A Study Of The Impact Of Economic Status On The Opinion Of Beneficiary Candidates Of The Scheme Of Developing High Quality Research About The Scheme Benefits

Continuous improvement and evolution in various fields are crucial to ensure a better living environment for everyone. To achieve this, researchers have a significant responsibility to produce valuable research in concerned areas. However, dedicated researchers often face various obstacles, such as financial stress, which can hinder their ability to conduct research. To support Ph.D. scholars, many central and state government funding agencies offer financial assistance schemes. In this regard, the Government of Gujarat has initiated a scheme called SHODH – ScHeme Of Developing High quality research to provide financial support to Ph.D. scholars from recognized universities/institutes of the state to produce quality research in various disciplines. However, it is essential to understand the impact of the scheme's benefits from the perspective of the beneficiary candidates, especially those belonging to different economic statuses. Therefore, a study has been conducted to explore the opinions of beneficiary candidates of the SHODH scheme about the scheme's selected aspects and whether their opinions differ based on their economic status. The study adopts a causal-comparative research method to gain insight into the requirements of research scholars belonging to different economic statuses. This information will enable better facilitation of scholars to produce meaningful research in their respective fields.

Documentos psicológicos: um estudo comparativo das resoluções CFP n. º 006/2019 e CFP n. º 007/2003 / Psychological documents: a comparative study of resolutions CFP n. º 06/2019 and CFP n. º 07/2003 / Documentos psicológicos: un estudio comparativo entre las resoluciones CFP n. º 006/2019 y CFP n. º 007/2003

As resoluções emitidas pelo Sistema Conselhos são instrumentos essenciais de orientação e promoção de práticas éticas que denotem qualidade técnica no exercício profissional da Psicologia. Dada a complexidade que envolve a elaboração de documentos psicológicos, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as principais mudanças observadas no texto da recém-publicada Resolução CFP n.º 006/2019 quando comparada à Resolução CFP n.º 007/2003, ambas referidas à elaboração de documentos psicológicos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva-comparativa de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou da análise de conteúdo no tratamento e interpretação dos dados oriundos de fonte exclusivamente documental. Os resultados indicaram poucas diferenças qualitativas entre os marcos resolutivos, embora se vislumbre altamente relevante o ganho adquirido com a proibição de escritos descritivos, a exigência de referencial teórico para fundamentar o raciocínio profissional e a obrigatoriedade da devolutiva documental. Entre os achados que ganham notoriedade consta a preocupação com os princípios que regem a elaboração de documentos, cuja apresentação tautológica responde a um cenário político de retrocessos que tem favorecido o desrespeito aos direitos humanos e às minorias.(AU)

Resolutions issued by Sistema Conselhos are essential tools to guide and promote ethical and quality psychology practices. Given the complexity involved in elaborating such documents, this descriptive, qualitative research outlines the main changes in the text of the recently published CFP Resolution no. 006/2019 when compared with CFP Resolution no. 007/2003, both addressing the elaboration of psychological documents. Documentary data was investigated by content analysis. Results indicated few qualitative differences between the analyzed Resolutions, among them the prohibition of descriptive writing, the requirement for a theoretical framework to support professional reasoning, and the obligation to return documents. Concern with the principles that guide document elaboration stands out, responding to a political scenario of major setbacks regarding respect for human rights and minorities.(AU)

Las resoluciones que expide el Sistema Conselhos consisten en instrumentos fundamentales que guían y promueven prácticas éticas respecto a la calidad técnica en el ejercicio profesional de la Psicología. Dada la complejidad que implica la elaboración de documentos psicológicos, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los principales cambios observados en la Resolución CFP n.º 006/2019, de reciente publicación, en comparación con la Resolución CFP n.º 007/2003, ambas abordan la elaboración de documentos psicológicos. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva-comparativa con enfoque cualitativo, que utilizó el análisis de contenido en el tratamiento e interpretación de datos de fuente exclusivamente documental. Los resultados indicaron pocas diferencias cualitativas entre los marcos resolutivos (aunque el logro de prohibir los escritos descriptivos es muy relevante), la exigencia de un marco teórico para sostener el razonamiento profesional y la devolución obligatoria de los documentos. Entre los hallazgos que cobran notoriedad está la preocupación por los principios que rigen la elaboración de documentos, cuya presentación tautológica responde a un escenario político de retrocesos que ha favorecido la falta de respeto a los derechos humanos y las minorías.(AU)

Teoría de las representaciones sociales: Una revisión de la literatura / Teoria das representações sociais: Uma revisão deliteratura / Theory of social representations: A review of the literature

Las Representaciones Sociales son un conjunto de conocimientos, opiniones e imágenes que nos permiten evocar un evento, persona u objeto en particular. Estas representaciones son el resultado de la interacción social, que son comunes a un determinado grupo de individuos. El representante principal de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales es Serge Moscovici. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la Representación Social a partir de una revisión de la literatura sobre la a) Historia de la Psicología Social y de las Representaciones Sociales; b) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como una forma de conocerse a sí mismo; c) Representación social, historia y memoria colectiva del sujeto; d) Objetivación y anclaje: la dinámica sociocognitiva de las representaciones sociales; e) La Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como metodología de investigación; y f) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y la superación de algunas dicotomías AU

As Representações Sociais são oconjunto de conhecimentos, opiniões e imagens que nos permitem evocar um determinado acontecimento, pessoa ou objeto. Essas representações são o resultado da interação social, que são comuns aum determinado grupo de indivíduos. O principal representante da Teoria das Representações Sociais é Serge Moscovici. Este artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a Representacao Social a partir de uma revisão da literatura sobre a) História da Psicologia Social e Representações Sociais; b) Teoria das Representações Sociais como forma de se conhecer; c) Representação social, história e memória coletiva do sujeito; d) Objetivação e ancoragem: a dinâmica sociocognitiva das representações sociais; e) A Teoria das Representações Sociais como metodologia de pesquisa; e f) Teoria das Representações Sociais e superação de algumas dicotomias AU

Social Representations are the set of knowledge, opinions and images that allow us to evoke a particular event, person or object. These representations are the result of social interaction, which are common to a certain group of individuals. The main representative of the Theory of Social Representations is Serge Moscovici. This article aims to discuss Social Representation from a literature reviewon a) History of Social Psychology and Social Representations; b) Theory of Social Representations as a way of getting to know each other; c) Social representation, history and collective memory of the subject; d) Objectification and anchoring: the socio-cognitive dynamics of social representations; e) The Theory of Social Representations as a research methodology; and f) Theory of Social Representations and overcoming some dichotomies AU

La Educación Física, su finalidad en la Educación Superior. Opiniones del profesor

El tercer perfeccionamiento de la Educación Superior en Cuba, iniciado en el curso 2016-2017, trajo aparejado profundas transformaciones, caracterizado por la incertidumbre y la dinámica del cambio y tal coyuntura demanda propiciar un saber general de los procesos y acciones educativas. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer las opiniones de los profesores de Educación Física de la Universidad "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" de Pinar del Rio (UPR) sobre la finalidad de esta disciplina y el conocimiento que poseen sobre sus diferentes modelos. A partir de un enfoque cualitativo, se exploraron los conocimientos de 18 profesores, que se sustentan en el método dialéctico-materialista. Se utilizó como instrumento de recogida de información la entrevista. Los resultados permitieron conocer aquellas variables que determinan la finalidad de la Educación Física, desde el modelo que se asuma, así como vislumbrar algunos de las limitaciones que frenan la educación integral del egresado. Se concluye con algunas propuestas para avanzar hacia una Educación Física que integre los diferentes modelos y tendencias y con líneas de investigación futuras sobre la temática.

O terceiro aperfeiçoamento do Ensino Superior em Cuba, iniciado no ano acadêmico 2016-2017, trouxe consigo mudanças profundas, caracterizadas pela insegurança e pela dinâmica das transformações, e tal situação requer a promover um conhecimento geral dos processos e ações educacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as opiniões dos professores de Educação Física da Universidade "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" de Pinar del Río (UPR) sobre o propósito desta disciplina e o conhecimento que eles têm sobre seus diferentes modelos. Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, o conhecimento de 18 professores foi explorado, com base no método dialético-materialista. Uma entrevista foi usada como um instrumento para a coleta de informações. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar as variáveis que determinam a finalidade da Educação Física, de acordo com o modelo assumido, bem como entrever algumas das limitações que dificultam a formação integral do licenciado. Conclui com algumas propostas para avançar em direção a uma Educação Física que integra os diferentes modelos e tendências e com diretrizes futuras de pesquisa sobre o assunto.

The third improvement of Higher Education in Cuba, started in the academic year 2016-2017, brought about deep transformations, characterized by uncertainty and the dynamics of change and such situation demands to propitiate a general knowledge of the educational processes and actions. This work aimed to know the opinions of Physical Education teachers of the University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" of Pinar del Rio (UPR in Spanish) about the purpose of this discipline and the knowledge they have about its different models. From a qualitative approach, the knowledge of 18 teachers was explored, based on the dialectical-materialistic method. The interview was used as an instrument to collect information. The results allowed to know those variables that determine the purpose of Physical Education, from the model assumed, as well as to glimpse some of the limitations that hinder the integral education of the graduate. It is concluded with some proposals to advance towards a Physical Education that integrates the different models and trends and with future lines of research on the subject.

The students' point of view on the teaching of anatomy at the Universidad del Norte, Colombia, amid the covid-19 pandemic / El punto de vista de los estudiantes sobre la enseñanza de anatomía en la Universidad del Norte, Colombia, en medio de la pandemia de covid-19

SUMMARY: The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted long-standing educational practices. In Colombia, online learning depends on academic and non-academic factors, and this dependence makes e-learning even more difficult. This paper aimed to study the students' viewpoint of Anatomy teaching at Universidad del Norte, Colombia, during the Covid-19 pandemic. One hundred sixteen students answered a questionnaire about their opinions on several topics related to online learning of Anatomy. The strongest correlation observed showed that the students agree that online anatomy classes make the subject more difficult to learn when compared to face-to-face lectures. Negative attitudes toward motivation, lack of personal contact with classmates, and complaints about being taught without laboratory sessions with cadavers were among the principal negative attitudes in students. After almost one year, motivation to participate in online classes went down; however, students improved their judgment about remote anatomy learning and their views about using authentic anatomy images during online sessions and substituting real anatomy images for apps. Anatomy sessions will have to adapt their learning tools to e-learning as time constraints allow, creating a new environment for students to participate, learn, and take advantage of this change.

RESUMEN: La pandemia de Covid-19 ha interrumpido las prácticas educativas de larga data. En Colombia, el aprendizaje en línea depende de factores académicos y no académicos, y esta dependencia dificulta aún más el e-learning. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el punto de vista de los estudiantes sobre la enseñanza de Anatomía en la Universidad del Norte, Colombia, durante la pandemia Covid-19. Ciento dieciséis estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario sobre sus opiniones sobre varios temas relacionados con el aprendizaje en línea de Anatomía. La correlación más fuerte observada mostró que los estudiantes están de acuerdo en que las clases de anatomía en línea hacen que la asignatura sea más difícil de aprender en comparación con las clases presenciales. Las actitudes negativas hacia la motivación, la falta de contacto personal con los compañeros y las quejas de que se les enseñe sin sesiones de laboratorio con cadáveres fueron algunas de las principales actitudes negativas de los estudiantes. Después de casi un año, la motivación para participar en clases en línea disminuyó; sin embargo, los estudiantes mejoraron su juicio sobre el aprendizaje remoto de anatomía y sus puntos de vista sobre el uso de imágenes de anatomía auténticas durante las sesiones en línea y la sustitución de aplicaciones por imágenes de anatomía real. Las sesiones de anatomía deberán adaptar sus herramientas de aprendizaje al e-learning según lo permitan las limitaciones de tiempo, creando un nuevo entorno para que los estudiantes participen, aprendan y aprovechen este cambio.

Post-market technical evaluation of dietary supplements based on domestic and foreign experiences / 上海预防医学

The paper is to explore how to carry out post-market technical evaluation of dietary supplements in China by referring to the experiences at home and abroad. Experiences of major countries and regions in the post-market evaluation of similar products of dietary supplements and China’s experience in drugs were systematically reviewed. Combined with the actual situation of the health food industry in China， suggestions were put forward for the post-market technical evaluation of health foods in China. There are many useful experiences worth learning from， such as the mandatory reporting responsibility of enterprises in the United States， a special scientific committee which provides long-term technical support in the European Union， post-market monitoring by enterprises in Australia， the establishment of relevant monitoring systems in Taiwan， the relatively mature regulatory system， evaluation system and management system in the field of drugs and medical devices， and the establishment of adverse reaction monitoring bases in the field of cosmetics， the responsibility of post-mark adverse reaction monitoring of food for special medical purposes by medical institutions， and the post-market management in various fields giving priority to safety. In combination with the current situation of China’s health food industry， five specific suggestions， such as promoting the construction of laws and regulations， are put forward.

Factors That Influence the Expression of Opinions Regarding Choices in End-of-Life Medical Services by Community-dwelling Elderly People / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the expression of opinions regarding choices in end-of-life medical services by community-dwelling elderly people.Methods: We mailed a self-administered questionnaire to 780 elderly people who participated in preventive care projects in two municipalities in the Kanto region.Results: Of the 368 respondents (response rate, 47.2%), we included 348 who provided valid responses (valid response rate, 94.6%) in the analysis. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors influencing the expression of opinions regarding choices in end-of-life medical services. As a result, the experience of being at someone's deathbed was an influencing factor (p=0.046, OR=1.576).Conclusion: The factor affecting the expression of opinions regarding choice in end-of-life medical services was the experience of being at someone's deathbed.

Ideologia nas Opiniões de Estudantes de Ensino Médio sobre Sucesso no Trabalho / Ideology in the Opinions of Secondary School Students on Success at Work / La Ideología en las Opiniones de Estudiantes de Secundaria Acerca del Éxito en el Trabajo

As opiniões e crenças de adolescentes sobre o sucesso no trabalho constituem um contexto psicossocial pertinente para identificar indícios de efeitos ideológicos, já que se referem às expectativas e ao planejamento das atividades que inscreverão ou inscrevem cada pessoa no espaço social das relações com meios de produção. O estudo avaliou indicadores de opinião sobre sucesso no trabalho da Pesquisa de Percepções Sociais de Estudantes Uberlandenses (Perseu) de 2013, realizada junto a 736 estudantes da segunda série do ensino médio de três escolas. A análise de dados consistiu em estatísticas rescritivas das opiniões por meio de cruzamentos de frequências a partir de estratos de renda familiar e escolaridade da mãe, e análise de correspondências múltiplas. Os resultados indicaram tendência de consenso na amostra a respeito da meritocracia como princípio vigente para garantir o sucesso no trabalho, bem como maior adesão dos estratos de renda e escolaridade inferiores a opiniões recomendando a obediência a chefes e normas de empresas. A discussão centra-se no processo de naturalização ideológica e sua relação com os consensos sociais e busca explicar o perfil de opinião dos estratos desfavorecidos a partir de tendências psicológicas de justificação do sistema e da avaliação racional da restrição de possibilidades de vida....(AU)

The opinions and beliefs of adolescents regarding success at work constitute a relevant psychosocial context to identify evidence of ideological effects, since they refer to the expectations and planning of activities that will insert or insert each person in the social space of the relationships with production means. The study has assessed opinion indicators on success at work from the 2013 Uberlandia Students' Social Perceptions Survey (Perseu), carried out with 736 secondary school students from three schools. Data analysis consisted in descriptive statistics of opinions through frequency crosstabs from family income and mother education strata, as well as multiple correspondence analysis. Results indicated a consensus trend in the sample concerning meritocracy as a ruling principle to ensure success at work and higher agreement from lower income and education strata with opinions recommending the obedience to bosses and firm norms. Discussion focuses on the ideological naturalization process and its relationship with social consensus and aims at explaining the opinion profile of disadvantaged strata by means of psychological trends of system justification and rational assessment of life possibilities....(AU)

Las opiniones y creencias de los adolescentes sobre el éxito en el trabajo constituyen un contexto psicosocial relevante para identificar la evidencia de efectos ideológicos, ya que se refieren a las expectativas y a las actividades de planificación que inscribirán o inscriben a cada persona en el espacio social de las relaciones con los medios de producción. El estudio evaluó indicadores de opinión sobre el éxito en el trabajo de la Investigación de las Percepciones Sociales de Estudiantes de Uberlandia (PERSEU) de 2013, llevada a cabo con 736 estudiantes de escuela secundaria de tres escuelas. El análisis de los datos consistió en estadística descriptiva de opiniones por tablas de frecuencia de estratos de ingreso familiar y educación de la madre, y en un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Los resultados indicaron tendencia de consenso en la muestra respecto a la meritocracia como principio para asegurar el éxito en el trabajo y una mayor adherencia de aquellos con menores ingresos y estratos de educación a opiniones que recomiendan la obediencia a los jefes y a las normas de las empresas. La discusión se centra en el proceso de naturalización ideológica y su relación con el consenso social, y trata de explicar el perfil de opinión de los estratos desfavorecidos por las tendencias psicológicas de justificación del sistema y evaluación racional de la restricción de las posibilidades de vida....(AU)

Evidence and expert opinions: Dry needling versus acupuncture (I) : The American Alliance for Professional Acupuncture Safety (AAPAS) White Paper 2016 / 中国结合医学杂志

In the last twenty years, in the United States and other Western countries, dry needling (DN) became a hot and debatable topic, not only in academic but also in legal fields. This White Paper is to provide the authoritative information of DN versus acupuncture to academic scholars, healthcare professional administrators, lawmakers, and the general public through providing the authoritative evidence and experts' opinions regarding critical issues of DN versus acupuncture, and then reach consensus. DN is the use of dry needles alone, either solid filiform acupuncture needles or hollow-core hypodermic needles, to insert into the body for the treatment of muscle pain and related myofascial pain syndrome. DN is sometimes also known as intramuscular stimulati on, trigger points (TrP) acupuncture, TrP DN, myofascial TrP DN, or biomedical acupuncture. In Western countries, DN is a form of simplified acupuncture using biomedical language in treating myofascial pain, a contemporary development of a portion of Ashi point acupuncture from Chinese acupuncture. It seeks to redefine acupuncture by reframing its theoretical principles in a Western manner. DN-like needling with filiform needles have been widely used in Chinese acupuncture practice over the past 2,000 years, and with hypodermic needles has been used in China in acupuncture practice for at least 72 years. In Eastern countries, such as China, since late of 1800s or earlier, DN is a common name of acupuncture among acupuncturists and the general public, which has a broader scope of indications, not limited to treating the myofascial pain.

Expert Opinions on Managing Fertility and Pregnancy in Patients With Mucopolysaccharidosis

Abstract The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are rare genetic diseases caused by deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans, leading to pulmonary, cardiac and neurological dysfunctions, skeletal anomalies, impaired vision, and/or hearing and shortened life spans. Whereas in the past, few individuals with MPS reached adulthood, better diagnosis, multidisciplinary care, and new therapies have led to an increasing number of adult patients with MPS. Therefore, fertility and pregnancy questions in this patient population are becoming more important. Management of fertility issues and pregnancy in patients with MPS is challenging due to the lack of documented cases and a dearth in the literature on this topic. This review presents multidisciplinary expert opinions on managing fertility and pregnancy based on case studies and clinical experience presented at a meeting of MPS specialists held in Berlin, Germany, in April 2015. An overview of the existing literature on this subject is also included.

Comisión de diagnóstico de casos sospechosos de tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa: aceptabilidad del servicio por los médicos presentadores / Commission for the diagnosis of bacteriologically negative suspected tuberculosis cases: acceptability of the service by presenting physicians

Introducción: en etapa de eliminación de la tuberculosis, resulta de gran interés la identificación temprana de estos enfermos en cualquiera de sus formas, incluyendo aquellos con manifestaciones clínicas-radiológicas y microscopía negativa. Objetivos: conocer la frecuencia con que los médicos de diferentes servicios de salud presentan los expedientes clínicos de enfermos sospechosos de tuberculosis en la Comisión de Diagnóstico de enfermos de Tuberculosis con Baciloscopias Negativas (CODIBAARNE) del Hospital Neumológico Benéfico Jurídico de La Habana, la procedencia de dichos facultativos y sus opiniones sobre este servicio científico-técnico. Métodos: estudio descriptivo exploratorio. Para precisar la procedencia de los médicos presentadores, se aplicó un único formulario de encuesta. Resultados: en el 2004-05 se encuestaron 181 médicos y en el 2011, 40. De los primeros 181 encuestados, 118 (65,2 por ciento) procedían de 44 policlínicos de la atención primaria de salud y 63 (34,8 por ciento) de 17 hospitales de atención secundaria. Del primer grupo, 142 (78,5 por ciento) consideraron bueno y útil el servicio científico-técnico y 34 (19 por ciento) expresaron que era instructivo y aprendían con el servicio brindado. Del segundo grupo, 33 (82,5 por ciento) son Médicos Generales Integrales, y expresaron opiniones muy similares a las del primer grupo entrevistado. Conclusión: CODIBAARNE brinda extensa cobertura de servicios científico-técnicos a médicos de atención primaria y secundaria, que suscitan opiniones muy favorables de la gran mayoría de sus usuarios, considerándola como una herramienta complementaria para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa(AU)

Introduction: in tuberculosis elimination an important role is played by early identification of all patients, including those with negative clinical-radiological and microscopy results. Objectives: determine the frequency with which physicians from various health services submit the medical records of patients with suspected tuberculosis to the Commission for the Diagnosis of Bacteriologically Negative Tuberculosis (CODIBAARNE) of Havana Benéfico Jurídico Pneuological Hospital, the institutional affiliation of those physicians and their opinions about this technical-scientific service. Methods: a descriptive exploratory study was conducted to determine the place of origin of presenting doctors. A unique survey form was used. Results: 181 doctors were surveyed in the period 2004-2005 and 40 in 2011. Of the former 181 doctors, 118 (65.2 percent) were from 44 primary health care polyclinics and 63 (34.8 percent) from 17 secondary health care hospitals. 142 (78.5 percent) evaluated the technical and scientific service as good and useful, and 34 (19 percent) said it was instructive. Of the second group 33 (82.5 percent) were comprehensive general physicians. Their opinions were very similar to those of the first group. Conclusion: CODIBAARNE provides extensive coverage of technical and scientific services to primary and secondary health care physicians, generating very favorable opinions among most of its users, who view it as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of bacteriologically negative tuberculosis(AU)

Media Coping Strategy for Doctor-patient Dispute Processing in Hospital / 中国医学伦理学

This paper expounded the influences of the doctor -patient dispute media intervention and media re-sponse in the importance of the hospital medical disputes processing , discusses the media response to the main problems existing in the hospital , and put forward hospital in media strategies of medical disputes , mainly include:quickly find out the truth , actively cooperate with media;Release authoritative information , restore the truth;Su-pervision and media reports , punish infringement behavior;Opened a hospital official weibo , WeChat public plat-form.

Medical Students’ Opinion of a Web-based Module to Teach Clinical Reasoning and Knowledge / General Medicine

<b>Background: </b>Japanese medical student education lacks emphasis on teaching clinical reasoning skills. To partially remedy this situation, we developed a prototypic web-based module for tutors to teach clinical reasoning. We report the medical students’ opinions of this module.<br><b>Methods: </b>Twenty-four students from two Japanese medical universities were randomly assigned to the two tutored virtual classrooms, each classroom with six students, or to the self-study group, 12 students, after taking the Internet-based Sequential Question and Answer pretest. After four weeks, each of the 24 students took the Sequential Question and Answer posttest. The entire 24 students answered a questionnaire about the Sequential Question and Answer tests; all 12 tutored students answered a questionnaire about the web-based tutored module.<br><b>Results: </b>Although both tutored and self-study Sequential Question and Answer posttest scores increased, the increases of the tutored group’s posttest compared to the self-study posttest group were not statistically significant (p = 0.066). Ninety-two percent of the students rated the Sequential Question and Answer tests as an improved way to learn case presentation and clinical reasoning. Moreover, 79% of students felt that the Sequential Question and Answer tests were an effective way to learn clinical information. The tutored students rated the web-based tutored seminars as an ‘excellent to fair’ method to learn clinical reasoning using a five-point ‘excellent to poor’ scale.<br><b>Conclusions: </b>We developed a prototypic web-based module for tutors to teach clinical reasoning to medical students. The students’ opinion supported the modular components of the web-based seminar format, Sequential Question and Answer test, and the tutoring syllabus as an effective way to improve learning clinical reasoning, case presentation, and medical information. Students also suggested refinements of the prototypic module.

An Assessment of the Level of Awareness, Attitudes, Opinions of Pharmacy Students Concerning HIV and AIDS in Malaysia.

Aims: HIV and AIDS spreading wide and causing serious threats and deaths among Malaysian residents. A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the awareness, attitudes and opinions about HIV and AIDS among pharmacy students. Methods: A total of 316 pharmacy students of year three and onwards took part in the survey. Students were asked to fill in questionnaires with consent forms. The results were analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Results: The data indicated that awareness about HIV and AIDS was moderate. High level of awareness was seen for major routes of HIV transmissions, but lower level of awareness was seen for other modes of transmission like circumcision, visiting barbers, and blood splashes on outer body surface. Only 19.3% and 13.3% of respondents were aware about HIV prevention by sex abstinence and by staying faithful to one partner respectively. The respondents had doubts in keeping HIV and AIDS patients in close vicinity to them and their family. Conclusion: According to the findings, the respondents had a few misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention. Data from this survey may be useful to hold programs and campaigns designed to convey accurate information about HIV transmission and prevention. Talks and media campaigns should also be carried out to change their attitudes and opinions about HIV and AIDS.

Opinions of health supervisors towards health workers activities.

This study was to know the opinion of health supervisors towards activities of health care workers. The study was undertaken among 207 health supervisors coming for in service training at Health and Family Welfare training centre, Amritsar (Punjab). They were provided with questionnaire following the registration for training. It was found that majority of the participants (87.9%) agreed that planning of health workers activities should be as a team work, while about 16% of respondents denied that supervision is required for daily activities of the health workers. Punctuality is important; however, this study showed that health supervision (6.8%) stressed more on the punctuality of workers that female health supervisors (11.8%).This study also revealed that female’s supervisors (45.7%) have more courage to accept blame for the mistake commits by workers than male supervisors (7.4%). This study revealed that there is no doubt majority of participants have positive opinions towards health workers activities. But in service sector all types of behaviour is required in different working situations, but most of the time democratic and participative type behaviour is very effective for a team work.

Entre el estigma y la ley: la interrupción legal del embarazo en el DF / Between the stigma and the law: legal abortion in Mexico City

Este artículo se origina en una investigación llevada a cabo mediante metodologías cualitativas de las ciencias sociales. Su objetivo es compartir algunos de los avances del estudio realizado en una clínica del Gobierno del Distrito Federal para explorar los efectos de la implantación de la interrupción legal del embarazo (ILE) en el personal que proporciona este servicio sanitario. Se subraya que además de disminuir los riesgos en la salud de las mujeres, la ILE con misoprostol impulsó un cambio de actitud de muchas usuarias, lo que expresa una disminución de los efectos negativos provocados por el estigma, aunque se sigue detectando la persistencia del estigma en las opiniones del personal sanitario. El fortalecimiento personal de las mujeres que se someten a este procedimiento legal se debe a que llevan a cabo el ejercicio pleno de un derecho.

The present contribution is part of a research developed with qualitative social research methods. It offers part of the results attained in a study performed at a clinic belonging to Mexico City´s Government, and explores the effects on staff of the implementation of Legal Pregnancy Termination (ILE, for its initials in Spanish). The results highlights that, besides diminishing health risks in the women who abort, the use of misoprostol prompted assertive attitudes in many women, that reduced the negative effects produced by the stigma of abortion. It also acknowledges the persistence of stigma in the opinions of the health personnel. The empowering of the self-image of women who become subject to this procedure is due to the full exercise of their legal right.

Opiniões, conhecimento e atitudes de profissionais da saúde sobre o aborto induzido: uma revisão das pesquisas brasileiras publicadas entre 2001 e 2011 / Opinions, knowledge, and attitudes of health professionals on induced abortion: a review of Brazilian studies (2001-2011)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão das pesquisas brasileiras quantitativas e qualitativas sobre opiniões, conhecimentos e atitudes de profissionais da saúde sobre o aborto induzido publicadas entre 2001 e 2011. Admitiram-se publicações com amostras compostas por profissionais com quaisquer graus de formação. Os trabalhos foram categorizados segundo características metodológicas: abordagem dos dados, técnica e instrumento para coleta de dados, categorias profissionais incluídas, local da pesquisa, tamanho amostral e técnica de amostragem. Na etapa seguinte, categorizaram-se os temas centrais das pesquisas (por exemplo, aconselhamento genético e anticoncepção de emergência). Finalmente, categorizaram-se os resultados das pesquisas: conhecimento técnico e legal, perspectiva moral, opiniões sobre a lei, opiniões sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde, e atitudes hipotéticas e concretas. As publicações identificadas sugerem ampla aprovação dos casos de aborto atualmente permitidos por lei, mas larga rejeição da criminalização em casos de malformações fetais graves. A maioria das publicações relatou ter investigado profissionais de medicina (especialmente gineco-obstetras) ou de enfermagem, sendo poucos ou inexistentes dados sobre assistentes sociais e psicólogos. Não foram identificados quaisquer instrumentos apresentando dados mínimos de validade, análise de confiabilidade ou adaptação transcultural. Acredita-se que, no futuro, o desenvolvimento de instrumentos com essas qualidades possa facilitar a realização de novas pesquisas sobre esse tema, inclusive com maior abrangência e diversificação das categorias profissionais a serem estudadas.

This paper reviews quantitative and qualitative Brazilian research published from 2001 to 2011 on opinions, knowledge, and attitudes of health professionals on abortion. We included publications with samples composed of professionals with some degree of training. The papers were categorized according to methodological characteristics such as data approach and technique and instrument for data collection, and professional categories such as research site, sample size, and sampling technique. Next, we categorized the main themes of research (e.g., genetic counseling and emergency contraception). Finally, we categorized the results of research on technical and legal knowledge, moral perspectives, opinions about the law, opinions about the National Health System, and hypothetical and concrete attitudes. The publications that were identified suggested broad approval of the abortion cases currently allowed by law but high rejection of criminalization in cases of serious fetal malformations. Most articles reported having investigated medical professionals (obstetricians-gynecologists) or nurses, with little or no data on social workers and psychologists. We have not identified any instruments providing minimum data validity, reliability analysis, or cross-cultural adaptation. We believe that, in the future, development of instruments with these qualities could facilitate the implementation of new research on this topic, including greater coverage and diversification of the professional categories to be studied.

Adaptación cultural de instrumentos de medida sobre estigma y enfermedad mental en la Ciudad de México / Cultural adaptation of instruments to measure stigma and mental illness in Mexico City

This article forms part of a collaborative study in which research teams from Canada and Mexico participated. The general objective is to describe the cultural adaptation and semantic validation of three instruments for measuring stigma and mental illness in Mexico City. The criteria of understanding, acceptance, relevance and semantic integrity were used to adapt the following instruments: The Internalized Stigma Inventory (ISMI), the Opinions on Mental Illness Survey (OMI) and the Devaluation and Discrimination Scale (DDS). Four Individual interviews and four group interviews were carried out with 37 informants from different groups (health personnel, persons with diagnostic of mental disorders, relatives and the general population). Lastly, an analysis was carried out on the contents of the information obtained. The instruments proved to be culturally appropriate for the population in Mexico in the various groups studied. The adapted versions would be useful for establishing comparative analyses with other countries. The scope and limitations of the process of semantic equivalence were analyzed in the transcultural research.

Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio colaborativo en el que participan equipos de investigación en Canadá y México. El objetivo general consiste en describir el proceso de adaptación cultural y validación semántica de tres instrumentos de medición sobre el estigma y la enfermedad mental en la Ciudad de México. A partir de los criterios de comprensión, aceptación, relevancia e integridad semántica se adaptaron los siguientes instrumentos: el Inventario de Estigma Internalizado (ISMI), el Cuestionario de Opiniones hacia la Enfermedad Mental (OMI) y la Escala de Percepción de la Devaluación y Discriminación hacia la Enfermedad Mental (DDS). Para ello se llevaron a cabo cuatro entrevistas individuales y cuatro grupales con 37 informantes de diversos sectores (personal de salud, personas con diagnóstico de trastorno mental grave, familiares y población general). Finalmente se efectuó un análisis de contenido de la información obtenida. Los instrumentos adaptados fueron culturalmente apropiados para la población de los diferentes grupos estudiados en México. Las versiones adaptadas serán de utilidad para establecer análisis comparativos con otras regiones. Se analizan los alcances y limitaciones del proceso de equivalencia semántica en la investigación transcultural.

Vivencias de la sexualidad en estudiantes universitarios / Sexuality experiences of university students

Introducción: una de las claves para vivir una sexualidad sana y placentera y obtener la máxima satisfacción en las relaciones íntimas, es poseer una adecuada educación sexual. Objetivo: identificar las vivencias de la sexualidad en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: investigación descriptiva de corte transversal realizada en la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el 2009 y 2010. Se diseñó una encuesta para indagar sobre características generales, comportamientos, conocimientos, opiniones y fuentes de información en sexualidad. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante un sistema informatizado de encuestas web en una muestra probabilística estratificada por facultad, grupos focales y a través de las respuestas de los estudiantes a preguntas e inquietudes sobre la sexualidad. Resultados: la población universitaria es joven, la mayoría solteros y activos sexualmente, predominaron diferencias en el comportamiento sexual según el sexo, los hombres tenían mayores probabilidades de riesgo sexual. Tenìan dificultades para entender el significado de la sexualidad, desconocían los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y las medidas efectivas para evitar infecciones de trasmisión sexual, de hecho, el 17,86 % nunca utilizó preservativo en sus relaciones sexuales y persistían los pensamientos tradicionales ante temas sexuales. La principal fuente de información para la mayoría fueron los amigos y entre las temáticas preferidas estaban las relacionadas con la esfera erótica y placentera, reproductiva y de prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Conclusiones: la educación sexual es deficiente o nula entre los jóvenes universitarios y la familia, la universidad y los diferentes espacios de socialización, no figuran como ejes formativos en este ámbito.

Introduction: one of the keys to healthy and pleasurable sexuality and to full satisfaction in intimate relationships is to have proper sexual education. Objective: to identify the sexuality experiences of university students. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during 2009 - 2010 at Higher Polytechnic School of Chimborazo in Ecuador. A survey was designed to find out the general features, behaviors, knowledge, opinions and information sources in sexuality. Data were collected using a web-based survey system in a probabilistic sample stratified by faculty, focus groups and through answers of students to questions and concerns on the topic. Results: the student population was young, most of them were sexually active and unmarried; differences in sexual behavior predominated according to sex and male students were more likely to facing sexual risk. In terms of knowledge, they had difficulties in understanding the meaning of sexuality; they did not know the sexual and reproductive rights and effective measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections. In fact, 17.86 % had never used condom in their sexual intercourses. Their opinions showed that the traditional way of thinking about sexual issues was still there. Their main source of information was their friends and the most preferred topics were related to erotism, sex pleasure, reproduction and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Conclusions: sexual education is poor or nonexistent among young university students and their families, the university and the various socializing spaces. It does not appear to be one of the formative cores at university education.