para prevenir y tratarla deben modificarse los hábitos de vida, mediante promoción y educación para la salud. Para cambiar los hábitos de la población primero se debe conocer cuáles son, posteriormente crear estrategias para modificarlos. No existen cuestionarios para identificar los hábitos de vida saludables en niños escolares en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Diseñar y evaluar la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario. Métodos: Se aplicó en 417 escolares. Se usaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para los dominios y grupos; consistencia interna mediante alpha de Cronbach y correlación interescalar. Resultados: Se encontró que los 27 ítems en los dos dominios superaron el estándar propuesto de fiabilidad (α de Cronbach) mayor a 0.50. Se encontró correlación aceptable, en las diferentes dimensiones del cuestionario (total vs. dominios). La estabilidad test-retest es superior a 0.75 en las dos dimensiones; en los análisis de validez efectuados (de contenido y constructo) los resultados son satisfactorios. Conclusiones: La versión del cuestionario reúne los criterios de consistencia interna y validez de contenido y constructo. Dichos resultados ponen de manifiesto que el cuestionario propuesto pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta para valorar los hábitos de vida en escolares.

Introduction: Being over weight and obesity are currently serious public health problems in Mexico, particularly in childhood. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (ENSANUT, 2012), obesity is a multifactorial disease in which genetic, environmental and lifestyle issues are involved. To prevent and treat obesity lifestyle should be altered through health promotion and education. To change the habits of the population, first they need to be recognised, then strategies to modify them developed. Presently, there are no questionnaires to identify healthy habits in school children in our area. Objective: To design and evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire that assesses health habits in children. Methods: 417 schoolchildren undertook the questionnaire. Measures of central tendency and dispersion for domains and groups were used; internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and interscalar correlation. Results: It was found that the 27 items in the 2 domains exceeded the suggested standard of reliability (Cronbach α) greater than 0.50. Acceptable correlation was found in the different dimensions of the questionnaire (total vs. domains). The test-retest stability was higher than 0.75 in both dimensions; in analyses performed on validity (content and construct) the results were satisfactory. Conclusions: The version of the questionnaire met the criteria of internal consistency and content validity and construct. These results show that the proposed questionnaire can be used as a tool to assess lifestyle in school children.

Prevalence and Correlates of Prenatal Vitamin A Deficiency in Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and correlates of prenatal vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Seven hundred randomly-selected pregnant women took part in the study. Serum retinol concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by logistic and linear regression. Interpretation of data was made using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and adjusted linear regression coefficient. The prevalence of VAD (serum retinol <0.7 μmol/L) was 37.9%. Advanced gestational age and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP ≥5 mg/dL) were negatively associated with retinol concentration (p<0.05). The odds of VAD was significantly higher among the women with no education and those devoid of self-income. Women aged 35-49 years had 2.23 (95% CI 1.31-3.81) times higher odds compared to those aged 15-24 years. The lower the dietary diversity score in the preceding day of the survey, the higher were the odds of VAD. With reference to nulliparas, grand multiparas had 1.92 (95% CI 1.02-3.64) times increased odds of VAD. VAD and zinc deficiency (serum zinc <8.6 μmol/L during the first trimester, or <7.6 μmol/L during the second or third trimester) were significantly associated with AOR of 1.80 (95% CI 1.28-2.53). VAD has major public-health significance in the area. Accordingly, it should be combated through enhancement of diet diversity, birth control, and socioeconomic empowerment of women.

Prevalencia de anemia en niños y adolescentes mexicanos: comparativo de tres encuestas nacionales / Prevalence of anemia in Mexican children and adolescents: Results from three national surveys

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de anemia en niños y adolescentes mexicanos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Material y métodos. Los datos se distinguen por nivel nacional, regional y rural/urbano. La hemoglobina (Hb) fue medida por Hemocue. Las descripciones se hicieron con frecuencias ajustadas y los confusores se probaron en un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados. La prevalencia de anemia en niños en 2012 fue de 23.3% en los de 1 a 4 años, 10.1% en los de 5 a 11 años, y 5.6% en los de 12 a 19 años. En mujeres adolescentes de 7.7% y en hombres de 3.6%. Entre 1999 y 2012 se redujo la prevalencia de anemia en niños de 8.3 puntos porcentuales (pp) en menores de cinco años, 5.1pp en los de 5 a 11años y 3.6 pp en adolescentes. Conclusiones. A pesar de la reducción de la anemia en niños de 1 a 4 años en los últimos 13 años, ésta es aún preocupante. Es necesario concientizar a las comunidades social y médica acerca de ella, así como ampliar la distribución de suplementos de micronutrientes en niños menores de 3 años, además de promover la educación nutricional e incentivar la ingesta de alimentos ricos en hierro.

Objective. To describe the prevalence of anemia in Mexican children and adolescents from ENSANUT 2012. Materials and methods. Data had the power to make distinctions at the national, regional and rural/urban dwelling. Hemoglobin was measured by Hemocue. Descriptions were made by adjusted frequencies and 95%CI. Confounders were tested in a logistic regression models. Results. The prevalence of anemia in 2012 was: in children 1-4 y, 23.3%; 5-11y, 10.1%, and 12-19 y, 5.6%. The prevalence in female adolescents was 7.7% and 3.6% in males. Reductions in the prevalence of anemia from 1999 was 8.3pp in <5y, 5.1pp in children 5-11y and 3.6pp from 2006 in adolescents. Conclusions. Despite the decrease in the prevalence of anemia in children 1-4 y in the last 13 years, it still is of great concern. There is a need of awareness among social and medical communities about this, to extend the distribution of micronutrient supplements in children <3y, and to promote nutritional education to incentive mothers to provide foods rich in iron.