Study of Plasma Glycemic Levels and Serum Magnesium Levels in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Non-Diabetic Healthy Controls: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Patients of DM are known to have low levelsof serum magnesium levels as compared to non-diabetics.There is a link between the low magnesium levels and poorglycemic controls and subsequently leading to complicationsin diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to assess theserum magnesium levels in relation to glycemic status indiabetic patients as compared to non-diabetics.Material and Methods: 172 cases of previously diagnosedDM were taken along with the age and sex matched controlswho were healthy and non-diabetic and their blood sampleswere analyzed for magnesium and blood sugar fasting andpost prandial.Results: In our study we have found that there is a significanthypomagnesemia in diabetic cases as compared to nondiabetic controls which is in accordance with other studies.There also exists a negative correlation between mean serummagnesium levels (2.08 ± 0.4 mg/dL) and mean fastingplasma sugar (FBS) (159.72 ± 71.60 mg/dL) and mean postprandial sugar (PPS) (222.76 ± 100.86 mg/dL) levels. Nosignificant variation as per age and sex in serum magnesiumlevels amongst diabetic subjects have been found in our study.Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is common in diabetics ashas been found in our study also, and it helps in regulationof glycemic levels and in turn also affects magnesium levels.Considering estimation of magnesium as a routine laboratorywork up protocol in the management of diabetes may preventvarious complications due to hypomagnesemia with earlytherapeutic intervention.

Preparation of Tilianin-loaded Nano-micelles and Evaluation of Prevention of Apoptosis in H9c2 Cells / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To prepare nano-micelles with amphiphilic self-assembly poly (ethylene glycol)-co-poly (propylene sulfide) (PEG-PPS) copolymer as carrier to study the release characteristics of tilianin and investigate its activity to against H9c2 cell apoptosis in vitro. METHODS: An amphiphilic diblock PEG-PPS polymer was used as a carrier material to prepare the tilianin-containing nano-micelles by solvent evaporation. The morphology, particle size and distribution, drug loading and encapsulation rate and in vitro drug release behavior were characterized, H9c2 rat myocardial cell injury model was established by hypoxia/reoxygenation process. Using propranolol (Pro) as a positive control, the morphology of injured cardiomyocytes was observed by microscope. Cell proliferation and cell apoptosis was detected to evaluate the protective effect of blank micelles, tilianin and tilianin loaded nano-micelles on H9c2 cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. RESULTS: Tilianin-loaded nano-micelles was spherical with uniform particle size distribution. The drug loading was 3.82%. The average particle diameter of tilianin-loaded nano-micelles was 137 nm, polydispersity coefficient was 0.162 and the encapsulation efficiency was 91.45%. In vitro drug release studies showed that there was no drug-induced burst release of tilianin-containing nano-micelles and sustained release characteristics, and the presence of hydrogen peroxide significantly promoted the release of tilianin from the nano-micelles. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments showed that when the concentration of tilianin 5 μg•mL-1, the cell viability of tilianin-loaded nano-micelles was significantly higher than the corresponding concentration of tilianin and PEG-PPS polymer nano-micelles. In vitro anti-apoptotic activity experiments show that tilianin-loaded nano-micelles on H9c2 cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation have a significant inhibitory effect and was provided inhibition of apoptosis with propranolol. CONCLUSION: Tilianin-loaded nano-micelles have uniform particle size and distribution, sustained release and oxidation characteristics, has a significant protective and apoptosis-inhibiting effect on H9c2 cell injury induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation, which can be used as a promising drug delivery system for the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Effect of Reduction in Iodine Content of Edible Salt on the Iodine Status of the Chinese Population / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the revised Chinese National Standard GB26878-2011 'Iodine Content in Edible Salt' on the iodine status among the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 2011 and 2014, the probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) was used in each Chinese province to obtain the representative data. In each sampling unit, school children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women were selected. Key indicators included urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid volume (TV), and the iodine content in edible household salt.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) decreased between 2011 and 2014 from 238.6 to 197.9 µg/L in school-age children. The number of provinces with iodine excess decreased to zero. The proportion of children whose UIC was > 300 µg/L was 18.8% and decreased to 11% compared with 29.8% in 2011. There was no significant difference in UIC < 50 µg/L between 2014 (4.3%) and 2011 (3.7%) (P > 0.05). The MUIC among pregnant women in 2014 was more concentrated between 110 and 230 µg/L. The goiter rate among children aged 8-10 years was unchanged, both the goiter rate of 2011 and 2014 remaining below 5%, in view of the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The National Standard GB26878-2011 'Iodine Content in Edible Salt' that was introduced in March 2012 resulted in an overall improvement in iodine status, reducing the risk of excessive iodine intake in the Chinese population.</p>

Motivation to perform presymptomatic testing in portuguese subjects at-risk for late-onset genetic diseases

El papel del psicólogo clínico en el contexto del consejo genético incluye brindar apoyo a los sujetos en riesgo en el proceso de toma de decisiones, independientemente de la decisión adoptada por el sujeto (conociendo o no el resultado de las pruebas genéticas). El estudio que se informa aborda la motivación para realizar las pruebas pre-sintomáticas (PPS) de sujetos en situación de riesgo para tres enfermedades: polineuropatía amiloide familiar (PAF), la enfermedad de Huntington (EH) y la enfermedad de Machado-Joseph (EMJ) y comparar con la motivación para realizar las PPS para hemocromatosis (HH). La muestra consistió en 213 sujetos portugueses que tenían riesgo genético para contraer las tres enfermedades y 31 sujetos en situación de riesgo genético para contraer hemocromatosis. Ellos fueron evaluados con una entrevista para obtener datos sociodemográficos y debían responder a una pregunta sobre la motivación para llevar a cabo las pruebas pre-sintomáticas. Se obtuvieron siete categorías principales y las siguientes son las más significativas para PAF, EH y EMJ: razones relacionadas con el futuro, razones relacionadas con los demás y razones relacionadas con la curiosidad y la necesidad de conocer. Para hemocromatosis, las más importantes resultaron ser razones relacionadas con los demás y las relacionadas con las características de la enfermedad. La motivación para realizar el test pre-sintomático (PST) de la PAF, EH y EMJ es externa y sin relación con la enfermedad, mientras que la motivación de los sujetos en situación de riesgo para la HH está relacionada con la enfermedad. Las razones relacionadas con los demás es una motivación común en ambos grupos. A los sujetos también les preocupa la posibilidad de transmitir la enfermedad a sus hijos.

The role of the clinical psychologist in the context of genetic counseling includes support for the process of decision-making for subjects at-risk, regardless of the decision that was made. For this, it is important to know the motivations behind these decisions. What may be considered advant-ageous and justifiable reasons to perform the PST for genetic diseases from the medical and public point of view, i.e., planning for the future, helping in the choice of a profession, family planning, improving quality of life and contributing to health, may not be recognized as such by the individual seeking the PST. This study addresses the motivation to perform the presymptomatic testing (PST) of subjects at-risk for three diseases, Familial Amyloid Polyneuro pathy (FAP), Huntington's disease (HD), and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), compared with the motivation to perform the PST for Hemochromatosis (HH). FAP, HD and MJD are three genetic (monogenic) autosomal dominant late-onset diseases (LON-Ds) with no cure. FAP is a progressive sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy of adult hood. HD is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms of chorea (motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms), emotional distress and cognitive decline. MJD is characterized by slowly progressive clumsiness in the arms and legs, a staggering lurching gait, sometimes mistaken for drunkenness, difficulty with speech and swallowing, involuntary eye movements, and may be accompanied by double vision or bulging eyes, and lower limb spasticity. HH is a disease in which too much iron accumulates in parenchymal organs, leading to iron overload and subsequent organ toxicity and failure. The study participants consisted in 213 subjects at genetic risk for FAP, HD, and MJD and 31 subjects at genetic risk for HH, that were assessed through an interview to obtain sociodemographic data and the answer to one question about motivation to perform PST: "Which were the reasons that led you to perform the predictive test? "This study was carried out in Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Porto (Portugal). This research used a mixed-method, since qualitative and quantitative techniques of data analysis were used. Before deciding to seek genetic counseling and to know their genetic status, subjects at-risk have naturally considered their motives and it was probably the pro-counseling reasons the ones dictating the motivation to perform the PST. This may suggest that in fact there is a prior self-selection to the test, i.e. only those considering to have emotional skills to go through the process, performing the test. Seven major categories were obtained. The most significant ones for FAP, HD and MJD were reasons related to the future, reasons related to others and reasons related to curiosity and to the need to know. For HH, the most important ones were reasons related to others and reasons related to the characteristics of the disease. The motivation of subjects at-risk to perform the PST for FAP, HD and MJD is external and unrelated to the disease, while the motivation of subjects at-risk to perform the PST for HH is related to the disease. Reasons related to others area common motivation: as subjects at-risk for FAP, HD and MJD, subjects at-risk for HH also chose reasons related to others as one of the most important motivations to carry out the PST. These subjects also care about the fact that they can transmit the disease to their children and care about other family members which are already ill. The category reasons related to others includes sub-categories that identify the person and the situation that led to the decision to perform a PST. Subjects at-risk are also concerned about the fact that they have to decide whether or not to have children and its economic implications.

Health related quality of life in Turkish polio survivors: impact of post-polio on the health related quality of life in terms of functional status, severity of pain, fatigue, and social, and emotional functioning / Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em sobreviventes turcos da pólio: impacto pós-pólio na saúde relacionada com a qualidade de vida em termos de estado funcional, gravidade da dor, fadiga e funcionamento social e emocional

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of postpolio-syndrome on quality of life in polio survivors. Methods: Forty polio survivors were included in the study. Twenty-one patients fulfilling the Halstead's postpolio-syndrome criteria participated in postpolio-syndrome group. The remaining nineteen patients formed non-postpolio-syndrome group. Control group was composed of forty healthy subjects. Quality of life was evaluated by Nottingham Health Profile, depression by Beck Depression Scale and fatigue by Fatigue Symptom Inventory. Isometric muscle strength was measured by manual muscle testing. Results: Total manual muscle testing score was 26.19 ± 13.24 (median: 29) in postpolio-syndrome group and 30.08 ± 8.9 (median: 32) in non-postpolio-syndrome group. Total manual muscle testing scores of non-postpolio-syndrome group were significantly higher than that of postpolio-syndrome group. Patients with postpolio-syndrome reported significantly higher levels of fatigue and reduced quality of life in terms of physical mobility, pain and energy when compared with patients without postpolio-syndrome and control group. It was not reported a statistically significant difference in social and emotional functioning and sleep quality between postpolio-syndrome, non-postpolio-syndrome and control groups. Also it was not found any statistically significant difference in Beck Depression Scale scores among the groups. Conclusions: Postpolio-syndrome has a negative impact on quality of life in terms of functional status, severity of pain and energy. The identification, early recognition and rehabilitation of postpolio-syndrome patients may result in an improvement in their quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o impacto da síndrome pós-pólio na qualidade de vida nos sobreviventes da pólio. Métodos: Quarenta sobreviventes da pólio foram incluídos no estudo. Participaram do grupo de síndrome pós-pólio 21 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de síndrome pós-pólio de Halstead. Os 19 restantes formaram o grupo não síndrome pós-pólio. O grupo controle foi composto por 40 indivíduos saudáveis. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Nottingham Health Profile, a depressão pela Escala de Depressão de Beck e a fadiga pelo Inventário de Sintomas de Fadiga. A força muscular isométrica foi medida por teste muscular manual. Resultados: O escore total do teste muscular manual foi 26,19 ± 13,24 (mediana: 29) no grupo de síndrome pós-pólio e 30,08 ± 8,9 (mediana: 32) no grupo não síndrome pós-pólio. Escores totais de teste muscular manual de grupo não síndrome pós-pólio foram significativamente maiores do que os do grupo de síndrome pós-pólio. Os pacientes com síndrome pós-pólio relataram níveis significativamente maiores de fadiga e qualidade de vida reduzida em termos de mobilidade física, dor e energia quando comparados com pacientes sem síndrome pós-pólio e grupo controle. Não se relatou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no funcionamento social e emocional e na qualidade do sono entre grupos de síndrome pós-pólio, não síndrome pós-pólio e controle. Além disso, não se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significativa nos escores da Escala de Depressão de Beck entre os grupos. Conclusões: A síndrome pós-pólio tem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida em termos de estado funcional, gravidade da dor e energia. A identificação, o reconhecimento precoce e a reabilitação dos pacientes com síndrome pós-pólio podem resultar em uma melhoria da qualidade de vida.

Effects of Clinical Pharmacists Participating in the Implementation of Femoral Neck Fracture Clinical Pat-hway under DRGs-PPS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of clinical pharmacists participating in the implementation of clinical path-way under the condition of disease diagnosis related groups-prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS),and to provide reference for promoting rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS:Patients with femoral neck fracture in the clinical pathway were collected from our hospital as research objects. The patient collected during Jan.-Dec. 2015 were included in control group(52 patients includ-ed,41 patients completed)and those collected during Jan.-Dec. 2016 were included in observation group(58 patients included,46 patients completed). Clinical pharmacists participated in the implementation of clinical pathway in observation group,and provided technological intervention and administrative intervention. No intervention was performed in control group. Hospitalization time, hospitalization cost,drug cost and ADR were observed in 2 groups. The rationality of antibiotics for prophylactic use,analgesic drugs,adjuvant drugs,anti-osteoporosis drugs and anticoagulant were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:After clinical pharma-cists participating in the implementation of clinical pathway in observation group,there was no statistical significance in hospitalization time or the incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05); hospitalization cost and drug cost of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). Medication time and cost of antibiotics for prophylactic use,cost of analgesic drugs,medication time of adjuvant drugs in observation group were significantly shorter/lower than control group;type of anti-osteoporosis drugs was significantly more than control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Under DRGs-PPS,the participation of linical pharmacists participating in the implementation of femoral neck fracture clinical pathway can play an important role in regulating the clinical rational use of 5 kinds of drugs and ensuring the safety,effectiveness and econom-ics of drug use.

Transformation of PPS induce M2 subtype to M1 macrophages / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To study the positive expression rate of M2 subtype of macrophage cell surface molecules and the inflammatory factors of PPS in IL-4-induced M2 macrophage.Methods:The experiment was divided into 5 groups:blank control group, Model group,PPS groups(50 μg/ml,100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml).The expression of CD206 and CD23 was used as bio-maker to confirm IL-4 induced macrophages by treating RAW264.7 with 20ng/ml of IL-4.IL-4 induced RAW264.7 cells were treated with PPS of 50μg/ml,100μg/ml and 200μg/ml for 24 h.Then the expression of CD206,CD16/32 and CD40 were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the mRNA expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-10 and iNOS were detect by qRT-PCR.Results: After treated with IL-4,the positive rate of CD206 of RAW264.7 were high.After treated with PPS ,the rate of CD16/32 and CD40 in IL-4 induced RAW264.7 cells were high ,the expression of CD206 decreased,and the mRNA level of IL-1βand TNF-αincreased.Conclusion:RAW264.7 cells can be polarlized to M2 subtype macrophage by using 20 ng/ml IL-4.PPS enhances the mRNA of IL-1β,TNF-αand the expression of CD40, CD16/32 in IL-4-induced RAW264.7 cells .These results indicate that PPS can induce the M2 subtype to become M1 macrophages, can improve immune function of macrophages.

Case report of rehabilitation of a subject with post polio syndrome.

Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) affects polio survivor’s years after the initial polio attack. They report new musculoskeletal symptoms. The purpose of this case report was to determine the effect of a physical therapy intervention on these symptoms in a 53 year old male subject with residual poliomyelitis of left lower limb more than right. Strengthening and aerobic exercises along with lifestyle modification advices were found to be beneficial with respect to all outcome measures taken after 4 and 12 weeks of program, with deterioration in none. This is a first case report documenting benefits of physical therapy following PPS in India. Its findings support the use of exercise in subjects with late effects of poliomyelitis and provide clinically valuable knowledge regarding the treatment efficacy of PPS exercise regimens.

Study of public hospitals DRGs payment standards / 中华医院管理杂志

Covered in the paper are the overseas practice to formulate DRGs-PPS payment standards,as well as domestic study on expense-based payment standard and on cost-based payment standard.Comparative studies found problems in formulating the present DRGs-PPS payment standard,and recommended to better the clinical diagnosis and treatment norms based on cost data,and explore to develop a normalized DRGs cost accounting method system.

Effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides on activation of murine bone marrow dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4 / 中草药

Objective: To explore the mechanism of immunomodulatory activity of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides (PPS) on murine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC). Methods: BMDC phenotype and the function indexes were observed by 3H-TdR incorporation, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Results: Compared with the negative group, PPS could increase the co-expression of CD11c and CD86 molecules on dendritic cells (DC) surface and the production of IL-12 and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. PPS also enhanced matured BMDC capacity of T cell initial activation and decreased phagocytosis of BMDC. Anti-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not anti-TLR2 or complement receptor 3 (CR3) monoclonal antibodies inhibited PPS-induced production of IL-12 p40 and blocked the combination between fluorescence-labeled PPS (f-PPS) and BMDC. Conclusion: The data demonstrate that PPS could promote the activation of murine BMDC via TLR4 and maturation of immunomodulationy activity.

Comparison of diagnosis related groups perspective payment system(DRGs-PPS)and fee-for-services / 中华医院管理杂志

It is the core of provider payment reform in healthcare that payment methods can be chosen correctly.According to the framework of contract theory,this paper compared the“pricing cost”and“monitoring cost”between diagnosis related groups perspective payment system(DRGs-PPS)and feefor-service.And then,based on contract theory,this paper further turn to analyzed the main management problems during the implementation of DRGs-PPS,and put forward relevant policies key points from the aspects of“monitoring”and“maintaining”.This paper drawn the basic conclusions that,comparing to feefor-services,DRG-s-PPS have relative low transaction; therefore,the transformation from fee-for-service to DRGs-PPS will benefit the virtuous circle of the healthcare market.However,DRGs-PPS is new deal for China,so it need to be pushed forward steadily with the full consideration of healthcare regulations and system maintenance.

Research on payment system based on diagnosis related groups in Beijing / 中华医院管理杂志

The medical service payment system reform is one of core issues in medical and health system reform.The main content of diagnosis related groups-prospective payment system includes diagnosis coding standardization,medical records front sheet standardization,diagnosis grouping,medical information management.To successfully implement the payment system,it is important to implement clinical pathway,sign medical services agreement,accurately complete medical records from sheet,interdepartmentally cooperate.

Selection of principal diagnosis on the front page of medical records / 中华医院管理杂志

The present situation of data acquisition of principal diagnosis on front page were introduced and analyzed,the importance of selection and filling out the principal diagnosis on from page were expounded.Meanwhile,how to select the principal diagnosis correctly,clear and definite the definition of Principal Diagnosis,rule of selection of principal diagnosis were also introduced.Besides,some experience on how to select the principal diagnosis were presented.All of these,that analyzing the present situation and the problems of principal diagnosis,in order to assisting medical staff to select principal diagnosis correctly.

Establishing organization of diagnosis related groups and prospective payment system in Beijing / 中华医院管理杂志

Establishing medical service payment system reform organization of diagnosis related groups and prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS) based on the theory of matrix management and learning organization.Firstly joint committee mechanism hasbeen established to guide the implementation of DRGs-PPS with the strong support of Beijing local government; Secondly series of related technical standards and organizational systems including AP-DRGs,AR-DRGs Group,Data Dictionary,ICD Group,International Classification of Surgical Operations Group,Pricing Classification Group,Training Group,Supervision Group,Support Group,Data Validation Group,BJ-DRGs Group have been created to support standard maintenance,project inspection and data analysis; Furthermore,learning organization has been realized by setting up various project groups and the establishment of DRGs-PPS platform help ensure performance evaluation of healtheare institutions and payment system reform.

Clinical Findings of Swallowing Difficulties in Patients with Post-poliomyelitis Syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of swallowing difficulties in patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome (PPS) by characterizing their swallowing patterns with videofluoroscopic swallowing study. METHOD: Eleven patients diagnosed with PPS were enrolled. All subjects answered the self assessment questionnaire for swallowing difficulty and gastric symptoms. We assessed the ability of tongue control, the oral transit time, cricopharyngeal opening time, and pharyngeal transit time. We also assessed the presence of aspiration or penetration and the amount of residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinus by four grade scales. A gastroenterologist examined esophagus, stomach and duodenum through an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. RESULTS: Six patients complained swallowing difficulty and nine patients showed symptoms of esophageal regurgitation. Although finding of penetration or aspiration was not seen, all patients showed swallowing dysfunction in the videofluoroscopic swallowing study. In the esophagogastroduodenoscopy, chronic superficial gastritis was observed in all enrolled patients (n=11) and reflux esophagitis was found in 4 patients (36%). CONCLUSION: About half patients with PPS complained of dysphagia. Routine evaluation of dysphagia with videofluoroscopic swallowing study and esophagogastroduodenoscopy is needed in all patients with PPS due to the low reliability in their subjective symptom.

Preferential Expression of IgA Isotype Switching-associated Transcripts in Mouse Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) directs class switch recombination (CSR) to IgA isotype, which is a predominant antibody in mucosal surfaces. Although IgA is preferentially committed in mucosal lymphoid tissues, it is not definitely established whether hallmarks of IgA CSR such as IgA germ-line transcripts (GLTalpha), post-switch transcripts (PSTalpha) and circle transcripts (CTalpha) are readily expressed in such tissues. Therefore, we compared the expression of these transcripts among mouse Peyer's patches (PP), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen. METHODS: Levels of GLTs, PSTs and CTs were measured by RT-PCR in isolated PPs, MLNs and spleen cells. RESULTS: GLTalpha and PSTalpha were well expressed in PP and MLN cells but in spleen cells. Similar patterns were observed in the expression of GLgamma2b and PSTgamma2b. On the other hand, these transcripts were only inducible in spleen cells upon stimulated with LPS and TGF-beta1. In addition, CTalpha and CTgamma2b were detected in PP cells. CONCLUSION: PP B cells readily express IgA GLT, PST, and CT. Overall expression patterns of these transcripts were similar in MLN cells. Thus, these results suggest that microenvironment of PP and MLN influences spontaneous IgA CSR, which lacks in systemic lymphoid tissues such as spleen.

Clinical Features of Post-Polio Syndrome Patients in Korea

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of new neuromuscular symptoms and disabilities and the psychological characteristics-depressioin, anxiety, type A behavior, loneliness, and also to determine any relationships between physical and neuropsychological characteristics in a group of post-polio syndrome (PPS). METHOD: By 70 answered questionnaire, the polio survivors were grouped into PPS and Non- PPS. This questionnaire consisted of questions about acute polio problems; new health problems, fatigue severity scale, visual analog scale, weakness scale, Frenchay activity index, ambulation disability index; socio-economic problems; neuro-psychological inventories, Beck depression index, Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, revised UCLA loneliness scale, type A personality score. RESULTS: The median time from polio to the onset of new health problems was 27.6 years. Fatigue, muscle and/or joint pain, weakness in previously affected and unaffected muscles were most common newly appearing problems. The symptoms of PPS was consistent with the distribution of the anterior horn cell; spinal cord, brain stem, cerebral hemisphere, Reticular Activating System (RAS). Neuro-psychological evaluations revealed that fatigue scale was correlated with depression, type A personality. CONCLUSION: In PPS group, pain, weakness, fatigue, autonomous symptoms, decreased concentration were more serious than in Non-PPS group. The fatigue in PPS group was correlated with type A personality, depression, sleep disturbance and concentration problem.

Swallowing Difficulties in Polio Survivors

OBJECTIVE: In patients with a history of acute paralytic poliomyelitis, late progressive muscle weakness, fatigue, pain may arise, a symptom complex of known as post-poliomyelitis syndrome (PPS). Dysphagia may also develop in some PPS patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of is swallowing difficulty in polio survivors and to describe the nature of the swallowing difficulty. METHOD: Polio survivors answered the questionnaire pertaining to swallowing function and received a videofluroscopic evaluation of the oral and pharyngeal phases using 3 consistencies of material: liquid barium; semisolid barium paste; boiled yolk of an egg coated with barium. RESULTS: Of the 16 subjects, 8 had subjective symptoms of swallowing difficulties. All of the 6 PPS patients, regardless of whether they had symptoms of swallowing difficulties, had some abnormal oropharyngeal function through video fluoroscopic swallowing study. CONCLUSION: In patients with post-polio syndrome, there is progressive deterioration of swallowing functions similar to that in the muscles of the limbs. This swallowing dysfunction is not related with their subjective symptoms.

Effects of Three Phyto-saccharides on Functions of Leucocytes and Levels of Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotides / 第三军医大学学报

Krestin polysaccharide(KPS) and Panax ginseng polysaccharide(PPS) could signifcantly increase the level of intracellular cAMP(P0.05) ; the migration was also significantly inhibited (P