ABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo visa a compreender os projetos de vida formulados por pessoas com experiência de sofrimento psíquico grave e uso abusivo de álcool e outras drogas em processo de desinstitucionalização em saúde mental. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um estudo etnográfico, com finalidade de identificar interações entre operadores de desinstitucionalização, que podem ser entendidos como processos, dinâmicas ou ações que atuam sobre o cotidiano e a inserção social desses sujeitos. Pôde-se verificar que a tessitura desses projetos em direção ao futuro se apresenta como um trabalho de cuidado de si nos termos foucaultianos, em que são manejadas diversas acepções sobre a saúde, tal como concebidas por Fassin (2000).
Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los proyectos de vida formulados por personas con experiencia de malestar psicológico severo y abuso de alcohol y otras drogas en el proceso de desinstitucionalización en salud mental. Se desarrolló un estudio etnográfico con el objetivo de identificar interacciones entre operadores de desinstitucionalización, que pueden entenderse como procesos, dinámicas o acciones que actúan sobre la vida cotidiana y la inserción social de estos sujetos. Se pudo comprobar que el tejido de estos proyectos hacia el futuro se presenta como un trabajo de cuidado de sí mismo en los términos foucaultianos, en el que se manejan diferentes significados sobre la salud, tal como lo concibe Fassin (2000).
Abstract This article aims to understand life projects formulated by people with experience of severe psychological distress and abuse of alcohol and other drugs in the process of deinstitutionalization in mental health. To this end, an ethnographic study was developed with the aim of identifying interactions between deinstitutionalization operators, which can be understood as processes, dynamics or actions that act on the daily lives and social insertion of these subjects. We observed that the weaving of these projects towards the future is presented as a work of care of the self in Foucaultian terms, in which different meanings about health are handled, as conceived by Fassin (2000).
Subject(s)
Humans , Risk Groups , Deinstitutionalization , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Health Services , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Social StigmaABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo Conhecer o processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil de um município do estado de São Paulo. Método Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, embasado na abordagem do materialismo histórico e dialético, realizado com a equipe de enfermagem por meio de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados Participaram 11 sujeitos da equipe de enfermagem. O processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem emerge da tensão dialética de duas categorias: o não saber, pautado na alienação do processo de trabalho de enfermagem e na subordinação ao saber da equipe multiprofissional, e o saber pautado na clínica de enfermagem delineada entre as perspectivas biológica e relacional. Conclusão O processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem acontece quando pautado em um não saber pela alienação ao saber do outro, e em um saber por meio da implementação do Processo de Enfermagem pela Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem na perspectiva biológica, considerando aspectos relacionais e administrativos, o que se configura como uma contradição.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer el proceso de trabajo del equipo de enfermería en Centros de Acompañamiento Psicosocial Infantil y Juvenil de un municipio de la provincia de São Paulo. Método: Estudio cualitativo; descriptivo y exploratorio; basado en el abordaje del materialismo histórico y dialéctico; realizado con el equipo de enfermería por medio de observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Participaron 11 miembros del equipo de enfermería. Su proceso de trabajo surge de la tensión dialéctica de dos clases: el no saber; basado en la alienación del proceso de trabajo de enfermería y la subordinación al saber del equipo multiprofesional; y al saber basado en la clínica de enfermería diseñada entre la perspectiva biológica y relacional. Conclusión: El proceso de trabajo del equipo de enfermería ocurre cuando basado en un "no saber" por la alienación al saber de uno; y en un saber a través de la implementación del Proceso de Enfermería por la Sistematización del Acompañamiento de Enfermería en la perspectiva biológica; considerando aspectos de relación y administración; lo que se define como una contradicción
ABSTRACT Objective To know the nursing team work process in Children and Adolescents Psychosocial Care Centers in a city of the state of São Paulo. Method This is a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study, based on the approach of historical and dialectical materialism, carried out with the nursing team through participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Results Eleven subjects from the nursing team participated in the study. The nursing team work process emerges from the dialectical tension of two categories: the non-knowledge, based on the alienation of the nursing work process and subordination to the knowledge of the multidisciplinary team, and the knowledge based on the nursing clinic outlined within the biological and relational perspectives. Conclusion The nursing team work process takes place when guided by a non-knowledge resulting from alienation due to the knowledge of the other, and by knowledge through the implementation of the Nursing Process through the Nursing Care Systematization based on a biological perspective, considering relational and administrative aspects, which emerges as a contradiction.
Subject(s)
Psychiatric Nursing , Mental Health , Nursing Process , Work , ChildABSTRACT
Abstract Previous scholarship highlights migration from the Global South to the Global North. This paper focuses on South-South migration using a case study of a Kaqchikel Maya woman, Brenda, migrating from Guatemala to El Salvador. Her life history and participant-observation data were gathered over the course of 18 months between 2010 and 2015. In her case, migration within Central America encouraged ethnic revitalization, particularly through her investment in Kaqchikel language and clothing. Such revitalization might be a common occurrence among indigenous women and is a significant consequence for indigenous women because of the reinforcement of gendered ethnic work as women are responsible for reproducing indigenous language and the use of ethnically marked clothing.
Resumen La literatura se enfoca en la migración desde el sur global hasta el norte global. El presente artículo se enfoca en la migración sur-sur, a partir del caso de una mujer Kaqchikel Maya de Guatemala, Brenda, que migra a El Salvador. Tanto su historia de vida como los datos de observante-participante se recolectaron durante 18 meses entre 2010 y 2015. En su caso, la migración dentro de Centroamérica se convirtió en estímulo para la revitalización étnica, lo cual podría ser un hecho normal entre las mujeres indígenas por su rol como portadoras de cultura. En el caso objeto de este artículo, la migración se traduce en el refuerzo del trabajo étnico de género en el cual las mujeres son responsables de la reproducción de la lengua indígena y el uso de vestuario étnico.
Subject(s)
Gender Identity , Racism , Human MigrationABSTRACT
Resumo As Residências Terapêuticas (RTs) constituem moradia para egressos de internações psiquiátricas. Neste estudo, será abordada a pesquisa desenvolvida em um bairro onde se localizam cinco RTs, objetivando problematizar a convivência social estabelecida com moradores das RTs. Serão debatidos os registros em diários de campo decorrentes da observação participante, interpretados mediante análise de conteúdo temática e discutidos com auxílio da Teoria da Identidade Social. A observação participante possibilitou o registro de informações em situações que não estavam anteriormente previstas, como o encontro com um cuidador e com moradores das RTs. Além disso, permitiu afirmar que parte das relações sociais estabelecidas no contexto das RTs se insere no campo das relações intergrupais, relacionadas aos processos de constituição de identidade social. Tais relações se efetivam a partir de discursos de diferenciação intergrupal e conduzem a comportamentos de controle sobre os moradores das RTs.
Resumen Las residencias terapéuticas (RTs) son la vivienda para los ex pacientes de hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas. Este estudio se dirigirá a la investigación llevada a cabo en un barrio donde hay cinco RTs, y discute la convivencia con los habitantes de RTs a través de diarios de campo resultante de la observación participante, los cuales fueron analizados mediante análisis de contenido temático y discutido por la teoría de la identidad social. La pesquisa habilitado el registro de la información en situaciones que no se habían previsto anteriormente, como el encuentro con un cuidador y los residentes de las RTs. Las relaciones sociales en el contexto de RTs están dentro del campo de las relaciones entre grupos, relacionados con los procesos de constitución de la identidad social. Estas relaciones se hacen efectivas a partir de los discursos de la diferenciación intergrupal y llevar a un control contra los residentes de las RTs.
Abstract The Therapeutic Residences (TRs) are housing for the former patients of psychiatric hospitalizations. This study will address the research carried out in a neighborhood where there are five TRs, in order to discuss the living together with TRs dwellers. Will examine the field diaries resulting of the participant observation, which were analyzed through thematic content analysis and discussed by Identity Social Theory. The participant observation enabled the record of informations in situations that were not foreseen earlier, like the meeting with a caregiver and residents of TRs. Also allowed to affirm that part of social relations in the context of TRs is within the field of intergroup relations, related to the processes of constitution of social identity. These relationships become effective from speeches of intergroup differentiation and lead to control against the residents of TRs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Deinstitutionalization , Observation/methods , Social Identification , Therapeutic Community , Anthropology, Cultural/methods , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Home Care Services , Mental Health ServicesABSTRACT
O presente artigo apresenta questões inerentes a uma experiência formativa do cultivo da atenção. O conceito de cultivo da atenção e as práticas a ele relacionadas surgem nas áreas da psicologia e das ciências cognitivas a partir de pesquisas que estabelecem interlocução com as tradições contemplativas orientais, as quais concebem a atenção como um potencial humano a ser cultivado no processo de conhecimento de si e do mundo. As articulações provenientes dessas pesquisas acabam por alargar o conceito de atenção e ampliar sua relação com a aprendizagem, comungando, assim, com visões, na área da educação, que lançam luz à complexidade dos processos atencionais. O estudo aqui apresentado refere-se a um projeto piloto de cultivo da atenção, realizado com crianças de 4 a 5 anos, em uma instituição de ensino não formal. Para tanto, utilizou o método da observação participante, em uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho fenomenológico. A observação, contato com a experiência vivida, desdobrou-se na análise de três cenas significativas. Apresentamos neste relato de pesquisa a leitura e compreensão das diversas unidades de significado que se destacaram em uma das cenas, por estabelecerem uma relação entre a noção de cultivo e práticas lúdicas em um ambiente formativo. Neste sentido, o diálogo entre o cultivo da atenção e práticas educativas favorece a constituição de bases pedagógicas para a compreensão dos processos de atenção e os meios para a aprendizagem da atenção.
This research discusses issues about a formative experience of cultivating attention. The concept of cultivating attention, and the practices related to it, arises in the fields of psychology and cognitive sciences with the objective of establish a dialogue with the Eastern contemplative traditions, which conceive attention as a human potential to be cultivated into the process of knowledge of themselves and the world. The joints from these searches end up extende the concept of attention and their relationship with learning, communing with visions of education that focus on the complexity of attentional processes. The study refers to projectof cultivation of attention, conducted with children 4-5 years old, in a non-formal educational institution. To achieve this purpose, participant observation was applied in a qualitative study with phenomenological perspective. The observation, the contact with lived experience, unfolded in the analysis of three significant scenes. The reading and understanding of the units of meaning from one of these scenes are presented, because they establish relation between the notion of cultivating attention and ludic practices in an educational environment. The dialogue between the cultivating attention and educational practices contributes to build up pedagogic bases for understanding attentional processes and to design means for learning of attention.
Este artículo plantea aspectos inherentes de una experiencia para el cultivo de la atención. Este concepto y sus prácticas son decorrentes del campo de la psicología y del campo de las ciencias cognitivas contemporáneas, con el diálogo con las tradiciones contemplativas orientales, que conciben la atención como un potencial humano que es cultivado en el proceso de conocimiento de sí y de conocimiento del mundo. Las articulaciones entre las investigaciones amplían el concepto de atención y su relación con el aprendizaje, en comunión con visiones presentes en la educación, que arrojan luz sobre la complejidad de los procesos atencionales. El presente estudio es de un proyecto piloto para el desarrollo del proceso atencional, realizado con niños de 4-5 años en una institución de educación no formal. La observación participante fue utilizada en un estudio cualitativo de naturaleza fenomenológica. La observación, lo contacto con la experiencia vivida, ha sido utilizada para el análisis de tres escenas significativas. Presenta-se la lectura y la comprensión de unidades de significado de una dentre estas escenas, que establecen relación entre las prácticas de cultivo atencional y actividades lúdicas en un ambiente educativo. Lo diálogo entre lo desarollo atencional y las prácticas educativas possibilitan el construcción de bases pedagógicas para la comprensión de los procesos atencionales y la planificación para la aprendizaje de la atención.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Attention , Learning , ObservationABSTRACT
Este texto repasa algunos de los métodos cualitativos utilizados dentro de la antropología alimentaria. Se reflexiona epistemológica y metodológicamente sobre las implicancias de estos métodos y su triangulación con la información cuantitativa. La tradición antropológica en la utilización de los métodos cualitativos es puesta de manifiesto ponderando sus ventajas y estimando sus limitaciones. Se plantea la necesidad de contar con múltiples metodologías para dar cuenta de la complejidad del hecho alimentario. También se discuten las formas de análisis de la información cualitativa, mediante el uso de software especializado. En relación a la implementación de esta clase de métodos se reflexiona sobre las diferencias con los métodos cuantitativos, sobre todo en función de las posibilidades de inferencia y de la toma de muestras. Este trabajo se focaliza, básicamente, en la descripción de las entrevistas semiestructuradas así como en la observación participante,dejando fuera otras clases de métodos cualitativos. Se puntualiza en la importancia que la comprensión e implementación de esta clase de metodología puede tener para todos los investigadores que estudian la problemática alimentaria, haciendo foco en las prácticas y representaciones de los individuos o unidades domésticas con respecto al consumo alimentario .
Subject(s)
Anthropology , Data Collection , Diet , Observation/methodsABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es reseñar las condiciones etiológicas, interactivas y estructurales de la carencia afectiva crónica. Esto es ilustrado a través de la presentación de un material sobre observación participativa de una niña que fue expuesta a una situación catastrófica de pérdida y abandono del objeto pimario poco tiempo después del nacimiento. Esta situación influyó en la desorganización de los sistemas de actividad e intercambio, normalmente desarrollados en base a la interacción temprana entre el bebé y el objeto continente. El artículo sugiere que estos circuitos pueden cesar si la observación participativa es practicada a tiempo, los puntos de experiencia demuestran la utilidad del seguimiento de esta naturaleza. Se concluye que la continuidad de un objeto, opera como un pivote para asegurar el desarrollo y estructura de la personalidad. La experiencia de trabajo de la observación participativa ilustra las transformaciones que la práctica de esta técnica contiene.
The aim of this article is to outline the etiological, interactive and structural conditions of chronic emotional deprivation. This is illustrated through the presentation of material on the participatory observation of a baby girl whose massive response to a catastrophic situation, namely the loss, through abandonment, of the primary object shortly after birth, disorganized the systems of activity and exchange normally developed on the basis of the early interaction between baby and the containing object. The article suggests that these circuits may withdraw or cease if participatory observation is practiced in time. The experience points to the usefulness of a follow-up of this nature, which favors continuity with and object, which in turn operates as a pivot to ensure that the personality is developed and structured, there by demostrating the transformational aspects that the practice of this technique contains.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Affect , /methods , Observation/methods , Psychoanalysis , Child Development , Depression , Child, Abandoned/psychology , Personality Development , Psychosocial DeprivationABSTRACT
resumen está disponible en el texto completo
Summary This work is part of a wider research whith the objective to learn the social representation of maternity and paternity of children and youths living in the street. The concept of social representations designates a specific form of knowledge, to know about the common sense, of which its contents display the development of generative and functional processes that are socially characterized. On a broader sense it designates a form of social thought. Therefore, the main idea is that maternity and paternity are social representations, hegemonic to the identity in both genders male and female, an identity which changes with individuals' life conditions such as in the case of street children and youngsters. This being the general idea, we are focused in analyzing the dynamics within a group of youngsters living in the street, from the point of view of the construction of gender as a social representation. Though some demands of life in the streets reflect social organization systems, e.g. violence, hierarchies, distribution of work and solidarity, it is also true that many of these social interaction characteristics can be based on the cultural weight attributed to gender roles, particularly the masculine role. Genders are understood as social representations because gender roles imply a series of rules and prescriptions dictated by cultures in regard to both masculine and feminine behavior. Masculine behavior is featured by what is public, violent and in use of the body. Assuming diversities of social, cultural realms and that of human groups in relation with the construction of genders, this work forwards the significance given to masculinity by a group of street youths. This was undertaken through the researcher's incorporation to the team of street educators in a private social assistance institution. This arrangement allowed to research on a daily basis of shared experiences with the group of interest. In order to study the social representations in masculinity and its practice in life expressed and signified by infant males in the street, this work made observations and shared experiences with street boys of ages ranging between 7 and 14, and two young men between ages 16 and 18 who sleep overnight in streets, mainly in the northern area of Mexico City, and who attend to a private social assistance institution that includes a program called Centro de Día. Fieldwork was made for a period of five months with many daily visits on a schedule of 8:00 to 17:00 hrs. Participatory field observation was carried out to allow investigating in a subtle manner, without questioning under intrusive practices on behalf of the researcher, about the meanings, social representations, values and survival practices and ways of interacting of the studied participants. The participatory observation permitted to listen, observe and ask during leisure activities in the course of outdoors trips, sports games, sanitation, and self-care activities. These activities were recorded in a project field annotation book, giving a detailed description of the daily duties carried out by the group (as well as the researcher's fieldwork impressions). The filed annotations were qualitatively scrutinized through inductive analysis as proposed by Gonzalez & Martinez; information under a reflective reading implies the construction of themes and concepts enabling a given establishment of categories of analysis, in such a way that 6 thematic research axioms were identified. For this work, only those axioms relative to the meaning and social practice of masculinity were covered under this assessment, i.e., a) relations among equals, b) family and sexuality, and, c) inhalable drug use. As a result of the observations, it was found that boys (and girls living with them) have developed survival strategies derived from the informal economy sector, solidarity and coverup norms, nomadic systems. As corollary, this sugests an alternative way of life. However, these alternative ways of life do not have implications in the social representations of masculinity, neither provide attributions to manhood. That is, for those boys living in the street, masculinity and the meaning of manhood still continue to keep a great tradition of the martial law model corresponding to the romanticism period from 17th to 19th A.D., in which, physical strength, the use of violence and gallantry are elements of masculinity. Man is a man, in as far as he courts a woman or makes use of violence. There is a persistent representation of physical strength and capacity as an inherent condition of their male body, which makes them immune in sickness and disease; this belief could lead them to risk practices, specifically: the excessive inhalable drug use, genital sex without use of condoms. The observed group pretentiously assumes heterosexuality as the relation common among men and women. Also, observed within their practices, there is censorship of contact between malemale. Moreover, the prevailing idea and desire among these boys is marrying a woman known to be a virgin, due to given meaning to virginity as a sign of purity and innocence. In addition, the idea is to marry a virgin, preferably who does not live in the streets and does not have a "bad reputation", to make a family with her. Well in the sense of their collective the observed boys give equal treatment to all women within the group; although, there is a subdued task for them at moments of distributing activities. The boys either see women in a masculine vestment or place the girls in their group in the slut position, encompassed in the binomial slut-virgin, and virgins will be those who stay inside their homes being mothers to their children. The prevalence of the masculine ideal is centered on the sourceful man, his capacity to engender, coupling togher with a pure woman in charge of her home. Given the prevalence of the hegemonic model of masculinity in the observed group practices, it may be concluded, that this kind of alternative group does not necessarily represent ideological changes. In addition, the prevalence of the hegemonic representation neither coincides with demands in social order, which in fact is transgressed by the presence of women in the group. In other words, despite the fact that girls and young girls take the same duties to earn money or goods for the group, and despite of their tendencies to fight against other groups and engage in some rites of passage, young men have not been able to modify the stereotyped representation of women as week, submissive and pertaining to home caring and breedind children. In summary, even though boys do not take up economic or social and emotional responsibilities, they do not stop seeing themselves as gallant and sourceful. In further extent, these social representations are circumscribed in the ideas of maternal love and the gentlemanly of men, models of the hegemonic discourse imbedded since the 17th and 18th centuries.