Estudo da contribuição da autofagia para a susceptibilidade por L. Amazonensis ou resistência por L. Major na infecção de macrófagos murinos da linhagem CBA / Study of the contribution of autophagy to susceptibility by L. Amazonensis or resistance by L. Major in the infection of murine macrophages of the CBA

INTRODUÇÃO: Macrófagos de camundongos CBA controlam a infecção por Leishmania major, no entanto, são permissivos à infecção por Leishmania amazonensis. Os estudos conduzidos, até o momento, sobre o papel desempenhado pela autofagia na infecção por Leishmania levaram a dados controversos. OBJETIVO: No presente trabalho, avaliamos se a resposta autofágica de macrófagos infectados pode ser responsável pela diferença no curso da infecção por essas duas espécies de Leishmania. MATERIAL e MÉTODOS e RESULTADOS: Inicialmente, demonstramos por qPCR e por análise de dados de microarranjos públicos que um número maior de genes relacionados à autofagia é modulado positivamente em células infectadas por L. amazonensis em comparação às infectadas L. major. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) demonstrou modulação oposta dos genes relacionados à autofagia entre os macrófagos infectados com L. amazonensis daqueles infectados com L. major. Após 24 h de infecção, a relação LC3-II/Act é aumentada tanto em macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis quanto nos infectados por L. major em comparação com controles não infectados, mas menos do que em células tratadas com cloroquina. Embora, os vacúolos parasitóforos induzidos por L. major tenham apresentado maior positividade para o marcador degradativo, DQBSA, o recrutamento de LC3 foi maior nos vacúolos parasitóforos induzidos por L. amazonensis. Interessantemente, tanto a indução farmacológica quanto a fisiológica da autofagia aumentaram a viabilidade intracelular de L. amazonensis e L. major, enquanto a inibição da autofagia não teve efeito sobre a viabilidade intracelular desses parasitas. Também demonstramos que a indução da autofagia reduziu a produção de NO por macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis ou L. major, mas não alterou a atividade da arginase, A análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico de clusters discriminaram completamente os macrófagos infectados por L. major de células infectadas por L. amazonensis de acordo com a intensidade da infecção e características autofágicas dos vacúolos induzidos por essas duas cepas. CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, a infecção por L. amazonensis ou L. major, apesar de ativar similarmente o fluxo autofágico em macrófagos infectados e os parasitos terem sua viabilidade favorecida pela indução da autofagia, promove expressão diferenciada de genes relacionados à autofagia e interação distinta dos vacúolos parasitóforos com compartimentos autofágicos. Essas diferenças são capazes de separar completamente os macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis daqueles por L. major

INTRODUCTION: CBA mouse macrophages (MΦ) control Leishmania major infection yet are permissive to Leishmania amazonensis. The role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection needs further investigation. OBJECTIVE: Thus, we assessed whether activation of autophagic pathway may account for differences in the response of infected MΦ to these two parasite strains. MATERIAL and METHODS and RESULTS: First, we demonstrated by qPCR and by analysis of publicly available microarray data that a greater number of autophagy-related genes (Atg) are positively modulated in cells infected by L. amazonensis compared to those infected by L. major. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses (IPA) demonstrated opposite modulation in genes in L. amazonensisand L. major-infected MΦ. After 24 h of infection, the autophagic flux measured by LC3-II/Act ratio was similarly increased in either L. amazonensis- or L. majorinfected MΦ compared to uninfected cells. Although L. major-induced parasitophorous vacuoles exhibited greater positivity for the degradative marker, DQ-BSA, LC3 recruitment was increased in L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles. Interestingly, autophagy induction enhanced intracellular L. amazonensis and L. major viability, although autophagy inhibition caused no effect on infection profile. We also demonstrated that autophagy induction reduced NO production by Leishmania-infected MΦ, yet did not alter arginase activity. Moreover, principal component analysis completely discriminated L. major-infected MΦ from L. amazonensis-infected cells regarding infection intensity and autophagic features of parasite-induced PV. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, infection by L. amazonensis or L. major, although similarly activates the autophagic flux in infected MΦ and the parasites have their viability favored by autophagy induction, these Leishmania species cause differentiated expression of Atg and distinct interaction of their parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagic vacuoles. These differences are capable to discriminate MΦ infected by L. amazonensis from those infected by L. major

Prokaryotic expression and identification of rhoptry protein 38 of Toxoplas-ma gondii / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To explore the biological function of rhoptry protein 38(ROP38)of Toxoplasma gondii,and to iden?tify the reactogenicity of the recombinant protein(rROP38). Methods The ROP38 was amplified by RT?PCR from T. gondii RH strain,and was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET?28a(+). The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. co?li BL21(DE3)competent cells. Then the rROP38 was analyzed by SDS?PAGE and identified by Western blot. Results SDS?PAGE showed that rROP38 was efficient expression with a molecular weight of about 43 kD. Western blot showed that rROP38 reacted with antibody of His tag or human positive antibody,which indicated that ROP38 had good reactogenicity and could be a serological diagnostic antigen. Conclusion The study successfully obtains the rROP38 of T. gondii with good reactogenicity.

Vacúolos parasitóforos induzidos por Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania major interagem de forma distintacom a via autofágica / Parasitophorous vacuoles induced byLeishmania amazonensis and Leishmania major interact differently with the autophagic pathway

A Leishmania é um parasito intracelular obrigatório que vive e se multiplic adentro dos vacúolos parasitóforos em macrófagos no hospedeiro vertebrado. Apesar dos vacúolos induzidos por diferentes espécies de Leishmania apresentarem semelhanças bioquímicas, esses compartimentos apresentam diferenças significativas nos seus tamanhos. Os vacúolos parasitóforos induzidos por Leishmania mexicana e Leishmania amazonensis apresentam grandes dimensões e contêm uma grande quantidade de amastigotas, enquanto que os induzidos por Leishmania major e Leishmania donovani são pequenos e com pouco espaço ao redor das amastigotas. Estudos recentes demonstraram que compartimentos induzidos por microrganismos intracelulares são capazes de interagir com a via autofágica e esta pode controlar ou promover o estabelecimento da infecção a depender da natureza do microrganismo. Até o momento, poucos estudos foram realizados para avaliar o papel da autofagia na biogênese e maturação dos vacúolos parasitóforos induzidos por Leishmania. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que em macrófagos de camundongos BALB/c...

Leishmania is an intracellular parasite that lives and multiplies within parasitophorous vacuoles in macrophages in the vertebrate host. Despite the fact that vacuoles induced by different species of Leishmania present biochemical similarities, these compartments have significant differences in their sizes and composition. The parasitophorous vacuoles induced by Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania amazonensis are large and contain a large number of amastigotes, while vacuoles induced by Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani are small and tight. Recent studies have demonstrated that depending on the type of intracellular microorganism, the induced compartments can interact with the autophagic pathway and control or promote the establishment of infection. To date, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role autophagic process plays in the biogenesis and maturation of parasitophorous vacuoles induced by Leishmania. Recently, it has been demonstrated that in macrophages of BALB/c...

A century of research: what have we learned about the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host cells?

Since the discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and the brilliant description of the then-referred to "new tripanosomiasis" by Carlos Chagas 100 years ago, a great deal of scientific effort and curiosity has been devoted to understanding how this parasite invades and colonises mammalian host cells. This is a key step in the survival of the parasite within the vertebrate host, and although much has been learned over this century, differences in strains or isolates used by different laboratories may have led to conclusions that are not as universal as originally interpreted. Molecular genotyping of the CL-Brener clone confirmed a genetic heterogeneity in the parasite that had been detected previously by other techniques, including zymodeme or schizodeme (kDNA) analysis. T. cruzi can be grouped into at least two major phylogenetic lineages: T. cruzi I, mostly associated with the sylvatic cycle and T. cruzi II, linked to human disease; however, a third lineage, T. cruziIII, has also been proposed. Hybrid isolates, such as the CL-Brener clone, which was chosen for sequencing the genome of the parasite (Elias et al. 2005, El Sayed et al. 2005a), have also been identified. The parasite must be able to invade cells in the mammalian host, and many studies have implicated the flagellated trypomastigotes as the main actor in this process. Several surface components of parasites and some of the host cell receptors with which they interact have been described. Herein, we have attempted to identify milestones in the history of understanding T. cruzi- host cell interactions. Different infective forms of T. cruzi have displayed unexpected requirements for the parasite to attach to the host cell, enter it, and translocate between the parasitophorous vacuole to its final cytoplasmic destination. It is noteworthy that some of the mechanisms originally proposed to be broad in function turned out not to be universal, and multiple interactions involving different...

Interactions between secreted GRA proteins and host cell proteins across the paratitophorous vacuolar membrane in the parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii

Interactions between GRA proteins of dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii and host cell proteins were analyzed by yeast two-hybrid technique. The cMyc-GRA fusion proteins expressed from pGBKT7 plasmid in Y187 yeast were bound to host cell proteins from pGADT7-Rec-HeLa cDNA library transformed to AH109 yeast by mating method. By the selection procedures, a total of 939 colonies of the SD/-AHLT culture, 348 colonies of the X-alpha-gal positive and PCR, 157 colonies of the X-beta-gal assay were chosen for sequencing the cDNA and finally 90 colonies containing ORF were selected to analyze the interactions. GRA proteins interacted with a variety of host cell proteins such as enzymes, structural and functional proteins of organellar proteins of broad spectrum. Several specific bindings of each GRA protein to host proteins were discussed presumptively the role of GRA proteins after secreting into the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) and the PV membrane in the parasitism of this parasite.